Kepler-32

Kepler-32 is an M-type main sequence star located about 1070 light years from Earth, in the constellation of Cygnus. Discovered in January 2012 by the Kepler spacecraft,^[5] it shows a 0.58 ± 0.05 solar mass (M_☉), a 0.53 ± 0.04 solar radius (R_☉), and temperature of 3900.0 K, making it half the mass and radius of the Sun, two-thirds its temperature and 5% its luminosity.^[6]

Planetary system[]

In 2011, 2 planets orbiting around it, were discovered, and two more suspected.^[7] The smaller Kepler-32b, orbiting its parent star every 5.90124 days, and Kepler-32c with an orbital period of 8.7522 days.^[8] In April 2013, transit-timing variation analysis confirmed 3 other planets to be in the system. However, only very loose constraints of the maximum mass of the planets could be determined.^[9] In 2014, the dynamical simulation shown what the Kepler-32 planetary system have likely to undergone a substantial inward migration in the past, producing an observed pattern of lower-mass planets on tightest orbits.^[10] Additional yet unobserved gas giant planets on wider orbit are likely necessary for migration of smaller planets to proceed that far inward,^[11] although current planetary system would be unstable if additional planets are located closer than 8.7 AU from the parent star.^[12]