Joint Operation Arvand

Joint Operation Arvand
Joint Operation Arvand
Part of the Persian Gulf Conflict and the Cold War
	Location of the operation
Type	Show of force
Location	Shatt al-Arab river, Iran–Iraq border
Objective	Escorting Iranian shipping
Date	22–25 April 1969
Executed by	Iran Imperial Iranian Navy: 2 ships; Imperial Iranian Air Force: a squadron of F4 Phantom; Imperial Iranian Army;
Outcome	Iranian victory Iran established control over Arvand Rud; Iraq expelled thousands of Iranian residents and pilgrims from its soil; Iraq banned import of Iranian goods; Iraq began supporting Iranian separatists in Khuzestan and Balochistan; Tensions continued between the two countries until 1975 Algiers Agreement;
Casualties	None

The Joint Operation Arvand (Persian: عملیات مشترک اروند, more known by its Persian acronym AMA, عما)^[6] was a show of force operation^[2] orchestrated in April 1969 by the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces following Iraqi claim for the sovereign right to Shatt al-Arab/Arvand Rud and threatening to block passage of vessels unless they fly the Iraqi flag.^[3]

On 22 April 1969, Iranian merchant ship Ebn-e-Sina, carrying a cargo of steel beams and flying Iranian flag, was escorted by Iranian heavily armed naval vessels, as well as jet fighters^[4] and proceeded through the river into the Persian Gulf, in an 80-mile journey which took about six hours.^[1] However, the Iraqi forces did not attempt to respond as it pledged.^[4]

Both countries strengthened their land forces along the river bank, stationing artillery, tanks and anti-aircraft weapons. Iranian troops were positioned in the vicinity of Khorramshahr and Abadan, while Iraq put its forces in Basra on alert.^[4]

Iranian freighter Arya Far passed through the river escorted by four gunboats three days later, with no disturbance.^[4]

References[]

^ ^a ^b "Iranian Ship Challenges Iraq Estuary", The Advocate-Messenger, p. 16, 27 April 1969, retrieved 26 October 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ward, Steven R. (2014). Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. p. 202. ISBN 9781626160651.
^ ^a ^b Abdulghani, Jasim M. (2012). Iraq and Iran (RLE Iran A). Taylor & Francis. p. 121. ISBN 9781136834264.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Stürchler, Nikolas (2007). The Threat of Force in International Law. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. ISBN 9781139464918.
^ Charles P. Wallace (19 August 1988), "Iran, Iraq Still Fail to Bridge Waterway Dispute", Los Angeles Times, retrieved 26 October 2017
^ "Dialogue With General Hassani Sadi", Negin-e-Iran (in Persian), 3 (9): 8–40, Summer 2004, archived from the original on 2018-08-01, retrieved 2017-10-25

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[AM-1] "Iranian Ship Challenges Iraq Estuary", The Advocate-Messenger, p. 16, 27 April 1969, retrieved 26 October 2017

[W-2] Ward, Steven R. (2014). Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. p. 202. ISBN 9781626160651.

[A-3] Abdulghani, Jasim M. (2012). Iraq and Iran (RLE Iran A). Taylor & Francis. p. 121. ISBN 9781136834264.

[S-4] Stürchler, Nikolas (2007). The Threat of Force in International Law. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. ISBN 9781139464918.

[5] Charles P. Wallace (19 August 1988), "Iran, Iraq Still Fail to Bridge Waterway Dispute", Los Angeles Times, retrieved 26 October 2017

[6] "Dialogue With General Hassani Sadi", Negin-e-Iran (in Persian), 3 (9): 8–40, Summer 2004, archived from the original on 2018-08-01, retrieved 2017-10-25

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