Indian country

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the self-governing native areas in the United States of America. For the unorganized U.S. territory whose general borders were initially set by the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834, see Indian Territory. For other uses, see Indian country (disambiguation).
BIA map of Indian Reservations in the Continental United States

Indian country is any of the many self-governing Native American/American Indian communities throughout the United States. As a legal category, it includes "all land within the limits of any Indian reservation", "all dependent Indian communities within the borders of the United States", and "all Indian allotments, the Indian titles to which have not been extinguished."[1][2]

Legal classification[]

Main article: Indian country jurisdiction

This legal classification defines American Indian tribal and individual land holdings as part of a reservation, an allotment, or a public domain allotment. All federal trust lands held for Native American tribes is Indian country. Federal, state, and local governments use this category in their legal processes. Today, however, according to the U.S. Census of 2010, over 78% of all Native Americans live off reservations. Indian country now spans thousands of rural areas, towns and cities where Indian people live.

This convention is followed generally in colloquial speech and is reflected in publications such as the Native American newspaper Indian Country Today

Related and historical meanings[]

Historically, Indian country was considered the areas, regions, territories or countries beyond the frontier of settlement that were inhabited primarily by Native Americans. Colonists made treaties with Native Americans agreeing to offer services and protection indefinitely in exchange for peaceful transfer of Native American land.

Between the Appalachians and Mississippi[]

Main article: Indian Reserve (1763)

As the original 13 colonies grew and treaties were made, the de facto boundary between settled territory and Indian country during the 18th century was roughly the crest of the Appalachian Mountains, a boundary set into law by the Royal Proclamation of 1763, the Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783, and later by the Nonintercourse Act.[3] The Indian Reserve was gradually settled by European Americans and divided into territories and states, starting with Kentucky County (an extension of Virginia) and the Northwest Territory.

West of the Mississippi[]

Main article: Indian Territory

Most Indians in the area of the former Reserve were either killed or relocated further west under policies of Indian Removal. After the Louisiana Purchase, the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834 created the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River as a destination. It too was gradually divided into territories and states for European American settlement, leaving only modern Indian Reservations inside the boundaries of U.S. states.

In 2020, the United States Supreme Court ruled in McGirt v. Oklahoma that the tribal statistical area (and former reservation) of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation remains under the tribal sovereignty of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation for the purposes of the Major Crimes Act.[4][5]

Current non-legal usage[]

In the current usage the term "Indian country" is used by "soldiers, military strategists, reporters, and World Wide Web users to refer to hostile, unsecured, and dangerous territory in Iraq and Afghanistan."[6] “Indian Country” is the military term for “behind enemy lines.”[7]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "18 U.S.C. 1151". Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
  2. ^ "What Is Indian Country?". Tribaljurisdiction.tripod.com. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
  3. ^ Vine Deloria Jr. and Clifford M. Lytle (1983). "Indian Country". American Indians, American Justice. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0292738348.
  4. ^ Higgins, Tucker; Mangan, Dan (July 9, 2020). "Supreme Court says eastern half of Oklahoma is Native American land". CNBC. Archived from the original on July 10, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  5. ^ Liptak, Adam; Healy, Jack (July 9, 2020). "Supreme Court Rules Nearly Half of Oklahoma Is Indian Reservation". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 11, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  6. ^ Silliman, Stephen W. (June 2008). "The "Old West" in the Middle East: U.S. Military Metaphors in Real and Imagined Indian Country". American Anthropologist. 110 (2): 237–247. Retrieved Nov 23, 2020.
  7. ^ Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne (Oct 11, 2004). ""Indian Country"". CounterPunch. Retrieved Nov 23, 2020.
  • N. Bruce Duthu, American Indians and the Law (NY: Penguin Library -Viking - 2008)
  • David H. Getches, Charles F. Wilkinson, and Robert A. Williams, jr., Cases and Materials on Federal Indian Law, 4th Ed. (St. Paul: West Pub., 1998)
  • Imre Sutton, ed., "The Political Geography of Indian Country." American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 15(02) 1991

https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-10.pdf

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