Ilminism

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One-People Principle
일민주의
一民主義
LeaderSyngman Rhee
FounderSyngman Rhee
Lee Beom-seok
 [ko]
Founded1949; 73 years ago (1949)
Preceded byNational Youth,
Tridemists (factions)[1][2]
Student wing [ko]
Youth wingIlminism Supplies Association
MembershipLiberal Party
IdeologyPro-Syngman Rhee[3][4]
Anti-communism[5]
Anti-individualism[6]
Ethnic nationalism
Korean nationalism
Dangun nationalism[7]
Hongik-Inganism[7]
Danilminjok statism[5][8]
Pro-American policy[9]
Conservative nationalism
Anti-Chinese racism[10][11][12][13]
Fascism (disputed)[9][14][15]
Historical:[16]
Anti-Japanese racism[17][18]
Political positionFar-right
Election symbol
Flag of the Ilminism (South Korea).svg
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Ilminism (Korean: 일민주의; Hanja: 一民主義; RR: Ilminjuui;), frequently translated as the One-People Principle or Unidemism, was the political ideology of South Korea under its first President, Syngman Rhee. The Ilminist principle has been likened by contemporary scholars to the Nazi ideal of the Herrenvolk (master race) and was part of an effort to consolidate a united and obedient citizenry around Rhee's strong central leadership through appeals to nationalism and ethnic supremacy. In general, Ilminists often refers to pro-Syngman Rhee (groups).[3][4]

The concept of the One-People Principle was developed primarily by Minister of Education Ahn Ho-sang, who studied philosophy at the University of Jena in Germany during the late 1920s.

Ideology[]

The One-People Principle has been likened to the German ideology of the Herrenvolk (master race), constituting an effort to build a loyal and obedient citizenry through ethnic homogeneity and brazen appeals to nationalism.[19] Ilminism basically sees "Danilminjok Gukga" (Korean: 단일 민족 국가; Hanja: 單一民族國家; lit. Monoethnic state) as an ideal country.[8] The idea for a Korean adaptation of this Germanic idea emerged from the works of philosopher Ahn Ho-sang, the Minister of Education under Syngman Rhee,[19] who studied at the University of Jena in Germany during the late 1920s.[20] The ideology also emphasized an importance on Confucianism and Confucian principles.[21]

The Ilminist Principle became the central ideology of Rhee's National Association and its successor, the Liberal Party, established in 1951.[19]

The One-People Principle was based around a four-point political program, including elimination of formal discrimination between the nobility and the masses, the economic equalization of rich and poor through land reform, social and political equality of the sexes, and an end to discrimination between North and South or the urban capital and the rural provinces.[19] An end to partisan politics was posited, in favor of a united people behind a de facto one-party state.[19]

The egalitarian theoretical underpinnings of the One-People Principle, heralding a classless society of gender equality under firm central leadership, proved to be utopian, with Rhee emerging in practice as head of a fascist dynasty on the Japanese model, remade with Rhee in the role of an emperor.[19]

Ilminism was effective in creating a strong anti-communist nationalism to stand in juxtaposition to the effective appeals to nationalism made through the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland, headed by Kim Il Sung and the communist Workers' Party of Korea.[22]

Ilminism Supplies Association[]

The Illminist Supplies Association (Korean: 일민주의 보급회; Hanja: 一民主義普及會) is a conservative-nationalist organization founded in September 1949. The organization is an organization aimed at promoting popularism centered on Rhee Syng-man, led by former members of the Korean National Youth Association led by Lee Bum-seok and Ahn Ho-sang. ISA criticized both capitalism and communism, but basically, the organization had a pro-American tendency, and due to the intensifying Cold War, anti-capitalism tendency was not more prominent than during the KNYA period.[5][6]

See also[]

Footnotes[]

  1. ^ 木村幹, ed. (2007). 조선, 한국 의 내셔널리즘 과 소국 의식: 조공국 에서 국민 국가 로. 산처럼. p. 398. ISBN 9788990062239.
  2. ^ ""100% 대한민국", 가능하다! 파시즘이라면" ["100% of Korea" is possible! If that's fascism.]. Pressian (in Korean). 25 January 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  3. ^ a b 손인수, ed. (1994). 한국교육운동사: 1950-yŏndae kyoyuk ŭi yŏksa insik. 지식 산업사. p. 145-195.
  4. ^ a b 김수자, ed. (2005). 이 승만 의 집권 초기 권력 기반 연구. 景仁文化社. ISBN 9788949903323.
  5. ^ a b c "일민주의(一民主義)". 한국민족문화대백과사전 (Encyclopedia of Korean Culture) (in Korean). Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  6. ^ a b Hong Tai-young, eds. (2015). ‘Excessive Nation’ and ‘Indiscoverable Individual’: ‘One-people principle’ and particularity of Korean nationalism. KCI dissertation.
  7. ^ a b Jeong, Young-hun, eds. (2018). AhnHoSang and Dangun-nationalism. KCI dissertation.
  8. ^ a b 震檀學報 - 83-84권. 震檀學會. 1997. p. 159.
  9. ^ a b 서중석 (2005). 이 승만 의 정치 이데올로기. 역사비평사. ISBN 9788976968029.
  10. ^ "한국에서 '화교 여성'으로 산다는 것" [Living as a "hwagyo woman" in Korea.]. OhmyNews (in Korean). 26 September 2005. Retrieved 12 December 2021. 6·25전쟁 이전에는 8만명이 넘는 화교가 있었지만 이승만정부 시절 차별적인 화교압박정책으로 인해 많은 화교들이 다른 국가로 이주해 갔다. [Before the Korean War, there were more than 80,000 hwagyo, but many hwagyo migrated to other countries due to discriminatory hwagyo pressure policies during the Rhee Syngman administration.]
  11. ^ "한국은 어떻게 화교를 혐오해왔나 '137년의 기록'" [How Korea has hated hwagyo. "Record of 137 Years".]. The Hankyoreh (in Korean). 26 October 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  12. ^ 최협, ed. (2004). 한국 의 소수자, 실태 와 전망 [Minority group in Korea. Status and prospects.]. 한울 아카데미. p. 281. ISBN 9788946033184.
  13. ^ 방기중, ed. (2006). 식민지 파시즘 의 유산 과 극복 의 과제 [The legacy of Colonial Fascism and the task of overcoming it.]. 지식 산업사. p. 97. ISBN 9788984942622.
  14. ^ "파시즘의 재현(1): 이승만의 일민주의(一民主義) 제창" [Reproducing fascism(1) :Rhee Syngman proposed a Ilminism]. Suncheon Square Shinmun (in Korean). 10 December 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  15. ^ Su-kyoung Hwang, ed. (2016). Korea's Grievous War. University of Pennsylvania Press.
  16. ^ "'조원진 참패' 나비효과는... 이승만 부상?". OhmyNews. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  17. ^ 진방진, ed. (2004). 분단 한국 의 매카시즘. 형성사. p. 40. ISBN 9788973461325.
  18. ^ 정구복, ed. (2008). 우리 어머님: 한 가족사 에 비낀 현대 한국 의 사회 와 문화. 지식 산업사. p. 215. ISBN 9788942338115.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Hwang, Su-kyoung (2016). Korea's Grievous War. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 93. ISBN 9780812248456.
  20. ^ Vladimir Tikhonov and Pak Noja, "Social Darwinism as History and Reality: 'Competition' and 'The Weak' in Early Twentieth-Century Korea," Critical Asian Studies, vol. 48, no. 3 (2016).
  21. ^ "유교적 전통과 현대 한국사회".
  22. ^ Hwang, Su-kyoung (2016). Korea's Grievous War. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 94. ISBN 9780812248456.

Further reading[]

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