Kalanga language
Kalanga | |
---|---|
Ikalanga | |
Native to | Zimbabwe, Botswana |
Ethnicity | Kalanga people |
Native speakers | 338,000 (2012-2015)[1] |
Language family | Niger–Congo?
|
Official status | |
Official language in | Zimbabwe (both Kalanga and Nambya) |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:kck – Kalanganmq – Nambya |
Glottolog | kala1405 |
Guthrie code | S.16 [2] |
Linguasphere | 99-AUT-ai |
Kalanga[pronunciation?], or TjiKalanga (in Zimbabwe), is a Bantu language spoken by the Kalanga people in Botswana and Zimbabwe. It has an extensive phoneme inventory, which includes palatalised, velarised, aspirated and breathy-voiced consonants,[3] as well as whistled sibilants.
Kalanga is recognised as an official language by the Zimbabwean Constitution of 2013 and is taught in schools in areas where its speakers predominate.
Classification and varieties[]
Linguists place Kalanga (S.16 in Guthrie's classification) and Nambya (in the Hwange region of Zimbabwe) as the western branch of the Shona group (or Shonic, or Shona-Nyai) group of languages, collectively coded as S.10.
Kalanga has a dialectal variation between its Botswana and Zimbabwean varieties and they use slightly different orthographies. Historically, Wentzel mentioned Kalanga proper in the east and Lilima (Tjililima, Humbe) on the west, as well as varieties that are now rare or extinct: Nyai (Rozvi), Lemba (Remba), Lembethu (Rembethu), Twamamba (Xwamamba), Pfumbi, Jaunda (Jawunda, Jahunda), and †Romwe, †Peri, †Talahundra (Talaunda).[2][4]
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | alveolar | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | ||||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t̪ | (tʷ) | k | kʷ | |||||||
voiced | b | d̪ | d | dʷ | ɡ | ɡʷ | |||||||
prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | ᵑɡʷ | |||||||||
aspirated | pʰ | t̪ʰ | tʰ | tʰʷ | kʰ | kʰʷ | |||||||
breathy | pʱ | tʱ | kʷʱ | ||||||||||
ejective | (tʼ) | ||||||||||||
Affricate | voiceless | p͡s | t̪͡s̪ | t͡ʃ | |||||||||
voiced | b͡z | d̪͡z̪ | d̪͡z̪ʷ | d͡ʒ | b͡ɡ | ||||||||
prenasal | ⁿd͡ʒ | ||||||||||||
aspirated | t̪͡s̪ʰ | t̪͡s̪ʰʷ | p͡kʰ | ||||||||||
breathy | t̪͡s̪ʱ | t͡ʃʱ | |||||||||||
ejective | t͡ʃʼ | ||||||||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | sʷ | ʃ | ʃʷ | (x) | (xʷ) | |||||
voiced | v | z | zʷ | ʒ | ɦ | ||||||||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋʷ | ||||||||
Trill | r | ||||||||||||
Approximant | lateral | l | |||||||||||
central | β̞ | j | w | ||||||||||
breathy | wʱ |
- Phonemes /tʰʷ, p͡s, b͡z, t͡ʃʼ/ occur only as marginal phonemes.
- Sounds /tʼ, tʷ, x, xʷ/ are sounds that are borrowed from Tswana.[3]
Vowels[]
Kalanga has a typical five-vowel system:
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | e | o | |
Open | a |
Bibliography[]
- Chebanne, A. M. & Rodewald, M. K & Pahlen, K. W. (1995) Ngatikwaleni iKalanga: a manual for writing Kalanga as spoken in Botswana. Gaborone: Botswana Society.
- Chebanne, Andy & Schmidt, Daniel (2010). "Kalanga: Summary grammar". Cape Town: CASAS monograph 75.
- Letsholo, R. (2013). "Object markers in Ikalanga". Linguistic Discovery. Dartmouth College.
- Mathangwane, Joyce T. (1999) Ikalanga phonetics and phonology: a synchronic and diachronic study. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
References[]
- ^ "Kalanga". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-08-14.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ Jump up to: a b Mathangwane, Joyce T. (1999). Ikalanga phonetics and phonology: a synchronic and diachronic study. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
- ^ Wentzel, Petrus Johannes (1981). The Relationship between Venda and Western Shona. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. of South Africa.
External links[]
Kalanga language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator |
- Kalanga
- Shona languages
- Languages of Botswana
- Languages of Zimbabwe