Instructive case
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In grammar, the instructive case is a grammatical case used in the Finnish, Estonian, and Turkish languages.
Finnish[]
In the Finnish language, the instructive case has the basic meaning of "by means of". It is a comparatively rarely used case, though it is found in some commonly used expressions, such as omin silmin → "with one's own eyes".
In modern Finnish, many of its instrumental uses are being superseded by the adessive case, as in "minä matkustin junalla" → "I travelled by train."
It is also used with Finnish verbal second infinitives to mean "by ...ing", e.g. "lentäen" → "by flying", "by air" ("lentää" = "to fly").
Estonian[]
In Estonian, the instructive case (Estonian: viisiütlev) also exists, but only in some words. (f.e: "jalgsi" - "on foot", from "jalg" - foot)
Turkish[]
In Turkish, the suffix -le is used for this purpose. Ex: Trenle geldim "I came via train".
Further reading[]
- Karlsson, Fred (2018). Finnish - A Comprehensive Grammar. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-82104-0.
- Anhava, Jaakko (2015). "Criteria For Case Forms in Finnish and Hungarian Grammars". journal.fi. Helsinki: Finnish Scholarly Journals Online.
- Grammatical cases
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