Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff

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Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff
Présentation équipe DMBC, 10 septembre 2016 - 6.jpg
Grichka (left) and Igor (right) in 2016
Born (1949-08-29) 29 August 1949 (age 72)
Saint-Lary, Gers, France
Known forPopular science communications
Scientific career
FieldsTheoretical physics

Igor Yourievitch Bogdanoff and Grichka Yourievitch Bogdanoff (or Bogdanov; born 29 August 1949) are French twin brothers who are television presenters,[1] producers and scientific essayists who, since the 1970s, have presented various subjects in science fiction, popular science and cosmology. They were involved in a number of controversies, most notably the Bogdanov affair, in which it was alleged the brothers wrote nonsensical advanced physics papers that were nonetheless published in reputable scientific journals.

Early years[]

The twins' maternal grandmother Berta Kolowrat-Krakowská

Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff are identical twin brothers born to Yuri Mikhaïlovitch Osten-Sacken-Bogdanoff (1928–2012), a Russian painter of Tatar origin, and to Maria Maya Dolores Franzyska Kolowrat-Krakowská (1926–1982). Igor Bogdanoff was born 40 minutes before Grichka. They were raised by their maternal grandmother, Countess Bertha Kolowrat-Krakowská (1890–1982),[2] in her castle in southern France.[3]

The Bogdanoff twins descend from a noble Muslim Tatar family dating back to the beginning of the 17th century, originally from Penza, which one of its mirzas converted to Orthodox Christianity, and was rewarded with a title of prince with the decree of Tsar Fedor III. However, they did not succeed in exercising this right, and the title of "Prince Bogdanoff" was quickly lost by the end of the 19th century.[4][5]

Bertha Kolowrat-Krakowská belonged to the noble Kolowrat family of Bohemia and was married to a member of the Austrian princely House of Colloredo-Mannsfeld.[6] Her pregnancy by African American tenor Roland Hayes caused her to forfeit access to her four elder children, her palatial homes in Berlin and Prague, and her moral reputation in European society.[2] She tried to sustain her episodic relationship with Hayes after her divorce and his return to America, but declined his offer to legally adopt and raise their daughter, who would become Igor and Grichka's mother.[2] In 1927 the countess retired to the Château de Saint-Lary near Auch with her daughter. During the World War II occupation of France by the Nazis, she served the occupiers as a translator while also secretly sheltering Jews on the castle grounds.[3]

The twins spoke German, also learning French, Russian and English through contact, they would later say, with housekeepers and workers. Their grandmother spoke multiple languages.[3]

Television shows[]

Grichka (left) and Igor (right) in the 1990s

The brothers began careers in television, hosting several popular programs on science and science fiction.[7][8][9] The first of these, Temps X (Time X), ran from 1979 to 1989.[8][10]

In 2002, the Bogdanovs launched a new weekly TV show Rayons X (X Rays) on French public channel France 2. In August 2004, they presented a 90-minute special cosmology program.[11]

Academic careers[]

Grichka Bogdanoff received a Ph.D. from the University of Burgundy (Dijon) in 1999.[12][7] In 2002, Igor Bogdanoff received a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Burgundy.[7] Both brothers received the lowest passing grade of "honorable".[7]

The Bogdanov affair[]

Main article: Bogdanov affair
Grichka (left) and Igor (right) Bogdanoff

In 2001 and 2002, the brothers published five papers (including "Topological field theory of the initial singularity of spacetime") in peer-reviewed physics journals.[13][14] Controversy over the Bogdanoffs' work began on October 22, 2002, with an email sent by University of Tours physicist Max Niedermaier to University of Pittsburgh physicist Ezra T. Newman.[15] Niedermaier suggested that the Bogdanovs' Ph.D. theses and papers were "spoof[s]," created by throwing together instances of theoretical-physics jargon, including terminology from string theory: "The abstracts are delightfully meaningless combinations of buzzwords ... which apparently have been taken seriously."[15][16] Copies of the email reached American mathematical physicist John Baez, and on 23 October he created a discussion thread about the Bogdanovs' work on the Usenet newsgroup sci.physics.research, titled "Physics bitten by reverse Alan Sokal hoax?"[17][18] Baez was comparing the Bogdanovs' publications to the 1996 Sokal affair, in which physicist Alan Sokal successfully submitted an intentionally nonsensical paper to a cultural studies journal in order to criticize that field's lax standards for discussing science. The Bogdanovs quickly became a popular discussion topic, with most respondents agreeing that the papers were flawed.[14] The story spread in public media, prompting Niedermaier to offer an apology to the Bogdanovs, admitting that he had not read the papers firsthand. The Bogdanovs' background in entertainment lent some plausibility to the idea that they were attempting a deliberate hoax, but Igor Bogdanov quickly denied the accusation.[7][14]

In October 2002, the Bogdanovs released an email containing apparently supportive statements by Laurent Freidel, then a visiting professor at the Perimeter Institute.[8] Soon after, Freidel denied writing any such remarks, telling the press that he had forwarded a message containing that text to a friend.[8]

The online discussion was quickly followed by media attention. The Register reported on the dispute on November 1, 2002,[19] and stories in The Chronicle of Higher Education,[8] Nature,[15] The New York Times, and other publications appeared soon after.[20][21] These news stories included commentary by physicists.

One of the scientists who approved Igor Bogdanov's thesis, Roman Jackiw of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, spoke to The New York Times reporter Dennis Overbye. Overbye wrote that Jackiw was intrigued by the thesis, although it contained many points he did not understand. Jackiw defended the thesis[7] In contrast, Ignatios Antoniadis (of the École Polytechnique), who approved Grichka Bogdanov's thesis, later reversed his judgment of it. Antoniadis told Le Monde,

I had given a favorable opinion for Grichka's defense, based on a rapid and indulgent reading of the thesis text. Alas, I was completely mistaken. The scientific language was just an appearance behind which hid incompetence and ignorance of even basic physics.[20]

In May 2001, the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity (CQG) reviewed an article authored by Igor and Grichka Bogdanov, titled "Topological theory of the initial singularity of spacetime". One of the referees' reports stated that the article was "Sound, original, and of interest. With revisions I expect the paper to be suitable for publication."[22] The paper was accepted by the journal seven months later.

However, after the publication of the article and the publicity surrounding the controversy, mathematician Greg Kuperberg posted to Usenet a statement written by the journal's senior publisher, Andrew Wray, and its co-editor, Hermann Nicolai. The statement read, in part,

Regrettably, despite the best efforts, the refereeing process cannot be 100% effective. Thus the paper ... made it through the review process even though, in retrospect, it does not meet the standards expected of articles in this journal... The paper was discussed extensively at the annual Editorial Board meeting ... and there was general agreement that it should not have been published. Since then several steps have been taken to further improve the peer review process in order to improve the quality assessment on articles submitted to the journal and reduce the likelihood that this could happen again.[23]

The paper in question was, however, not officially withdrawn by the journal.[24] Later, the editor-in-chief of the journal issued a slightly different statement on behalf of the Institute of Physics, which owns the journal, in which he insisted on the fact that their usual peer-review procedures had been followed, but no longer commented on the value of the paper.[25] The former phrase was, however, quoted in The New York Times,[7] the Chronicle of Higher Education[8] and Nature.[15] Moreover, Die Zeit quoted Nicolai as saying that had the paper reached his desk, he would have immediately rejected it.[21]

In 2001, the Czechoslovak Journal of Physics accepted an article written by Igor Bogdanov, entitled "Topological Origin of Inertia". The referee's report concluded: "In my opinion the results of the paper can be considered as original ones. I recommend the paper for publication but in a revised form."[26] The following year, the Chinese Journal of Physics published Igor Bogdanov's "The KMS state of spacetime at the Planck scale". The report stated that "the viewpoint presented in this paper can be interesting as a possible approach of the Planck scale physics." Some corrections were requested.[27]

Not all review evaluations were positive. Eli Hawkins, acting as a referee on behalf of the Journal of Physics A, suggested rejecting one of the Bogdanovs' papers: "It is difficult to describe what is wrong in Section 4, since almost nothing is right. [...] It would take up too much space to enumerate all the mistakes: indeed it is difficult to say where one error ends and the next begins. In conclusion, I would not recommend that this paper be published in this, or any, journal."[28]

Eventually, the controversy attracted mainstream media attention, opening new avenues for physicists' comments to be disseminated. Le Monde quoted Alain Connes, recipient of the 1982 Fields Medal, as saying, "I didn't need long to convince myself that they're talking about things that they haven't mastered."[20] The New York Times reported that the physicists David Gross, Carlo Rovelli and Lee Smolin considered the Bogdanov papers nonsensical.[7][29] Nobel laureate Georges Charpak later stated on a French talk show that the Bogdanovs' presence in the scientific community was "nonexistent".[30][31]

Robert Oeckl's official MathSciNet review of "Topological field theory of the initial singularity of spacetime" states that the paper is "rife with nonsensical or meaningless statements and suffers from a serious lack of coherence," follows up with several examples to illustrate his point, and concludes that the paper "falls short of scientific standards and appears to have no meaningful content."[32] An official report from the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), which became public in 2010, concluded that the paper "ne peut en aucune façon être qualifié de contribution scientifique" ("cannot in any way be considered a scientific contribution").[33][34] The CNRS report summarized the Bogdanovs' theses thusly: "Ces thèses n’ont pas de valeur scientifique. […] Rarement aura-t-on vu un travail creux habillé avec une telle sophistication" ("These theses have no scientific value. [...] Rarely have we seen a hollow work dressed with such sophistication").[35][36]

Lawsuits[]

In December 2004, the Bogdanovs sued Ciel et Espace for defamation over the publication of a critical article entitled "The Mystification of the Bogdanovs".[17] In September 2006, the case was dismissed after the Bogdanovs missed court deadlines; they were ordered to pay 2500 euros to the magazine's publisher to cover its legal costs.[37][38] There was never a substantive ruling on whether or not the Bogdanovs had been defamed.[38]

Alain Riazuelo, an astrophysicist at the Institut d'astrophysique de Paris, participated in many of the online discussions of the Bogdanovs' work. He posted an unpublished version of Grichka Bogdanov's PhD thesis on his personal website, along with his critical analysis. Bogdanov subsequently described this version as "dating from 1991 and too unfinished to be made public". Rather than suing Riazuelo for defamation, Bogdanov filed a criminal complaint of copyright (droit d'auteur) violation against him in May 2011. The police detained and interrogated Riazuelo. He came to trial and was convicted in March 2012. A fine of 2000 euros the court imposed was suspended, and only one euro of damages was awarded.[39] But in passing judgement the court stated that the scientist had "lacked prudence", given "the fame of the plaintiff".[40]

The verdict outraged many scientists, who felt that the police and courts should have no say in a discussion of the scientific merits of a piece of work. In April 2012, a group of 170 scientists published an open letter titled L'affaire Bogdanoff: Liberté, Science et Justice, Des scientifiques revendiquent leur droit au blâme (The Bogdanov Affair: Liberty, Science and Justice, scientists claim their right of critique).[41]

In 2014, the Bogdanovs sued the weekly magazine Marianne for defamation, on account of reporting the magazine had published in 2010[42] which had brought the CNRS report to light. The weekly was eventually ordered to pay 64,000 euros in damages, a quantity less than the Bogdanovs had originally demanded (in excess of 800,000 euros each).[43] The Bogdanovs also sued the CNRS for 1.2 million euros in damages, claiming that the CNRS report had "porté atteinte à leur honneur, à leur réputation et à leur crédit" ("undermined their honor, reputation and credit") and calling the report committee a "Stasi scientifique", but a tribunal ruled against them in 2015 and ordered them to pay 2,000 euros.[36][44]

Megatrend University[]

In 2005, the Bogdanovs became professors at Megatrend University in Belgrade where they were appointed Chairs of Cosmology and said to direct the Megatrend Laboratory of Cosmology.[45][46] Mića Jovanović, the rector and owner of Megatrend University, wrote a preface for the Serbian edition of Avant le Big Bang.[46] Jovanović later became embroiled in controversy and resigned his post when it was revealed that he had not obtained a PhD at the London School of Economics as he had claimed.[47] This scandal, combined with the presence of the Bogdanovs, contributed to an atmosphere of controversy surrounding Megatrend.[48]

Personal lives[]

Igor Bogdanoff has six children.[49]

The Bogdanoff twins, who deny having undergone plastic surgery, have become known for their prominent cheekbones and chins. In 2010, the Sydney Morning Herald described the twins' cheekbones as "so high and bulbous as to appear to threaten their owners' vision", adding that the twins' appearance at the Cannes Film Festival had "caused a stir around the world". The Herald noted that the twins' cheekbones had become noticeably larger in the 1990s, and that "growth in their lips and chins continued unabated through the last decade".[50]

Publications[]

The Bogdanoff brothers have published a number of works in science fiction, philosophy and popular science. Since 1991, they sign their books as Bogdanov, preferring "v" to "ff".

  • Clefs pour la science-fiction (essay), Éditions Seghers, 378 p., Paris, 1976 [no ISBN], BNF:34707099q.
  • L'Effet science-fiction: à la recherche d'une définition (essay), Éditions Robert Laffont, Paris, 1979, 423 p., ISBN 978-2-221-00411-1, BNF:34650185 g.
  • Chroniques du "Temps X" (preface by Gérard Klein), Éditions du Guépard, Paris, 1981, 247 p., ISBN 978-2-86527-030-9, BNF: 34734883f.
  • La Machine fantôme, Éditions J'ai lu, 1985, 251 p., ISBN 978-2-277-21921-7, BNF:34842073t.
  • La Mémoire double (novel), first as hardcover on Éditions Hachette, Paris, 1985, 381 p., ISBN 978-2-01-011494-6, BNF:348362498; then as pocket book
  • Dieu et la science: vers le métaréalisme (interviews with Jean Guitton): Hardcover Éditions Grasset, Paris, 1991, 195 p., ISBN 978-2-246-42411-6, BNF: 35458968t; then as a pocketbook
  • Avant le Big Bang: la création du monde (essay) :
  • Voyage vers l'Instant Zéro, Éditions EPA, Paris, 2006, 185 p., ISBN 978-2-85120-635-0, BNF: 40986028h.
  • Nous ne sommes pas seuls dans l'univers, Éditions EPA, Paris, 2007, 191 p., ISBN 978-2-85120-664-0, BNF: 411885989.
  • Au commencement du temps, Éditions Flammarion, Paris, 2009, 317 p., ISBN 978-2-08-120832-2, BNF: 420019981.
  • Le Visage de Dieu, (with a preface by Robert Woodrow Wilson and endnotes by Jim Peebles, Robert Woodrow Wilson and John Mather, Éditions Grasset, Paris, May 2010, 282 p., ISBN 978-2-246-77231-6, BNF: 42207600f.
  • Le Dernier Jour des dinosaures Éditions de la Martinière, Octobre 2011, ISBN 978-2732447100
  • La Pensée de Dieu, (with endnotes by Luis Gonzalez-Mestres), Éditions Grasset, Paris, June 2012, ISBN 978-2-246-78509-5
  • Le mystère du satellite Planck (Qu'y avait-il avant le Big Bang ?) (with preface and endnotes by Luis Gonzalez-Mestres, Éditions Eyrolles, June 2013, ISBN 978-2-212-55732-9
  • La Fin du hasard, Éditions Grasset, Paris, Octobre 2013, ISBN 978-2-246-80990-6
  • 3 minutes pour comprendre la grande théorie du Big Bang (preface by John Mather, end notes by Luis Gonzalez-Mestres, Éditions Le Courrier du Livre, October 2014, ISBN 978-2702911211

Bibliography[]

  • Luboš Motl, L'équation Bogdanov: le secret de l'origine de l'univers? (translated from English by Sonia Quémener, Marc Lenoir and Laurent Martein; Preface by Clóvis de Matos, Presses de la Renaissance, Paris, 2008, 237 p., ISBN 978-2-7509-0386-2, BNF: 411908225

References[]

  1. ^ Luis Gonzalez-Mestres, L'Énigme Bogdanov, Éditions Télémaque, Paris, November 5, 2015, 320 p., ISBN 978-2-7533-0266-2
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c Brooks, Christopher A. Roland Hayes: The Legacy of an American Tenor. Indiana University Press. Bloomington. 2015. Pp. 358, 361-362, 366-367, 379. ISBN 978-0-253-01536-5.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c Le Monde de D'Artagnan. Castles of Gascony. Château de Saint-Lary. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
  4. ^ Après consultation de tous les nobiliaires faisant autorité, aucun ne mentionne une quelconque famille de prince Bogdanoff : Patrick de Gmeline. « Dictionnaire de la noblesse russe ». Éditions Contrepoint, 1978, Almanach de Gotha 1918, Almanach de Gotha 1940, Almanach de Gotha, 2013.
  5. ^ Cependant, cela ne les prive pas théoriquement de la possibilité de confirmer à nouveau leur droit au titre de prince sur les voies de la grâce du chef de la maison impériale de Russie (selon plusieurs exemples connus) : les Bogdanoff sont de nouveau cités comme famille princière en 1906 dans des dictionnaires généalogiques russes. La reconnaissance par le chef de la maison souveraine royale de Georgie, Irakli Bagration-Mukhraneli, des droits de Youra Bogdanoff au titre de prince serait considérée en elle-même comme une raison juridique suffisante à sa confirmation dans la dignité princière au sein de l'empire de Russie. Un tel document confirmerait en effet du point de vue juridique la dignité princière et fixerait la tradition généalogique familiale de cette famille. C'est pourquoi Igor et Grichka Bogdanoff, ainsi que les enfants légitimes d'Igor, s'octroient le droit d'user aujourd'hui des titres de princes et princesses Bogdanoff (voir Lettre du Dr Stanislaw W. Dumin, président de la Fédération Russe de Généalogie et de la Société d'Histoire et de Généalogie à Moscou, Secrétaire général de l'Académie Internationale de Généalogie, et du prince Vadime Lopoukhine, vice-président de l'Assemblée de la Noblesse Russe : Certificat quant aux droits de Youri Mikhailovitch Bogdanoff et de sa descendance à la dignité et au titre princier. 25 décembre 2001).
  6. ^ Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstliche Häuser XIX. "Colloredo-Mannsfeld". C.A. Starke Verlag, 2011, pp. 127-129. (German). ISBN 978-3-7980-0849-6.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Overbye, Dennis (2002-11-09). "Are They a) Geniuses or b) Jokers?; French Physicists' Cosmic Theory Creates a Big Bang of Its Own". The New York Times. p. B2.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Richard Monastersky (November 5, 2002). "The Emperor's New Science: French TV Stars Rock the World of Theoretical Physics". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  9. ^ Johnson, George (2002-11-17). "Ideas & Trends: In Theory, It's True (Or Not)". The New York Times. p. 4004004.
  10. ^ Schubert, Frank (2008-06-14). "Eine Nullnummer". Spektrum.de. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  11. ^ Fossé, David (October 2004). "La mystification Bogdanov" (PDF). Ciel et Espace (in French). pp. 52–55. Retrieved 2019-07-21.
  12. ^ Grichka Bogdanoff (1999). Fluctuations quantiques de la signature de la métrique à l'échelle de Planck (entry in the French academic library directory) (doctorate in mathematics). Supervised by Daniel Sternheimer. University of Burgundy.
  13. ^ "INSPIRE-HEP citation information for Bogdanov papers". INSPIRE-HEP. Retrieved 2018-02-24.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Publish and perish". The Economist. 2002-11-16.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Butler, Declan (2002). "Theses spark twin dilemma for physicists". Nature. 420 (5): 5. doi:10.1038/420005a. PMID 12422173.
  16. ^ Muir, Hazel (2002-11-16). "Twins raise ruckus". New Scientist. p. 6. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b Baez, John (22 October 2010). "The Bogdanoff Affair". Baez' review of the affair on his webpage at math.ucr.edu. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  18. ^ John Baez (2002-10-24). "Physics bitten by reverse Alan Sokal hoax?". Newsgroup: sci.physics.research. Usenet: ap7tq6$eme$1@glue.ucr.edu.
  19. ^ Orlowski, Andrew (2002-11-01). "Physics hoaxers discover Quantum Bogosity". The Register. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b c Hervé Morin (19 December 2002). "La réputation scientifique contestée des frères Bogdanov". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b (in German) Christoph Drösser, Ulrich Schnabel. "Die Märchen der Gebrüder Bogdanov" ("Fairy tales of the Brothers Bogdanov") Die Zeit (2002), issue 46.
  22. ^ "Referee report for "Topological theory of the initial singularity of spacetime"" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-07-21.
  23. ^ Kuperberg, Greg (2002-11-01). "If not a hoax, it's still an embarrassment". Newsgroup: sci.physics.research. Usenet: apu93q$2a2$1@conifold.math.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved 2019-07-21.
  24. ^ Bogdanov, Grichka; Bogdanov, Igor (2001). "Topological field theory of the initial singularity of spacetime*". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 18 (21): 4341. Bibcode:2001CQGra..18.4341B. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/18/21/301. ISSN 0264-9381.
  25. ^ Wray, Andrew (2002-11-11). "Classical and Quantum Gravity". Retrieved 2006-12-12.[permanent dead link]
  26. ^ "Referee report for "Topological Origin of Inertia"" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-07-21.
  27. ^ "Referee report for "The KMS state of spacetime at the Planck scale"" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-07-21.
  28. ^ Hawkins, Eli (2003-05-13). "Referee report for Journal of Physics A". Retrieved 2019-07-21.
  29. ^ Distler, Jacques (2002-11-09). "Half Full or Half Empty?". Retrieved 2019-07-22.
  30. ^ France 2 TV talk show, Tout le monde en parle, June 12, 2004. See Riché, Pascal (2010-09-30). "Quand Charpak parlait de son Nobel (et faisait le mariole)". L'Obs (in French). Retrieved 2018-11-21.
  31. ^ "Les frères Bogdanov, la science et les médias". Acrimed (in French). 29 November 2004. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  32. ^ Oeckl, Robert. "Review of 'Topological field theory of the initial singularity of spacetime'". MathSciNet. MR 1894907. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  33. ^ Huet, Sylvestre (2010-10-15). "Un document accablant pour les Bogdanov". Libération (in French). Retrieved 2019-07-21.
  34. ^ "Rapport sur l'article "Topological field theory of the initial singularity of spacetime"" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-07-21.
  35. ^ Parienté, Jonathan (2010-10-16). "Les jumeaux Bogdanov étrillés par le CNRS". En quête de sciences (in French). Le Monde. Retrieved 2018-02-24.
  36. ^ Jump up to: a b "Les Bogdanov réclamaient un million, ils sont condamnés à payer 2000 euros". L'Express (in French). 2015-07-02. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
  37. ^ "Les frères Bogdanov condamnés". Ciel et Espace (in French). October 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-11-17. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  38. ^ Jump up to: a b "Fin du litige avec Ciel et Espace". L'Obs (in French). 2006-10-14. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
  39. ^ Huet, Sylvestre (2012-03-15). "Un curieux jugement pour les frères Bogdanov". Libération (in French). Retrieved 2019-07-12.
  40. ^ Foucart, Stéphane (20 April 2012). "Les chercheurs et la menace Bogdanov (Researchers and the Bogdanov threat)". Le Monde (in French).
  41. ^ "Frères Bogdanov: 170 scientifiques réclament le droit de les critiquer" [Bogdanov brothers: 170 scientists claim the right of critique]. Le Nouvel Observateur (in French). 26 April 2012.
  42. ^ Gathié, Nathalie (16 October 2010). "Le vrai visage des Bogdanoff". Marianne (in French). 74. p. 62.
  43. ^ "Les frères Bogdanov font condamner "Marianne"". Le Point (in French). 2014-05-21. Retrieved 2019-07-21.
  44. ^ Auffret, Simon (2018-06-27). "Igor et Grichka Bogdanov, 40 ans d'affaires et de succès populaires". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 2019-07-22.
  45. ^ "Prof. Grichka Bogdanoff, PhD & Prof. Igor Bogdanoff, PhD". Megatrend University. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  46. ^ Jump up to: a b Оташевић, Ана (2014-06-10). Како је Мића ректор постао космолог. politika.rs (in Serbian). Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  47. ^ Robinson, Matt (2014-06-23). "The minister, his mentor and the fight against a suspect system in Serbia". Reuters. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  48. ^ Subasic, Katarina (2014-06-26). "Bogus academic claims tarnish Serbia's ivory tower". Yahoo! News. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 2018-02-27.
  49. ^ Gala: Igor Bogdanov, six fois papa (in French)
  50. ^ Robinson, Georgina (May 21, 2012). "Who are those jaw-dropping twins?". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
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