Jaipur-Atrauli gharana

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Dhondutai Kulkarni, a leading representative of the gharana in its purest form

The Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana (also known as Jaipur Gharana, Atrauli-Jaipur Gharana, and Alladiyakhani Gayaki) is an Hindustani music apprenticeship fraternity (gharana), founded by Alladiya Khan in the late-19th century. Evolved from the dhrupad tradition, but known for khayal,[1] this gharana is known for producing acclaimed musicians like Kesarbai Kerkar, Mogubai Kurdikar, Mallikarjun Mansur, Kishori Amonkar, and Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande.[2] Consequently, this gharana developed a reputation for its distinctive vocal aesthetics, raga repertoire, and technical aptitude.[3]

History[]

The Jaipur-Atrauli gharana emerged from Alladiya Khan's family which originated from Atrauli (near Aligarh) and migrated to Jaipur.[4][5][6] This gharana mainly evolved from Dagar-bani of Dhrupad, however it also absorbed finer essence of Gauhar-bani and Khandar-bani.[7]

Etymology[]

A subgroup of the broader , the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana incluldes "Jaipur" to account for the geographical history of Alladiya Khan's family.[8]

Scholars say the hyphenated moniker of this gharana recognizes that Jaipur-Atrauli gharana musicians originally came from Atrauli Village in Aligarh district and migrated to the court of the Maharaja of Jaipur, their principal patron. Others say they came to the Jaipur Maharaja's court and then dispersed to various other courts in the area, like Jodhpur, , Bundi, Atrauli.

Roots in Haveli Sangeet[]

Many of the ragas and compositions sung in the Jaipur gharana come from the tradition of Haveli Sangeet and dhrupad,[9] such as:[10]

  • "Deva Deva Satsang" in
  • "Ey Pyari Pag Hole" in
  • "Mero Piya Rasiya" in
  • "Anahat Aadi Naad" in
  • "Devta Aadi Sab" in
  • "Devi Durge" in
  • "Ye Ho Neend Na Ayaee" in Bihari
  • "Papiha Na Bole" in
  • "Jabase Piyu Sapaneme"
  • "Preetam Sainya"
  • "Ree Tum Samajh" .

Aesthetics[]

Gayaki[]

The gharana is known for its unique layakari (rhythmic aesthetics) and rich repertoire of ragas, especially jod ragas (compound ragas) and sankeerna ragas (mixed ragas). Most gharanas apply notes in simple succession in aalap and taan, whereas in the Jaipur gayaki, notes are applied in an oblique manner with filigree involving immediately neighbouring notes. Instead of the flat taan, gamak (taan sung with double notes with a delicate force behind each of the component double-notes of the taan) makes the taan spiral into seemingly never-ending cycles. Meend in aalap and gamak in taan are the hallmark of this gayaki. Sharp edged harkats and murkis (crisp, quick phrases to ornament the alaap) are relatively uncommon. Not only are the notes sung in rhythm with the taal but progress between the matras (beats) is in fractions of quarters and one-eighths. While being mindful of so many factors, musicians of this gharana still have a graceful way of arriving at the Sam without having matras to spare. This is particularly evident in the way bol-alaap or bol-taan is sung, where meticulous attention is given to the short and long vowels in the words of the bandish that are being pronounced, and the strict discipline of avoiding unnatural breaks in the words and in the meaning of the lyrics. No other gharana has paid so much attention to the aesthetics and laykari in singing bol-alaaps and bol-taans[citation needed].

Specialty and Jod Raags[]

Signature and specialty ragas of this gharana (some revived or created by Alladiya Khan) include Sampoorna Malkauns, Basanti Kedar, Basant Bahar, Bihagda, Khat, Gandhari and Nat Kamod. A highlight of Jaipur gayaki is the mastery over (mixed or hybrid Raags). Singers from other gharanas tend to sing one raga in aaroha (ascent) and the other in avaroha (descent). Some others sing one raga in the lower half of the octave and then switch to the other raga in the upper half. Alternatively, they may sing alternate phrases of the two component ragas. In Jaipur gayaki, the two ragas are fused so that it sounds like a homogeneous raga in its own right, giving the feel of both component ragas, not as a heterogeneous mixture cobbled together. The listener hears an amalgam of both ragas without losing their distinctive identity. Alladiya Khan introduced many lesser-known or obscure ragas in his repertoire such as Basanti Kedar, Jait Kalyan, Kafi Kanada, Raisa Kanada, Basanti Kanada, Savani Nat, Savani Kalyan, Bhoop Nat, Nat Kamod, Bihari, Khat, Khokar, Pat bihag and Sampoorna Malkauns.

Legacy[]

To his immense credit, the great exponent of Kirana gharana, Bhimsen Joshi is one of the very few singers outside the Jaipur gharana, who tried to adopt the gamak taan to some extent, but he has not quite achieved the intricacy and grace of gamak that is the signature of Jaipur.

Pedagogical Genealogy[]

Ancestral Pedagogy of Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana[]

The following visualization is based on several historical accounts.[11][12]

Dagarbani
Parampara
Nath
Vishwambhar
Miyan Bade Karim
Baksh Khan
Haridas
Dagar
Miyan Mantol
Khan
Miyan Bhopat
Khan
Miyan
Tansen
Miyan Zahoor
Khan
Miyan Gulab
Khan
Miyan Hande Imam
Baksh Khan
Miyan Hussain
Khan
Qadar
Khan
Miyan Chhajjoo
Khan
Miyan Dilawar
"Dallooo" Khan
Jahangir
Khan
Khwaja Ahmed
Khan
Chiman
Khan
Ahmed
Khan
Zahoor Baksh
Khan "Ramdas"
Khairat Ali
Khan
Amrunnissa
Begum
Mohammed
Khan
Ghulam Ahmed
"Alladiya" Khan
Haider
Khan
Agra
Gharana
Jaipur-Atrauli
Gharana
Khurja
Gharana

Recent Pedagogy of Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana[]

This tree is based on the scholastic consensus published at "Anand Parva" in 2018.[13]

Mohammed
Khan
Ghulam
Ahmed
"Alladiya" Khan
Ahmed
Khan
Govindrao
Tembe
Wamanrao
Sadolikar
Badruddin
"Manji" Khan
Shamsuddin
"Bhurji" Khan
Khurja
Gharana
Mohanrao
Palekar
Gulubhai
Jasdanwalla

(sarangiya)
Kesarbai
Kerkar
Mogubai
Kurdikar
Sushila Rani
Patel
Mallikarjun
Mansur
Gajananrao
Joshi
C. Balaji
Babanrao
Haldankar
Kamal
Pathare
G. T. Tilak
"Tilak Master"
Krishnarao
Chonkar
Appsaheb
Deshpande
Manohar
Potdar
Suresh
Haldankar
Ratnakar
Pai
Agra
Gharana
Baburao
Joshi
Dhondutai
Kulkarni
Bhalchandra
Patekar
Atrauli
Gharana
Kishori
Amonkar
Sudhir
Pote
Shobha
Gurtu
Madhusudan
Apte
Ladkujan
Nandanikar
Jayashree
Patanekar
Rajshekhar
Mansur
Arun
Kulkarni
Manik
Bhide
Padma
Talwalkar
Siddharaj
Jambaldini
Mrityunjaya
Agadi
Sulabha
Mohile
Sudha Bakhre-
Athalye
M. G.
Patwardhan
Ulhas
Kashalkar
Shruti
Sadolikar-
Katkar
Neelakshi
Juvekar
Prasad
Gulvani
Ashwini
Bhide-
Deshpande
Devaki
Pandit
Arati
Ankalikar-
Tikekar
Raghunandan
Panshikar
Bharati
Vaishampayan
Nagarajarao
Havaldar
Priyadarshini
Kulkarni
Meera
Panshikar
Yashaswi
Sirpotdar
Smita
Bhagwat
Umesh
Munavalli
Ninad
Deo
Bharati
Vaishampayan
Lata
Godse
Vandana
Bhagwat
Gauri
Pathare
Vasanti
Tembe
Madhuvanti
Deo
Varsha
Joshi-
Sohoni

Exponents[]

20th Century[]

  • Alladiya Khan (1855–1946), Gharana founder; learned from uncle Jehangir Khan.
  • , learned from uncle Jehangir Khan and the older brother of Alladiya Khan.
  • Bhaskarbuwa Bakhale (1869–1922), learned from Alladiya Khan and Natthan Khan
  • Manji Khan (1888–1937), second son of Alladiya Khan. Learned from Alladiya Khan.
  • Bhurji Khan (1890–1956), third son of Alladiya Khan. Learned from Alladiya Khan.
  • Gulubhai Jasdanwalla, learned from Alladiya Khan.
  • Kesarbai Kerkar (1892–1977), learned from Alladiya Khan.
  • Mohanrao Palekar(1898–1962), learned from Ahmed Khan.
  • (1901–1979), learned from Haider Khan.
  • Mogubai Kurdikar (1904–2001), learned from Alladiya Khan and Haider Khan.
  • Wamanrao Sadolikar (1907–1986), learned from Bhurji Khan and attended many of Alladiya Khan's lessons to his disciples.
  • Vamanrao Deshpande (1907–1990), learned from Natthan Khan and Mogubai Kurdikar.
  • Mallikarjun Mansur (1910–1992), learned from Manji Khan, Bhurji Khan, and later from Azizuddin Khan.
  • Gajananrao Joshi (1911-1987), learned from Bhurji Khan.
  • (1912-1994), learned from Alladiya Khan.
  • (1916-2007), learned from Bhurji Khan.
  • (1922-2007), learned from Mogubai Kurdikar and Ganjananbuwa Joshi.
  • (1921-2011), son and disciple of Bhurji Khan and also learned from grandfather Alladiya Khan.
  • (1927-2013), learned from Mallikarjun Mansur.[14]
  • Babanrao Haldankar (1927-2016), learned from Mogubai Kurdikar.
  • Dhondutai Kulkarni (1927–2014), learned from Natthan Khan, Manji Khan, Bhurji Khan, Laxmibai Jadhav, Azizuddin Khan, and Kesarbai Kerkar.
  • Ratnakar Pai (1928–2009), learned from Gulubhai Jasdanwalla and Mohanrao Palekar.
  • Kishori Amonkar (1931–2017), daughter and disciple of Mogubai Kurdikar. Also learned from Mohanrao Palekar, Anwar Hussein Khan of Agra Gharana, and Anjanibai Malpekar of Bhendi-Bazar Gharana.
  • Manik Bhide (b. 1935), learned from Madhukar Sadolikar[15] and Kishori Amonkar.[16]
  • (1936-2020), learned from Nivruttibua Sarnaik.
  • Rajshekhar Mansur (b. 1942), learned from father Mallikarjun Mansur.
  • (b. 1943), learned from Abdul Majid Khan, Mogubai Kurdikar, and Kishori Amonkar.
  • (b. 1945), learned from Kamal Tambe and Madhusudan Kanetkar.
  • Padma Talwalkar (b. 1948), learned from Mogubai Kurdikar and Gajananrao Joshi.
  • Shruti Sadolikar (b. 1951), learned from father Wamanrao Sadolikar, Baba Azizuddin Khan, and later Gulubhai Jasdanwalla.
  • (b. 1951), learned from Rajubhau and Madhusuran Kanetkar.
  • (b. 1952), learned from Ratnakar Pai and Ashok Ranade.
  • Bharati Vaishampayan (1954-2020), learned from Nivruttibuwa Sarnaik.
  • (b. 1955), learned from Nivruttibuwa Sarnaik.
  • Ashwini Bhide Deshpande (b. 1960), learned from mother Manik Bhide and later from Ratnakar Pai.
  • Raghunandan Panshikar (b. 1963) learned from Kishori Amonkar and Mogubai Kurdikar.
  • (b. 1966) learned from Kishori Amonkar and was guided by Mogubai Kurdikar.
  • (b. 1964), learned from Madhusudan Kanetkar, Bhaskarbuwa Shaligram, and Dhondutai Kulkarni.
  • (b. 1971), learned from Madhusudan Kanetkar.
  • Gauri Pathare (b. 1972), learned from Padma Talwalkar and Arun Dravid.
  • (b. 1980), learned from Padma Talwalkar.[17]
  • Mithun Chakravarthy (b. 1981), learned from Rajshekhar Mansur.
  • (b. 1983), learned from Ratnakar Pai and Dhondutai Kulkarni.
  • (b. 1985), learned from her grandmother, Kishori Amonkar, and guided by great-grandmother, Mogubai Kurdikar.[18] [19]
  • (b. 1992), learned from Dhondutai Kulkarni and Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande.
  • Aarya Ambekar (b. 1994), learned from Shruti Ambekar and Devaki Pandit.

References[]

  1. ^ Sharma, Manorma (2006). Tradition of Hindustani music. New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub. Corp. p. 49. ISBN 81-7648-999-9.
  2. ^ https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/conveying-the-essence-of-jaipur-atrauli-gharana/article28894930.ece
  3. ^ Haḷadaṇakara, Babanarāva (2001). Aesthetics of Agra and Jaipur Traditions. Popular Prakashan. p. 15. ISBN 9788171546855.
  4. ^ Manorma Sharma (2006). Tradition of Hindustani Music. APH Publishing. pp. 49–51. ISBN 978-81-7648-999-7.
  5. ^ Jeffrey Michael Grimes (2008). The Geography of Hindustani Music: The Influence of Region and Regionalism on the North Indian Classical Tradition. ProQuest. pp. 142–. ISBN 978-1-109-00342-0.
  6. ^ Kumāraprasāda Mukhopādhyāẏa (2006). The Lost World of Hindustani Music. Penguin Books India. pp. 154–. ISBN 978-0-14-306199-1.
  7. ^ http://www.swarmanttra.com/vocal/gharanas/jaipur-atrauli-gharana/
  8. ^ https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/alladiya-khans-jaipur-atrauli-style-balances-knowledge-art-and-aesthetics/article20010723.ece
  9. ^ http://ustadalladiyakhan.blogspot.com/p/about-jaipur-atrauli.html
  10. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aG9kQ5gAlJU
  11. ^ Neuman, Daniel M. (1990). The Life of Music in North India: The Organization of an Artistic Tradition. University of Chicago Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN 9780226575162.
  12. ^ "Azmat Hussain Khan Dilrang ( 1911 1975)" – via Internet Archive.
  13. ^ https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/ashwini-bhide-deshpande-nurturing-the-covalent-bonds-of-music/article25521161.ece
  14. ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/Vocalist-Mattigatti-dead/articleshow/23558138.cms
  15. ^ https://mio.to/album/Manik+Bhide/The+Sanctity+Of+Parampara
  16. ^ https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/classical-singer-manik-bhide-chosen-f Mohanrao Palekaror-bhimsen-joshi-award/1155162
  17. ^ https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Yashaswi-Sirpotdar-On-a-graceful-note/article14488585.ece
  18. ^ https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/tejashree-amonkar/298144,
  19. ^ https://g5afoundation.org/forum/morning-riyaaz/understanding-sam/

Bibliography[]

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