John Brown Farm State Historic Site

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See also: John Brown's body
John Brown Farm State Historic Site
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
John Brown's grave - 1896 S R Stoddard.jpg
John Brown's grave, 1896, S R Stoddard.
John Brown Farm State Historic Site is located in New York
John Brown Farm State Historic Site
Nearest cityLake Placid, New York
Coordinates44°15′07″N 73°58′17″W / 44.2520°N 73.9714°W / 44.2520; -73.9714Coordinates: 44°15′07″N 73°58′17″W / 44.2520°N 73.9714°W / 44.2520; -73.9714
Area270 acres (110 ha)
Built1849
NRHP reference No.72000840
Significant dates
Added to NRHPJune 19, 1972[1]
Designated NHLAugust 6, 1998[2]

The John Brown Farm State Historic Site includes the home and final resting place of abolitionist John Brown (1800–1859). It is located on John Brown Road in the town of North Elba, near Lake Placid, New York, where John Brown moved in 1849 to teach farming to African Americans. It has been called the highest farm in the state,[3] "the highest arable spot of land in the State, if, indeed, soil so hard and sterile can be called arable."[4]

The site which so captivated John Brown on his first visit and held his interest to the end of his life is one of the most impressive in the Adirondacks. The awe-inspiring mountains surrounding the spot look down on friendly valleys, lakes, hills, streams, homes, hamlets and villages. The panorama stresses the power, majesty and eternal verities embodied in the towering peaks; calls attention to the peace, grandeur and solitude of the region; and deepens the feeling of man's weakness, finiteness and transitory abode on mother earth.[5]:329[6]

It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1998.[2][7] It has been managed by the state since 1896; the grounds are open to the public on a year-round basis, and tours of the house are offered in the warmer months.

Description[]

John Brown's Burial, North Elba, NY, December 8, 1859

We know a lot about John Brown's farm as it was in 1859. A reporter from the New York Tribune and Thomas Nast, a sketch artist from the , were present at Brown's funeral. Rev. Joshua Young, who lost his pulpit (job) in Vermont for having presided over Brown's funeral, also left a lengthy description, and the farm was also described by a visitor to the widowed Mrs. Brown in 1861.

The John Brown Farm, on John Brown Road (New York State Route 910M), is in the township of North Elba, south of the modern village of Lake Placid, which did not exist in 1859. It was about 2 miles (3.2 km) from the former hamlet of Black farmers at Timbuctoo, New York, whom Brown attempted to teach to farm. According to the deed, the property consisted of 214 acres (87 ha). The site today (2021) is 270 acres (110 ha) in size, of which the northern third houses the developed part of the site, with the balance in now reforested hills. However, a visitor to the widowed Mary Brown in 1861 described the property as "a circular patch of about 60 acres (24 ha), cleared in the midst of the primeval forest, covered over with blackened stumps, and devoted to grass, buckwheat, oats and potatoes."[8]

The developed area today (2021) includes John Brown's farmhouse and barn, the exhibit "Dreaming of Timbuctoo" permanently installed on the second floor of the barn, as well as a caretaker's house and other infrastructure for visitors. The house was described in 1859 as "a medium-sized frame building, such as is common in that part of the country. It has four rooms on the first floor, and corresponding space above."[4] "It is a rude frame building, two stories high, and has anything but a pretentious appearance."[3] The 1861 visitor called it a cabin, "which has recently received the addition of another room, and the logs of the building covered with clap-boards through the liberality of his Boston friends".[8] A modern description is: "The house is a 2+1⁄2-story timber-framed structure, with a gable roof and clapboarded exterior. Its front is four bays wide, with the entrance in the left center bay, topped by a transom window. Most of the finishes, both interior and exterior, are restorations performed in the second half of the 20th century to bring about a c. 1860 appearance."[7]

An 1859 visitor continued:

The next morning I had an opportunity, for the first time, of seeing the place as it appears in daylight, and of beholding the surrounding country. On opening the front door, a glorious sight saluted me [looking northeast]. Directly in front, apparently—perhaps from the thinness of the atmosphere—within two or three miles, but really much further off, looms up a rugged chain of the Adirondacks; broken, jagged[,] massive, and wonderfully picturesque. Off the left stands, in solitary grandeur, the towering pyramid called "White Face"—deriving its name from the color of the rock, on its summit. The Saranac and Ausable flow at each side of it; and just at its base, they tell us, is Lake Placid, a sheet of water famed through all this country of fine lakes for its exquisite beauty. On the right is to be seen, in the distance, the peak of ; and on the right of that again, and still further on, M[a]cIntyre, the loftiest pinnacle oi the Adirondack range, raises his towering crest. Just the country, my first thought was, for the heroic soul of John Brown, and a proper place, too, to be the receptacle of his ashes.[4]

The family graveyard, which Mary Brown exempted from the sale, is now part of the site, encircled by a modern iron fence. A statue of John Brown by Joseph Pollia, placed in 1935, stands nearby.

History[]

John Brown arrived in upstate New York as part of a project funded by Gerrit Smith to assist Blacks in becoming property owners and thus voters, under New York Stste law at the time. To this end he gave away hundreds of 40-acre tracts of Adirondack wilderness, to be cleared and farmed. (See Timbuctoo, New York.) John Brown was financially ruined[9]:88 and had lost the family's home because of his disastrous 1849 business trip to England, meaning he could not repay the loans he had taken out to buy wool. Hearing on his return from England that Smith was giving away farms to Blacks, he traveled to Smith's home and asked for one,[10]:16 saying that his years in rural Pennsylvania showed that he knew how to clear land and build a farm, and organize a community. He agreed to teach these skills to the Blacks. He said that he had purchased the farm from Smith, and he had a deed registered at the county clerk in Elizabethtown, but he never paid Smith anything.[7]

The Timbuctoo experiment was a failure, as almost all the Blacks, save Lyman Epps, left within a few years; it was too cold and isolated, and clearing land and creating a farm is hard work. However, Brown himself did succeed in building a farm that could support his family. He saw it primarily as a place where his wife and smaller children could be safe;[10]:17 he and his four oldest sons were soon off to Kansas. Actually running the farm in 1859, and the oldest man there, was John's son Salmon, aged 23.

Brown's funeral and burial, December 8, 1859[]

Main article: John Brown's body

After Brown's execution on December 2, 1859, his widow Mary brought his body from Harpers Ferry back to his farm for burial, which took place December 8. Half of those present were Black, most formerly enslaved. Wendell Phillips spoke. John Brown's favorite hymn, "Blow ye the trumpets, blow!" was sung. The Unitarian minister conducting the service, Joshua Young, recited 2 Timothy 4:7–8 as the casket was put in the ground. Upon returning to Burlington, disapproval of his participation in Brown's funeral was so severe that he was forced to resign his pulpit, and his friends said that he had ruined his future.[11][12][13]

Memorial service, July 4, 1860[]

800 people were present at the farm on July 4, 1860, for a memorial service,[14] including the surviving members of Brown's family, all but one (Tidd) of the surviving participants in Brown's raid, and hundreds of friends, including Thaddeus Hyatt.[14] It was the last time Brown's traumatized family would gather together. None ever spoke publicly about him, and none of the many people who wrote of contact with Brown's survivors reports private conversations. The one who was most directly involved in the Harpers Ferry Raid, Owen, 12 years later, after repeated attempts by a journalist, told his story once.[15] Salmon, shortly before he died, dictated to his daughter his recollections, but only of the Kansas period,[16] and briefly tood a journalist some of his recollections of his father.[17] A 20th-century descendant of John Brown, Alice Keesey McCoy, said that within the family, he was not talked about, that there were feelings of shame.[18]

Mary Brown sells the property to Alexis Hinckley in 1863[]

Funds collected from Brown followers for the support of Mary Brown, his widow, enabled her to add between 1860 and 1863 the addition with two windows on the right.[19]

Contrary to Brown's wish,[20][21][22] none of his family would remain long at the North Elba farm. In 1860 his three oldest surviving sons, John Jr, Jason, and Owen, were all living in Ohio. Salmon, who later remarked that the Brown family was "despised bitterly" and “our family was long buffeted from pillar to post,” also departed, in his case for California.[23]

Mary was left in North Elba with only Sarah, and lonely. So as to rejoin Salmon in California, and wanting to keep the farm in the family, in 1863 she sold the property (except for the graveyard) to Alexis Hinckley, brother of Salmon's wife, for $800.[24] It was with the proviso, added to the deed, that any interested party should be allowed to cross the property to access her husband's grave.[25] Registers were kept so that visitors could write their name and any comments; Joshua Young left remarks in 1866.[26] Mrs. Brown, along with daughters Sarah, Annie, and Ellen, joined Salmon in California, seeking what she called "a chance to start over in a 'new country'".[27]:19

Preserving the property[]

Kate Field's logo for John Brown's grave and farm

Already in 1867, "nearly every day people from a distance visit this...shrine of John Brown, the martyr ."[28] In 1870, when the property came on the market, it was purchased by journalist Kate Field for $2,000, which she had raised by lecturing. She formed a John Brown Association to oversee the preservation of what she called "John Brown's Grave and Farm", and make it accessible to visitors. A history of Essex County published in 1885 reports that already there were hundreds of visitors to the grave every year.[9]:667 In 1882 it was "the Mecca of all tourists".[24] By 1894, the cumulative number of visitors was said to have been "tens of thousands".[29] It was given to the State of New York in 1896.[7][30][31] In 1897, President McKinley was spending his summer in Plattsburgh, New York, and a special train to Lake Placid took him, Vice-President Hobart, Secretary of War Russell A. Alger, Secretary to the President John Addison Porter, and various Plattsburgh politicians, including Smith M. Weed, to the site for the dedication ceremony. John Brown's favorite hymn, "Blow ye the trumpet, blow", was sung.[32]

Graves[]

See also: John Brown's raiders
Rev. Joshua Young says the benediction over the reburial at John Brown's Farm, 1899.

There have been three burials on the John Brown Farm:

  1. John Brown himself, buried on December 8, 1859, immediately after his execution.
  2. Watson Brown, one of John Brown's sons, died 1859, buried in 1882. His body was brought for burial by his mother; it was her first visit to the farm since leaving it in the early 1860s.
  3. In a single coffin, since the condition of the remains did not permit better identification, the remains of 10 of the raiders, including son Oliver Brown, died or executed 1859–60, were reburied on August 30, 1899. The coffin was donated by the town of North Elba.[31][33]

A cenotaph on the grave of John Brown was originally erected and inscribed for his grandfather, Capt. John Brown, who died September 5, 1776, while serving in the Continental Army. It originally sat at the elder Brown's gravesite in Connecticut. When it was replaced by a newer stone, the younger Brown moved it himself to his farm in New York [7] The younger Brown had an inscription written for his son Frederick after Frederick was killed by pro-slavery forces at the Pottawatomie massacre in 1856 and buried in Kansas, and then directed before his hanging that the names and epitaphs of his sons Oliver and Watson be inscribed alongside his own on the cenotaph.[citation needed] It has been encased in glass to protect it. There is no other tombstone, although two plaques were installed about 1899 (see John Brown's raiders#Symbols).

Modern activities[]

Beginning in 1922, the Negro members of the , based in Philadelphia, together with some local sympathetic whites, made an annual pilgrimage to Brown's farm and grave. In the early years especially, the Association would bring prominent speakers, such as attorney Clarence Darrow, Brown biographer Oswald Garrison Villard, and labor leader A. Philip Randolph.[34]

In 1935 there was a full program of activities and speakers, centering on the new "impressive heroic-sized statue of John Brown befriending a Negro boy", by Joseph Pollia.[35] The cost of the statue and pedestal "was contributed in small sums by Negroes of the United States".[5] Unveiling was by Lyman Epps, Jr., a local celebrity, who was the only person present who had attended, as a boy, Brown's 1859 burial.[36][37] The plinth is of Ausable granite; the cement foundation, landscaping, walks, and rustic fences were the result of work by the Civilian Conservation Corps) (CCC). Attendance was 2,000, including the mayor of Lake Placid, state historian Alexander C. Flick, and written greetings from Governor Lehman.[38] A "colored quartet" from Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) sang.[39]

In 1946, the John Brown Memorial Association held its 24th annual pilgrimage and memorial.[40]

After 1970, reports Amy Godine, the tone and goals of this annual pilgrimage shifted and softened, and failed to keep pace with the burgeoning civil rights movement. Attendance waned.[34]

In 1978, plans to add an interpretative center, parking lot, picnic tables and benches, with 5 employees, were abandoned due to local opposition from the John Brown Memorial Association and from a descendant of Brown and owner of the grave.[41]

At the 150th anniversary of the raid In 2009, a two-day symposium, "John Brown Comes Home", on the influence and reverberations of Brown's raid was held, using facilities in adjacent Lake Placid. Speakers included Bernadine Dohrn and a great-great-great-granddaughter of Brown.[42][43]

An annual Blues at Timbuctoo festival is held at the John Brown Farm. It is presented by Jerry Dugger, and by the organization . The festival is a combination of blues music and conversation around race relations. The festival was launched in 2015. Martha Swan is the current (2017) executive director of John Brown Lives![44][45] Because of the COVID–19 pandemic, the 2020 Blues at Timbuctoo festival was held online, and can be viewed on YouTube.[46]

In 2016 the John Brown Farm State Historic Site became the permanent home of the “Dreaming of Timbuctoo” exhibition.[47]

In 2017, the State University of New York at Potsdam held an archeology field school at the site, searching for artifacts linked to Brown.[48][49]

Gallery[]

  • John Brown's house
  • Parlor
  • Kitchen
  • First floor bedroom
  • Second floor bedroom
  • John Brown's tombstone, originally that of his grandfather John Brown, who fought in the American Revolution, moved here from the latter's Connecticut grave. Encased in glass (see the bottom).
  • Plaque at John Brown's grave with names of others buried there. See John Brown's raiders for two errors.
  • Sculpture by
    Joseph Pollia

See also[]

  • List of New York State Historic Sites
  • List of National Historic Landmarks in New York
  • List of reference routes in New York

References[]

  1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b "John Brown Farm and Gravesite". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 11, 2007. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Burial of John Brown.—Incidents Along the Route of the Procession—Obsequies at North Elba—The Scene at the Grave—Oration of Rev. J. M. McKim—Interesting Letter from Edwin Coppi[c]—John Brown's Last Epistle to His Wife—Eulogy by Wendell Phillips, &c., &c". New York Daily Herald. 12 Dec 1859. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021 – via newspapers.com.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c "The Burial of John Brown. The passage of the body to North Elba. The funeral. Speeches of Mr. McKim and Mr. Phillips". New-York Tribune. (Most of this article appeared in The Liberator, December 16, 1859, p. 3). December 12, 1859. p. 6. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 3, 2021 – via newspapers.com.CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Flick, Alexander C. (July 1935). "John Brown Memorial Statue". New York History. 16 (3): 329–332. JSTOR 23135025. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  6. ^ De Witt, Robert M. (1859). The life, trial and execution of Captain John Brown: known as "Old Brown of Ossawatomie," with a full account of the attempted insurrection at Harper's Ferry. Compiled from official and authentic sources. Including Cooke's Confession, and all the Incidents of the Execution. New York: The author. p. 9. Archived from the original on 2020-12-09. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gobrecht, Lawrence E. (November 21, 1997). "National Historic Landmark Nomination: John Brown Farm and Gravesite" (pdf). National Park Service. Cite journal requires |journal= (help) and Accompanying 9 photos, exterior, from 1996. (1.59 MB)
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b "A Visit to the Adirondack Mountains, in the summer of 1861". Friends' Intelligencer. 18: 650–652, 665–667, 699–701, 715–717, 726–728, 742–743, at p. 743. 1861–1862. Archived from the original on 2021-08-13. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b Smith, H[enry] P[erry] (1885). History of Essex County : with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers. Syracuse, New York: D. Mason.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b Hinton, Richard J. (1894). John Brown and his men; with some account of the roads they traveled to reach Harper's Ferry, by Richard J. Hinton. Boston: Funk & Wagnalls. Archived from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  11. ^ Young, Joshua (April 1904). "The Funeral of John Brown". New England Magazine: 229–243. Archived from the original on 2021-07-11. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  12. ^ Twynham, Leonard (1938), "A Martyr for John Brown", Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life
  13. ^ Heller, Paul (October 30, 2018) [October 5, 2017]. "Abolitionist's funeral brought turmoil to pastor's career". Times Argus (Barre, Vermont). Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b "Distribution of the John Brown Fund". Douglass' Monthly. October 1860. p. 346. Archived from the original on 2021-08-25. Retrieved 2021-09-07 – via .
  15. ^ Keeler, Ralph (March 1874). "Owen Brown's Escape From Harper's Ferry". Atlantic Monthly: 342–365. Archived from the original on 2020-11-07. Retrieved 2020-10-19.
  16. ^ Salmon, Brown (June 1935). "John Brown and His Sons in Kansas Territory". Indiana Magazine of History. 31 (2): 142–150. JSTOR 27786731. Archived from the original on 2021-08-25. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
  17. ^ Lockley, Fred (January 1917). "John Brown's Son Talks About His Father". The American Magazine. 83: 49–50. Archived from the original on 2021-08-25. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
  18. ^ McCoy, Alice Keesey. "About me". Johnbrownkin.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
  19. ^ "John Brown's Home Undergoes a Century of Change". Lake Placid News. February 22, 1968. p. 6. Archived from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2021-08-14 – via .
  20. ^ Field, Kate (January 13, 1892). "John Brown's Grave and Farm". . 5 (2). pp. 17–18. Archived from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
  21. ^ "The execution on Friday last". New-York Tribune. 5 Dec 1859. p. 5. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021 – via newspapers.com.
  22. ^ "Brown's Interview with his Wife". (Montrose, Pennsylvania). Dec 8, 1859. p. 2 – via newspaperarchive.com.
  23. ^ Ehrenreich, Ben (June 4, 2013). "Dead Reckoning — In search of Owen Brown, the antislavery abolitionist buried in the hills of Altadena". Los Angeles Magazine. Archived from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b "John Brown's Body. The Spot Where It Lies Proves a Very Good Purchase". Dubuque Sunday Herald (). February 28, 1892. p. 3. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021 – via newspaperarchive.com.
  25. ^ "John Brown Farm for State". (Port Henry, New York). January 16, 1896. p. 6. Archived from the original on August 22, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021 – via .
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  27. ^ Laughlin-Schultz, Bonnie (Fall 2015). "'How John Brown Smashed the Whisky Barrel': John Brown's Children in Southern California and Memory of the American Civil War". California History. 92 (3): 16–36. Archived from the original on 2021-07-18. Retrieved 2020-12-07.
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  29. ^ Lee, Francis W. (March 18, 1896). "Why is a state monument necessary?". (Port Henry, New York). p. 1. Archived from the original on August 22, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021 – via .
  30. ^ Scharnhorst, Gary (2001). "Kate Field on Thoreau". . New Series, Vol. 9: 140–145, at p. 143. JSTOR 23392947.
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  32. ^ "At John Brown's Grave. Pres McKinley Visiting Historic Places. How the Great Abolitionist Brown Came to be Buried in New York. Interesting Scraps from the Brown Family History". Boston Globe. August 11, 1897. p. 1. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
  33. ^ Featherstonhaugh, Thomas (April 1901). "The Final Burial of the Followers of John Brown". New England Magazine. Archived from the original on 2020-02-19. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  34. ^ Jump up to: a b "Amy Godine on John Brown Pilgrimages, Lake Placid Club". . July 16, 2019. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
  35. ^ John Brown Memorial Association. (1935). John Brown in bronze, 1850-1859 : containing program and addresses of the dedicatory ceremony and unveiling of the monument of John Brown, May 9, 1935, at the farm bearing his name near Lake Placid, N.Y. in the town of North Elba on the 135th anniversary of his birth. Lake Placid, New York. OCLC 57733618.
  36. ^ "Sang at Brown's Funeral and Again Yesterday (pt. 1 of 2)". Lake Placid News (Lake Placid, New York). May 10, 1935. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2021-07-26. Retrieved 2021-07-26.
  37. ^ "Sang at Brown's Funeral and Again Yesterday (pt. 2 of 2)". Lake Placid News (Lake Placid, New York). May 10, 1935. p. 3. Archived from the original on 2021-07-26. Retrieved 2021-07-26.
  38. ^ "Elaborate and Impressive Ceremonies at Unveiling of John Brown Monument". Lake Placid News (Lake Placid, New York). May 10, 1935. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2021-07-26. Retrieved 2021-07-26.
  39. ^ "Writes of Impressions Here at Unveiling of John Brown Memorial". Lake Placid News (Lake Placid, New York). June 21, 1935. p. 6. Archived from the original on 2021-07-26. Retrieved 2021-07-26.
  40. ^ "Pilgrimage will honor John Brown". Syracuse Herald Journal (Syracuse, New York). May 7, 1946. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved March 7, 2021 – via newspaperarchive.com.
  41. ^ Faber, Harold (July 10, 1978). "Plans to Alter John Brown Memorial Arouse Protest Upstate". The New York Times. p. B1 (23). Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  42. ^ "Studying What John Brown Hath Wrought In The U.S." Hartford Courant (Hartford, Connecticut). December 2009. p. B06. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2021-03-24 – via newspapers.com.
  43. ^ "Ex-Weatherman to speak at John Brown event". Burlington Free Press (Burlington, Vermont). November 6, 2009. p. 27. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021 – via newspapers.com.
  44. ^ Rielly, Kim (September 8, 2017). "Four acts, more at John Brown Farm on Saturday, Sept. 16". lakeplacid.com. Archived from the original on September 11, 2018. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
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  46. ^ "John Brown Lives! Hosts Virtual Blues Concert, Online Discussion". . November 12, 2020. Archived from the original on August 2, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
  47. ^ "Celebrating Juneteenth and Timbuctoo". Parks & Trails New York. June 6, 2016. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
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  49. ^ Hatton, Dana (July 19, 2017). "Archaeology students dig into John Brown Farm". Adirondack Daily Enterprise (Saranac Lake, New York).

Further reading[]

External links[]

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