Ispend bin Yusuf
| Amir Isfahan | |
|---|---|
| Ruler of Baghdad | |
| Reign | 1433 - 1445 |
| Coronation | 9 April 1433 |
| Predecessor | Shah Muhammad |
| Successor | |
| Died | 8 March 1445 Baghdad |
| Dynasty | Kara Koyunlu |
| Father | Qara Yusuf |
| Religion | Shiite |
Ispend, Aspand[1] or Isfahan[2] was the son of Qara Yusuf and ruled over Baghdad and its environs for twelve years.
During reign of Qara Yusuf[]
His first mention was in 1410, when he commanded left flank of Kara Koyunlu army against Ahmad Jalayir.[3] He was ruling Adilcevaz when his father died.[4]
During reign of Qara Iskander[]
He retreated to Chukhur Saad province (later Erivan) where the Saadlu tribe, one of the main sub-tribes of the Kara Koyunlu swore fealty to him and presented him state treasure.[5] He later submitted to Qara Iskander in 1421. Soon Shahrukh crossed the Aras River and battling the forces of Iskander and Ispend at Yakhsi (28 July 1421 - 1 August 1421). Timurid forces were almost defeated when Amir Shahmalik cut heads of two slain soldiers and tricked both into thinking his brother was killed. Iskander's forces retreated to Kirkuk.[1] Ispend used this opportunity to seize Tabriz. However soon retreated to Avnik upon arrival of Qara Iskander.
Reign in Baghdad[]
In October 1431 he was invited to Hillah by Jalayirid amirs, a city ruled by (grandson of Ahmad Jalayir).[6] Hussain was hunted down and killed on 9 November 1431, thus ending latest remnant of Jalayirid Sultanate. He soon captured Baghdad, forcing his half-brother Shah Muhammad to flee. Upon establishing himself in Baghdad, he ordered to struck coins in his own name.[7]
When Qara Iskander killed in 1435, he accepted many refugees including his nephews and nieces - Alvand Mirza, Malik Qasim, Asad, Rustam, Tarkhan, Malik Muhammad, Arayish begum and Shahsaray begum.[8]
He decided to invade Anatolia in 1437, but was defeated by Aq Qoyunlu chief Hamza beg (Qara Osman's son).[9]
Death and succession[]
He died on 8 March 1445, bequeathing his kingdom on his nephew, Alvand Mirza since his son was too young at the time. However, most of the emirs preferred Fulad.[1]
References[]
- ^ a b c Minorsky, V. (1955). "The Qara-Qoyunlu And The Qutb-Shahs". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 17 (1): 50–73. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00106342. ISSN 1474-0699.
- ^ Muḥaddis̲, Mīr Hāshim (1982). Tārīkh-i Qizilbāshān [History of Qizilbashes] (in Persian). Tehrān : Bihnām. p. 16.
- ^ Sümer 1984, pp.83-84
- ^ Rumlu, p.93
- ^ Sümer 1984, pp.109-116
- ^ Jackson, Peter. "JALAYERIDS – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-08-23.
- ^ Coins of Ispend struck in Baghdad
- ^ Sümer 1984, pp.143
- ^ 1428., Abū Bakr Ṭihrānī, active (2001). Kitab-i Diyarbekriyye. Öztürk, Mürsel. (1. baskı ed.). Ankara: T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı. pp. 88–91. ISBN 9751727650. OCLC 49665724.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Sources[]
- Sümer, Faruk (1984). Kara Koyunlular (in Turkish). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu
- Hasan beg Rumlu - Aḥsan at-tawārīḫ (in Azerbaijani) Kastamonu: Uzanlar, 2017 ISBN 9786050306415
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