Ichneutica steropastis

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Ichneutica steropastis
Tmetolophota steropastis female.jpg
Female
Tmetolophota steropastis male.jpg
Male
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Family:
Noctuidae
Genus:
Ichneutica
Species:
I. steropastis
Binomial name
Ichneutica steropastis
(Meyrick, 1887)
Synonyms
  • Mamestra steropastis Meyrick, 1887
  • Persectania steropastis (Meyrick, 1887)
  • Tmetolophota steropastis (Meyrick, 1887)

Ichneutica steropastis, or the flax notcher moth, is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae.[1] It is endemic to New Zealand and can be found throughout the country from the Three Kings Islands to Stewart Island as well as in the Chatham Islands. New Zealand flax is a host plant for the larvae of this moth. Other larval host plants for this species include endemic species in the genus Austroderia as well as introduced species in the genus Cortaderia.[2] In particular Austroderia fulvida, A. richardii and C. selloana are all recorded as larval host species of I. steropastis as is Poa foliosa. However the host plant is not a reliable guide to confirm the identification of this species as larvae of both I. arotis and I. blenheimensis also feed on similar hosts including flax species. The larvae are nocturnal, hiding away in the base of the plants and coming out to feed at night. They create a distinctive notch in the leaf when they feed. This damage ensures that the affected flax leaves cannot be used for weaving and so the larvae of this species are regarded as a pest.

The adults of this species are on the wing from October to March. Although adult specimens of I. steropastis are relatively easy to recognise they might possibly be confused with I. inscripta, I. theobroma or with darker forms of I. arotis.[2] However I. steropastis has a long dark basal forewing streak that these three species lack.

Taxonomy[]

This species was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1887 as Mamestra steropastis.[3][4] The male lectotype specimen is held at the Natural History Museum, London. In 1988 placed this species within the Tmetolophota genus.[4] In 2019 undertook a major review of New Zealand Noctuidae.[2] During this review the genus Ichneutica was greatly expanded and the genus Tmetolophota was subsumed into that genus as a synonym.[2] As a result of this review, this species is now known as Ichneutica steropastis.[2]

Description[]

Hudson's drawing of the larva of I. steropastis
Larva of I. steropastis

George Hudson described the larva of this species as follows:

About 1+1⁄2 inches in length, of almost uniform thickness, considerably flattened; the head is ochreous, the body very pale ochreous-brown; there are no distinct markings on the thoracic segments, except a few minute black dots round the middle of each; the rest of the body is covered with a number of very fine blackish lines, which become darker posteriorly, and are stronger on the dorsal and lateral regions; there is a row of minute black dots round the middle of each segment; the spiracles are black and the underside of the larva is faintly tinged with green.[5]

The host plant is not a reliable guide to confirm the identification of this species as larvae of both I. arotis and I. blenheimensis also feed on similar hosts including flax species.[2] The larvae of I. steropastis can be distinguished from I. arotis as there are differences in the placement of the P1 head capsule and the anal shield has a minute double mound between the D2 setae which is lacking in I. arotis.[2]

Observation of live I. steropastis

Meyrick described the adults of this species as follows:

Male, female. — 40-43 mm. Head ochreous, mixed with whitish, and irregularly marked with dark reddish-fuscous. Palpi dark reddish-fuscous, mixed with whitish. Antennae fuscous, in male subdentate, rather shortly ciliated. Thorax with moderately large double anterior and small posterior crest ; reddish-fuscous, with a black posteriorly whitish-margined anterior line ; patagia with two black internally whitish-margined streaks on each. Abdomen grey, and tuft pale reddish-ochreous. Legs ochreous-whitish, mixed with reddish-fuscous. Forewings moderately dilated, costa hardly arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin crenulate, obliquely rounded ; reddish-fuscous ; veins dark fuscous, margined with whitish or ochreous-whitish ; a short black median streak from base ; a slender dark reddish-fuscous longitudinal streak in disc from above apex of this to 3⁄5 , posterior extremity somewhat dilated ; a minute white discal dot near beyond its extremity ; a very oblique short blackish streak from inner margin near base ; second line hardly indicated ; subterminal hardly traceable except by two very long whitish dentations touching hind-margin below middle : cilia reddish-fuscous, slenderly barred with whitish. Hindwings dark grey ; cilia white or ochreous-whitish, with a grey line.[3]

The adult male of this species has a wingspan of between 32.5 and 45.5 mm and the female has a wingspan of between 33 and 45 mm.[2] Although I. steropastis is relatively easily recognisable it might possibly be confused with I. inscripta, I. theobroma or with darker forms of I. arotis.[2] However I. steropastis has long dark basal forewing streak that these other three species lack.[2]

Distribution[]

I. steropastis is endemic to New Zealand.[6] It is common and can be found throughout the country from the Three Kings Islands to Stewart Island as well as in the Chatham Islands.[7][2]

Behaviour[]

The larva are nocturnal, hiding away in the base of the plants and coming out to feed at night.[5] The adults of this species are on the wing from October to March.[2]

Habitat and host plant[]

"Notch" formed from larvae damage to Phormium tenax.

The larvae of I. steropastis can exist on multiple host plant species. It is best known for consuming the leaves of the New Zealand flax,[8] but other larval host plants include endemic species in the genus Austroderia as well as introduced species in the genus Cortaderia.[2] In particular Austroderia fulvida, A. richardii and C. selloana are all recorded as larval host species of I. steropastis as is Poa foliosa.[2] This species has also been reared from species in the genus Libertia.[2]

Interactions with humans[]

The larvae of this species is regarded as a pest as it chews distinctive notches in the sides of the flax leaves.[8] This damage ensures the flax leaf cannot then be used for weaving.[8]

References[]

  1. ^ "Ichneutica steropastis (Meyrick, 1887)". www.nzor.org.nz. 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hoare, Robert J. B. (2019-12-09). "Noctuinae (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) part 2: Nivetica, Ichneutica". Fauna of New Zealand. 80: 1–455. doi:10.7931/J2/FNZ.80.
  3. ^ a b Meyrick, Edward (1887). "Monograph of New Zealand Noctuina". Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 19: 3–40 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  4. ^ a b Dugdale, J. S. (1988). "Lepidoptera - annotated catalogue, and keys to family-group taxa" (PDF). Fauna of New Zealand. 14: 210 – via Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd.
  5. ^ a b Hudson, G. V. (1928). The Butterflies and Moths of New Zealand. Wellington: Ferguson & Osborn Ltd. p. 60. OCLC 25449322.
  6. ^ "Ichneutica steropastis (Meyrick, 1887)". nztcs.org.nz. 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ Hoare, Robert J. B. (2014). A photographic guide to moths & butterflies of New Zealand. Ball, Olivier. Auckland: New Holland Publishers (NZ) Ltd. p. 130. ISBN 9781869663995. OCLC 891672034.
  8. ^ a b c "Insect pests and diseases". www.landcareresearch.co.nz. Manaaki Whenua Landcare Resarch. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
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