India–Japan relations

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
India-Japan relations
Map indicating locations of India and Japan

India
Japan
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of India, TokyoEmbassy of Japan, New Delhi
Envoy
Indian Ambassador to Japan Sanjay Kumar VermaJapanese Ambassador to India Satoshi Suzuki
Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India and Prime Minister Shinzō Abe of Japan, during the former's bilateral visit to Japan, 2014.

India–Japan relations have traditionally been strong. The people of India and Japan have engaged in cultural exchanges, primarily as a result of Buddhism, which spread indirectly from India to Japan via China and Korea. The people of India and Japan are guided by common cultural traditions including the shared heritage of Buddhism and share a strong commitment to the ideals of democracy, tolerance, pluralism, and open societies. India and Japan, two of the largest and oldest democracies in Asia, having a high degree of congruence of political, economic, and strategic interests, view each other as partners that have responsibility for, and are capable of, responding to global and regional challenges. India is the largest recipient of Japanese aid and both countries have a special relationship official development assistance (ODA).[1] As of 2017, bilateral trade between India and Japan stood at US$17.63 billion.

The two nations (with India being a British colony) were enemies during the Second World War, but political relations between the two nations have remained warm since India's independence. Japanese companies, such as Yamaha, Sony, Toyota, and Honda have manufacturing facilities in India. With the growth of the Indian economy, India is a big market for Japanese firms. Japanese firms were some of the first firms to invest in India. The most prominent Japanese company to have an investment in India is automobiles multinational Suzuki, which is in partnership with Indian automobiles company Maruti Suzuki, the largest car manufacturer in the Indian market, and a subsidiary of the Japanese company.

In December 2006, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's visit to Japan culminated in the signing of the "Joint Statement Towards Japan-India Strategic and Global Partnership". Japan has helped finance many infrastructure projects in India, most notably the Delhi Metro system. Indian applicants were welcomed in 2006 to the JET Programme, with one slot available in 2006 and increasing to 41 slots in 2007. In 2007, the Japanese Self-Defence Forces and the Indian Navy took part in a joint naval exercise Malabar 2007 in the Indian Ocean, which also involved the naval forces of Australia, Singapore and the United States. 2007 was declared "India-Japan Friendship Year."[1]

According to a 2013 BBC World Service Poll, 42% Japanese think India's international impact is mainly positive, with 4% considering it negative.[2]

Historical relations[]

Prehistoric contacts[]

Yayoi tombs have yielded hundreds and in some cases thousands of Indo-pacific tube drawn glass beads originating from India and South East Asia dating from Early Yayoi (300-200 BCE), middle Yayoi (200-0 BCE) and late Yayoi (0-250 CE) indicating existence of Indian Ocean maritime contacts between Japan and South and South East Asia.[3][4]

Historic contacts[]

India's earliest documented direct contact with Japan was with the Todai-ji Temple in Nara, where the consecration or eye-opening of the towering statue of Lord Buddha was performed by an Indian monk, Bodhisena, in 752 AD.[5]

Hinduism in Japan[]

In my opinion, if all our rich and educated men once go and see Japan, their eyes will be opened.

— Swami Vivekananda, The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 5/Conversations and Dialogues/VI – X Shri Priya Nath Sinha
Main article: Hinduism in Japan

Though Hinduism is a little-practiced religion in Japan, it has still had a significant, but indirect role in the formation of Japanese culture. This is mostly because many Buddhist beliefs and traditions (which share a common Dharmic root with Hinduism) spread to Japan from China via the Korean peninsula in the 6th Century. One indication of this is the Japanese "Seven Gods of Fortune", of which four originated as Hindu deities: Benzaitensama (Sarasvati), Bishamon (Vaiśravaṇa or Kubera), Daikokuten (Mahākāla/Shiva), and Kichijōten (Lakshmi). Along with Benzaitennyo/Sarasvati and Kisshoutennyo/Laxmi and completing the nipponization of the three Hindu Tridevi goddesses, the Hindu goddess Mahakali is nipponized as the Japanese goddess Daikokutennyo (大黒天女), though she is only counted among Japan's Seven Luck Deities when she is regarded as the feminine manifestation of her male counterpart Daikokuten (大黒天).[6] Benzaiten arrived in Japan during the 6th through 8th centuries, mainly via the Chinese translations of the Sutra of Golden Light (金光明経), which has a section devoted to her. She is also mentioned in the Lotus Sutra. In Japan, the lokapālas take the Buddhist form of the Four Heavenly Kings (四天王). The Sutra of Golden Light became one of the most important sutras in Japan because of its fundamental message, which teaches that the Four Heavenly Kings protect the ruler who governs his country in the proper manner. The Hindu god of death, Yama, is known in his Buddhist form as Enma. Garuda, the mount (vahana) of Vishnu, is known as the Karura (迦楼羅), an enormous, fire-breathing creature in Japan. It has the body of a human and the face or beak of an eagle. Tennin originated from the apsaras. The Hindu Ganesha (see Kangiten) is displayed more than Buddha in a temple in Futako Tamagawa, Tokyo. Other examples of Hindu influence on Japan include the belief of "six schools" or "six doctrines" as well as use of Yoga and pagodas. Many of the facets of Hindu culture which have influenced Japan have also influenced Chinese culture. People have written books on the worship of Hindu gods in Japan.[7] Even today, it is claimed Japan encourages a deeper study of Hindu gods.[8]

Buddhism[]

Main article: Buddhism in Japan

Buddhism has been practiced in Japan since its official introduction in 552 CE according to the Nihon Shoki[9] from Baekje, Korea by Buddhist monks.[10][11] Although some Chinese sources place the first spreading of the religion earlier during the Kofun period (250 to 538).[citation needed] Buddhism has had a major influence on the development of Japanese society and remains an influential aspect of the culture to this day.[12]

Great Buddha (Vairocana) Tōdai-ji temple, Japan
Benzaiten, one of the Seven Gods of Fortune in Japan, evolved from the Hindu deity Saraswati.
Subhas Chandra Bose addressing a rally in Tokyo, 1943.

Cultural exchanges between India and Japan began early in the 6th century with the introduction of Buddhism to Japan from India. The Indian monk Bodhisena arrived in Japan in 736 to spread Buddhism and performed eye-opening of the Great Buddha built-in Tōdai-ji,[1] and would remain in Japan until his death in 760. Buddhism and the intrinsically linked Indian culture had a great impact on Japanese culture, still felt today, and resulted in a natural sense of amiability between the two nations.[13]

As a result of the link of Buddhism between India and Japan, monks and scholars often embarked on voyages between the two nations.[14] Ancient records from the now-destroyed library at Nalanda University in India describe scholars and pupils who attended the school from Japan.[15] One of the most famous Japanese travellers to the Indian subcontinent was Tenjiku Tokubei (1612–1692), named after Tenjiku ("Heavenly Abode"), the Japanese name for India.

The cultural exchanges between the two countries created many parallels in their folklore. Modern popular culture based upon this folklore, such as works of fantasy fiction in manga and anime, sometimes bear references to common deities (deva), demons (asura) and philosophical concepts. The Indian goddess Saraswati for example, is known as Benzaiten in Japan. Brahma, known as 'Bonten', and Yama, known as 'Enma', are also part of the traditional Japanese Buddhist pantheon. In addition to the common Buddhist influence on the two societies, Shintoism, being an animist religion, is similar to the animist strands of Hinduism, in contrast to the religions present in the rest of the world, which are monotheistic. Sanskrit, a classical language used in Buddhism and Hinduism, is still used by some ancient Chinese priests who immigrated to Japan, and the Siddhaṃ script is still written to this day, despite having passed out of usage in India. It is also thought that the distinctive torii gateways at temples in Japan, may be related to the torana gateways used in Indian temples.

In the 16th century, Japan established political contact with Portuguese colonies in India. The Japanese initially assumed that the Portuguese were from India and that Christianity was a new "Indian faith". These mistaken assumptions were due to the Indian city of Goa being a central base for the Portuguese East India Company and also due to a significant portion of the crew on Portuguese ships being Indian Christians.[16] Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, Indian lascar seamen frequently visited Japan as crew members aboard Portuguese ships, and later aboard East India Company merchantmen in the 18th and 19th centuries.[17]

During the anti-Christian persecutions in 1596, many Japanese Christians fled to the Portuguese colony of Goa in India. By the early 17th century, there was a community of Japanese traders in Goa in addition to Japanese slaves brought by Portuguese ships from Japan.[18]

Relations between the two nations have continued since then, but direct political exchange began only in the Meiji era (1868–1912), when Japan embarked on the process of modernisation.[19] Japan-India Association was founded in 1903.[20] Further cultural exchange occurred during the mid-late 20th century through Asian cinema, with Indian cinema and Japanese cinema both experiencing a "golden age" during the 1950s and 1960s. Indian films by Satyajit Ray, Guru Dutt were influential in Japan, while Japanese films by Akira Kurosawa, Yasujirō Ozu and Takashi Shimizu have likewise been influential in India.

Indian Independence Movement[]

A dinner party given to Rash Behari Bose (The second from the right) in his honor by his close Japanese friends, Mitsuru Tōyama, a Pan-Asianism leader (center, behind the table), and Tsuyoshi Inukai, future Japanese prime minister (to the right of Tōyama). 1915.

, and Hariprobha Takeda were among the earliest Indians who visited Japan and wrote on their experiences there.[21] Correspondences between distinguished individuals from both nations had a noticeable increase in volume during this period; historical documents show a friendship between Japanese thinker Okakura Tenshin and Indian writer Rabindranath Tagore, Okakura Tenshin and Bengali poet Priyamvada Devi.[22] established an organization called the Indo-Japanese Association in 1904 with the help of a Japanese friend Mr. Sakurai, which was dedicated for helping the Indian expatriates migrating to Japan.[23][24]

As India was then a British colony, Indo-Japanese relations were boosted by the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. However, other emerging movements would strengthen relations between the two nations. Pan-Asian ideals and the Indian independence movement saw India and Japan grow closer, reaching their apogee during the Second World War. Relations between Britain and Japan had started to deteriorate since the end of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance on 17 August 1923 due to American pressure. Many Indian independence activists escaped to Japan, including activist Rash Behari Bose which furthered Indo-Japanese relations. Future Japanese prime minister Tsuyoshi Inukai, pan-Asianist Mitsuru Tōyama and other Japanese individuals supported the Indian independence movement. A. M. Nair, a student from India, became an independence movement activist. Nair supported INA leader Subhas Chandra Bose during the Second World War. Japan started the Pacific phase of the Second World War by attacking British, Dutch, and American possessions in Asia. The Japanese eventually aimed to capture the British colony of Burma, establishing an alliance with the Indian National Army, an Indian nationalist organization which adopted the "an enemy of our enemy is our friend" attitude, a legacy that is still controversial today given the war crimes committed by Imperial Japan and its allies.[citation needed]

In 1899 Tokyo Imperial University set up a chair in Sanskrit and Pali, with a further chair in Comparative religion being set up in 1903. In this environment, a number of Indian students came to Japan in the early twentieth century, founding the Oriental Youngmen's Association in 1900. Their pro-independence political activity caused consternation to the colonial government, following a report in the .[citation needed]

Before World War II[]

In 1934, the "Indo-Japanese Trade Agreement of 1934" was signed in Delhi on 5 January 1934 and went effective on 12 July 1934.

Nobel Laurate Rabindranath Tagore and Mukul Dey with 'Kiyo-san' and another Japanese lady at Tomitaro Hara's Sankei-en in Yokohama, Japan.

In 1937, the "Indo-Japanese Trade Agreement of 1937" went effective on 1 April 1937, for three years, until 31 March 1940.

During World War II[]

Since India was a British colony when the Second World War broke out, it was deemed to have entered the war on the side of the Allies. Over 2 million Indians participated in the war; many served in combat against the Japanese who briefly occupied British Burma and reached the Indian border. Some 67,000 Indian soldiers were captured by the Japanese when Singapore surrendered in 1942, many of whom later became part of the Japanese-sponsored Indian National Army (INA). In 1944–45, combined British and Indian forces defeated the Japanese in a series of battles in Burma and the INA disintegrated.[25]

Indian National Army[]

Main articles: Indian National Army and First Indian National Army
Major Iwaichi Fujiwara of Japan greets Captain Mohan Singh of the First Indian National Army, April 1942

Subhas Chandra Bose, who led the Azad Hind, a nationalist movement which aimed to end British rule in India through military means, used Japanese sponsorship to form the Azad Hind Fauj or Indian National Army (INA). The INA was composed mainly of former prisoners of war from the Indian Army who had been captured by the Japanese after the fall of Singapore. They joined primarily because of the very harsh, often fatal conditions in Japanese POW camps. The INA also recruited volunteers from Indian expatriates in Southeast Asia. Bose was eager for the INA to participate in any invasion of India and persuaded several Japanese that a victory such as Mutaguchi anticipated would lead to the collapse of British rule in India. The idea that their western boundary would be controlled by a more friendly government was attractive to the Japanese. Japan never expected India to be part of its Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.[26]

The Japanese government built, supported, and controlled the Indian National Army and the Indian Independence League. Japanese forces included INA units in many battles, most notably at the U Go Offensive at Manipur. The offensive culminated in the Battles of Imphal and Kohima where the Japanese forces were pushed back and the INA lost cohesion.

Modern relations[]

At the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Indian Justice Radhabinod Pal became famous for his dissenting judgment in favor of Japan. The judgment of Justice Radhabinod Pal is remembered even today in Japan.[1] This became a symbol of the close ties between India and Japan.

Monument honouring Radhabinod Pal, at Tokyo's Yasukuni Shrine, Japan.

On 15 August 1947, Japan was among the first nations to recognize Indian sovereignty after its independence from the United Kingdom. A relatively well-known result of the two nations' was in 1949, when India sent the Tokyo Zoo two elephants to cheer the spirits of the defeated Japanese empire.[27][28]

India refused to attend the San Francisco Peace Conference in 1951 due to its concerns over limitations imposed upon Japanese sovereignty and national independence.[29][30] After the restoration of Japan's sovereignty, Japan and India signed a peace treaty, establishing official diplomatic relations on 28 April 1952, in which India waived all reparation claims against Japan.[29] This treaty was one of the first treaties Japan signed after World War II.[13] Diplomatic, trade, economic, and technical relations between India and Japan were well established. India's iron ore helped Japan's recovery from World War II devastation, and following Japanese Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi's visit to India in 1957, Japan started providing yen loans to India in 1958, as the first yen loan aid extended by the Japanese government.[13]

In India, there was great admiration for Japan's post-war economic reconstruction and subsequent rapid growth.[29] Relations between the two nations were constrained, however, by Cold War politics. Japan, as a result of World War II reconstruction, was a U.S. ally, whereas India pursued a non-aligned foreign policy, often leaning towards the Soviet Union. Since the 1980s, however, efforts were made to strengthen bilateral ties. India's ‘Look East’ policy posited Japan as a key partner.[29] Since 1986, Japan has become India's largest aid donor, and remains so.[13]

Relations between the two nations reached a brief low in 1998 as a result of Pokhran-II, an Indian nuclear weapons test that year. Japan imposed sanctions on India following the test, which included the suspension of all political exchanges and the cutting of economic assistance. These sanctions were lifted three years later. Relations improved exponentially following this period, as bilateral ties between the two nations improved once again,[31] to the point where the Japanese prime minister, Shinzo Abe was to be the chief guest at India's 2014 Republic Day parade.[32]

A memorial to Subhas Chandra Bose in the Renkōji Temple, Tokyo. Bose's ashes are stored in the temple in a golden pagoda.

In 2014, the Indian PM Narendra Modi visited Japan. During his tenure as the Chief Minister of Gujarat, Modi had maintained good ties with the Japanese PM Shinzo Abe. His 2014 visit further strengthened the ties between the two countries, and resulted in several key agreements, including the establishment of a "Special Strategic Global Partnership".[33][34]

Modi visited Japan for the second time as Prime Minister in November 2016. During the meeting, India and Japan signed the "Agreement for Cooperation in Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy", a landmark civil nuclear agreement, under which Japan will supply nuclear reactors, fuel, and technology to India. India is not a signatory to the non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and is the only non-signatory to receive an exemption from Japan.[35] The two sides also signed agreements on manufacturing skill development in India, cooperation in space, earth sciences, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, transport and urban development.[36]

Yogendra Puranik, popularly known as Yogi, became the first elected India-born City Councillor in Japan, to represent the City Council of Edogawa City in Tokyo. His victory was well received by the mass public and media, not just in India and Japan but across the globe including China.

Economic[]

In August 2000, the Japanese Prime Minister visited India. At this meeting, Japan and India agreed to establish a "Japan-India Global Partnership in the 21st Century." Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee visited Japan in December 2001, where both Prime Ministers issued the "Japan-India Joint Declaration." In April 2005, Japanese Prime Minister Koizumi visited India and signed Joint Statement "Japan-India Partnership in the New Asian Era: Strategic Orientation of Japan-India Global Partnership."

Japan is the 3rd largest investor in the Indian economy with cumulative FDI inflows of $30.27 bn during 2000–2019, contributing 7.2% to India's total FDI inflows during the same period. The imports to India from Japan stood at $12.77 bn in 2018–19, making it India's 14th largest import partner.[37]

The Emperor of Japan, His Majesty Akihito with the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in Tokyo, Japan in 2014.

In October 2008, Japan signed an agreement with India under which it would provide the latter a low-interest loan worth US$4.5 billion to construct a railway project between Delhi and Mumbai. This is the single largest overseas project being financed by Japan and reflected a growing economic partnership between the two nations. India is also one of the only three countries in the world with whom Japan has a security pact. As of March 2006, Japan was the third-largest investor in India.[citation needed]

Kenichi Yoshida, a director of Softbridge Solutions Japan, stated in late 2009 that Indian engineers were becoming the backbone of Japan's IT industry and that "it is important for Japanese industry to work together with India". Under the memorandum, any Japanese coming to India for business or work will be straightway granted a three-year visa and similar procedures will be followed by Japan. Other highlights of this visit include the abolition of customs duties on 94 percent of trade between the two nations over the next decade. As per the Agreement, tariffs will be removed on almost 90 percent of Japan's exports to India and 97 percent of India's exports to Japan Trade between the two nations has also steadily been growing.[citation needed]

India and Japan signed an agreement in December 2015 to build a bullet train line between Mumbai and Ahmedabad using Japan's Shinkansen technology,[38] with a loan from Japan of £12bn. More than four-fifths of the project's $19bn (£14.4bn) cost will be funded by a 0.1% interest-rate loan from Japan as part of a deepening economic relationship.[39]

Military[]

Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force and Indian Navy warships took part in the Malabar 2007 naval exercises off India's western coast, one of the many such multilateral exercises Japan has taken part in symbolizing close military co-operation between India and Japan.
Indian Defence Minister calling on the Prime Minister of Japan in Tokyo in September 2019

India and Japan also have close military ties. They have shared interests in maintaining the security of sea-lanes in the Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean, and in co-operation for fighting international crime, terrorism, piracy and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.[40] The two nations have frequently held joint military exercises and co-operate on technology.[29] India and Japan concluded a security pact on 22 October 2008.[41][42]

Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe is seen by some to be an "Indophile" and, with rising tensions in territorial disputes with Japan's neighbors, has advocated closer security cooperation with India.[43][44]

In July 2014, the Indian Navy participated in Exercise Malabar with the Japanese and US navies, reflecting shared perspectives on Indo-Pacific maritime security. India is also negotiating to purchase US-2 amphibious aircraft for the Indian Navy.[45]

Cultural[]

Indian PM Narendra Modi in a music class at the Taimei Elementary School, Tokyo

Japan and India have strong cultural ties, based mainly on Japanese Buddhism, which remains widely practiced through Japan even today. The two nations announced 2007, the 50th anniversary year of the Indo-Japan Cultural Agreement, as the Indo-Japan Friendship and Tourism-Promotion Year, holding cultural events in both the countries.[46][47] One such cultural event is the annual Namaste India Festival, which started in Japan over twenty years ago and is now the largest festival of its kind in the world.[48][49] At the 2016 festival, representatives from Onagawa town performed, as a sign of appreciation for the support the town received from the Indian Government during the Great East Japan Earthquake.[50] The Indian National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) team had been dispatched in Onagawa for its first overseas mission and conducted search and rescue operations for missing people.[50]

Osamu Tezuka wrote a biographical manga Buddha from 1972 to 1983. On 10 April 2006, a Japanese delegation proposed to raise funds and provide other support for rebuilding the world-famous ancient Nalanda University, an ancient Buddhist centre of learning in Bihar, into a major international institution of education.[51]

India and Japan also have a strong relationship through Japanese Animes. There are many Japanese Animes which are aired in India which is dubbed in Hindi language and is also very popular. In February 2005, Doraemon became the 1st Anime to be introduced in India which is also aired presently in Disney Channel and Hungama TV. And also Doraemon is considered as most popular Kids show as well as Best in India. More than 30 Hindi Dubbed movies are telecasted till the Date of the Doraemon Series, making it the most number of Movies from a particular Anime series to be Aired in India. Other Popular Animes in India include Pokemon Series, Crayon Shin-Chan, Dragon Ball, Ninja Hattori, etc. Also many Anime movies are released in Indian theatres.

Tamil movies are very popular in Japan and Rajnikanth is the most popular Indian star in this country.[52] Bollywood has become more popular among the Japanese people in recent decades,[53][54] and the Indian yogi and pacifist Dhalsim is one of the most popular characters in the Japanese video game series Street Fighter.

Starting 3 July 2014, Japan has been issuing multiple entry visas for the short term stay of Indian nationals.[55]

2016 nuclear deal[]

In November 2016, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi on a three-day visit to Japan signed a deal with his counterpart Shinzo Abe on nuclear energy.[56] The deal took six years to negotiate, delayed in part by the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster. This is the first time that Japan signed such deal with a non-signatory of Non-Proliferation Treaty. The deal gives Japan the right to supply nuclear reactors, fuel and technology to India. This deal aimed to help India build the six nuclear reactors in southern India, increasing nuclear energy capacity ten-fold by 2032.[57][58][59]

Development[]

In August 2017, the two countries announced the establishment of the Japan-India Coordination Forum (JICF) for Development of the North-Eastern Region, described by India as "a coordination forum to identify priority development areas of cooperation for development" of northeast India. The forum will focus on strategic projects aimed at improving connectivity, roads, electric infrastructure, food processing, disaster management, and promoting organic farming and tourism in northeast India. A Japanese embassy spokesperson stated that the development of the northeast was a "priority" for India and its Act East Policy and that Japan placed a "special emphasis on cooperation in North East for its geographical importance connecting India to South-East Asia and historical ties".[60] The forum held its first meeting on 3 August 2017.[61]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d PM'S ADDRESS TO JOINT SESSION OF THE DIET, Indian Prime Minister's Office, 14 December 2006, retrieved 14 November 2009
  2. ^ "2013 World Service Poll" (PDF), BBC
  3. ^ Gupta, Sunil (1999–2000). "From Eastern Indian Ocean to the Yellow sea interaction sphere: Indo-Pacific beads in Yayoi Japan" (PDF). Puratattva. 30: 93–97.CS1 maint: date format (link)
  4. ^ Katsuhiko, Oga; Gupta, Sunil (2000-01-01). "The Far East, Southeast and South Asia: Indo-Pacific Beads from Yayoi Tombs as Indicators of Early Maritime Exchange". South Asian Studies. 16 (1): 73–88. doi:10.1080/02666030.2000.9628581. ISSN 0266-6030.
  5. ^ "india japan relations" (PDF). mea.gov.in.
  6. ^ "Butsuzōzui (Illustrated Compendium of Buddhist Images)" (digital photos) (in Japanese). Ehime University Library. 1796. p. (059.jpg).
  7. ^ Chaudhuri, Saroj Kumar. Hindu Gods and Goddesses in Japan. (New Delhi, 2003) ISBN 81-7936-009-1.
  8. ^ "Japan wants to encourage studies of Hindu gods" Satyen Mohapatra[dead link]
  9. ^ Bowring, Richard John (2005). The religious traditions of Japan, 500–1600. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-521-85119-0.
  10. ^ Bowring, Richard John (2005). The religious traditions of Japan, 500–1600. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–17. ISBN 978-0-521-85119-0.
  11. ^ Dykstra, Yoshiko Kurata; De Bary, William Theodore (2001). Sources of Japanese tradition. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 100. ISBN 978-0-231-12138-5.
  12. ^ Asia Society Buddhism in Japan, accessed July 2012
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Japan-India Relations". Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  14. ^ Leupp, Gary P. (2003). Interracial Intimacy in Japan. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-8264-6074-5.
  15. ^ Garten, Jeffrey (9 December 2006). "Really Old School". New York Times. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  16. ^ Leupp, Gary P. (2003). Interracial Intimacy in Japan. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-8264-6074-5.
  17. ^ Leupp, Gary P. (2003). Interracial Intimacy in Japan. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-8264-6074-5.
  18. ^ Leupp, Gary P. (2003). Interracial Intimacy in Japan. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-8264-6074-5.
  19. ^ "India-Japan relations". Embassy of India, Tokyo. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  20. ^ "History of The Japan-India Association". japan-india.com. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
  21. ^ Das, Subrata Kumar (2008-09-05). "Early light on the land of the rising sun". The Daily Star. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  22. ^ "Ambassador's Message". in.emb-japan.go.jp. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
  23. ^ Source Material for a History of the Freedom Movement in India: 1885-1920, Government Central Press, 1958.
  24. ^ The Japan Daily Mail, Volume 45, 1906.
  25. ^ Ian Sumner (2001). The Indian Army 1914–1947. Osprey Publishing. pp. 23–29. ISBN 9781841761961.
  26. ^ Joyce C. Lebra, Jungle Alliance, Japan and the Indian National Army (1971) p 20
  27. ^ Nayar, Mandira (15 February 2007). "India, Japan and world peace". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
  28. ^ Mathai, M.O. (1979). My Days with Nehru. Vikas Publishing House.
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Ambassador Ronen Sen's remarks at a luncheon meeting of the Japan Society in New York". indianembassy.org. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  30. ^ "Nehru and Non-alignment". P.V. Narasimha Rao. Mainstream Weekly. 2 June 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
  31. ^ Mansingh, Lalit. "India-Japan Relations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
  32. ^ "Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe to be Republic Day chief guest". The Times of India. PTI. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  33. ^ Iain Marlow (3 September 2014). "India's Modi maintains warm ties with Japan's Abe". The Globe and Mail.
  34. ^ Dipanjan Roy Chaudhury (2 September 2014). "India, Japan sign key agreements; to share 'Special Strategic Global Partnership'". Economic Times.
  35. ^ "India, Japan sign landmark civil nuclear deal – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  36. ^ Roche, Elizabeth (11 November 2016). "India, Japan sign landmark civilian nuclear deal". Livemint. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  37. ^ "Japan Plus". www.investindia.gov.in.
  38. ^ "Japan PM Abe returns home after 'fruitful' India visit". newsbing.com. 21 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
  39. ^ Safi, Michael (2017-09-14). "India starts work on bullet train line with £12bn loan from Japan". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
  40. ^ Roy Choudhury, Srabani (October 2, 2017). "Shinzō Abe's India Visit: A Prologue". IndraStra Global. 003 (September (09)): 0013. ISSN 2381-3652.
  41. ^ "India And Japan Sign Security Pact". IndiaServer. 23 October 2008. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  42. ^ "Joint Declaration on Security Co-operation between Japan and India". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 22 October 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  43. ^ Ankit Panda (8 January 2014). "India-Japan Defense Ministers Agree To Expand Strategic Cooperation". The Diplomat. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  44. ^ Japan and India Bolster Trade and Defense Ties TIME
  45. ^ David Brewster (2014-07-29). "Malabar 2014: a Good Beginning. Retrieved 13 August 2014".
  46. ^ "Japan-India Friendship Year 2007". in.emb-japan.go.jp. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  47. ^ "India, Japan committed to developing cultural ties". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 23 October 2007.
  48. ^ "Namaste India Festival in Tokyo". ja.japantravel.com.
  49. ^ "Namaste India 2016". indofestival.com.
  50. ^ Jump up to: a b "Embassy of Japan in India". in.emb-japan.go.jp.
  51. ^ Staff (2006-04-10). "Japan offer assistance in rebuiling Nalanda University". Oneindia. Retrieved 2019-03-13.
  52. ^ "Rajinikanth magic in Japan, yet again". Firstpost. 27 June 2012.
  53. ^ Bollywood bigwigs hope Japan fans are in it for keeps Japan Times
  54. ^ Japan: The fast emerging market for Bollywood films CNN-IBN
  55. ^ "Japan to issue multiple entry visa to Indians for short stay". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. 3 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  56. ^ Dipankan Bandopadhyay. "India and the Nukes". Politics Now. Retrieved 15 November 2016.[permanent dead link]
  57. ^ "India, Japan Sign Landmark Nuclear Energy Deal After 6 Years Of Talks: 10 Points". NDTV. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  58. ^ "India, Japan sign landmark civil nuclear deal – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  59. ^ Bhattacherjee, Kallol, Kallol (11 November 2016). "Japan has option to scrap N-deal". The Hindu. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  60. ^ Bhaskar, Utpal (3 August 2017). "India, Japan join hands for big infrastructure push in Northeast". livemint.com/. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  61. ^ "First meeting of Japan-India Coordination Forum (JICF) for Development of North-Eastern Region held". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 11 February 2018.

Further reading[]

  • Eston, Elizabeth (2019). Rash Behari Bose: The Father of the Indian National Army, Vols 1-6. Tenraidou.
  • An Indian freedom fighter in Japan: Memoirs of A.M. Nair (1982) Sole distributorship, Ashok Uma Publications.　ISBN 0-86131-339-9
  • Lokesh Chandra (2014). Cultural interflow between India and Japan. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture.
  • Lokesh, C., & Sharada, R. (2002). Mudras in Japan. New Delhi: Vedams Books.
  • Kak, Subhash. "The Vedic gods of Japan." Brahmavidyā: The Adyar Library Bulletin 68 (2004): 285. [1][permanent dead link]
  • Green, Michael. Japan, India, and the Strategic Triangle with China Strategic Asia 2011–12: Asia Responds to Its Rising Powers – China and India (2011)
  • Joshi, Sanjana. "The Geopolitical Context of Changing Japan-India Relations." UNISCI Discussion Papers 32 (2014): 117–136. online
  • Chaudhuri, S. K. (2011). Sanskrit in China and Japan. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan.
  • Naidu, G. V. C. "India, and East Asia: The Look East Policy." Perceptions (2013)18#1 pp: 53–74. online
  • Nakanishi, Hiroaki. "Japan-India civil nuclear energy cooperation: prospects and concerns." Journal of Risk Research (2014): 1–16. online
  • Nakamura, H., & Wiener, P. P. (1968). Ways of thinking of Eastern peoples: India, China, Tibet, Japan. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.
  • Thakur, Upendra. "India and Japan, a Study in Interaction During 5th Cent.-14th Cent. A.D." "Abhinav Publications".
  • De, B. W. T. (2011). The Buddhist tradition in India, China & Japan. New York: Vintage eBooks.
  • Van, G. R. H. (2001). Siddham: An essay on the history of Sanskrit studies in China and Japan. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan.

External links[]

  • Japan-India Relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
  • Research, Reference and Training Division (2008). India 2008 (PDF). New Delhi: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. ISBN 978-81-230-1488-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-03. Retrieved 2013-09-11.
Retrieved from ""