Khalid bin Saud Al Saud (1811–1865)
Khalid bin Saud Al Saud | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emir of Nejd | |||||
Reign | 1838–1841 | ||||
Predecessor | Faisal bin Turki | ||||
Successor | Abdullah bin Thunayan | ||||
Born | 1811 | ||||
Died | 1865 (aged 53–54) | ||||
| |||||
House | House of Saud | ||||
Father | Saud bin Abdulaziz |
Khalid bin Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1811–1865) ruled the Second Saudi State, Emirate of Najd, for three years, between 1838 and 1841.[2][3] His reign was part of Muhammad Ali Pasha's, ruler of Egypt, plans to dominate Arabia following his capture of Syria in 1831.[4] Khalid was the great-grandson of Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the Al Saud dynasty,[5] and great-uncle of Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah, another ruler of the Second Saudi State.[6]
Early life[]
Khalid was born in 1811.[7] He was the youngest son of Saud bin Abdulaziz and the brother of Abdullah bin Saud who was beheaded in Istanbul in 1819.[8][9] Khalid had four other brothers: Mishari, Turki, Nasser and Saad.[10][11] Following the capture of Diriyah and of his elder brother Abdullah, ruler of Diriyah, Khalid and his family were sent to Egypt in May 1819.[11][12][13] In the same incident his three brothers were killed by Ibrahim Pasha.[1] Khalid stayed for nearly eighteen years in Egypt[11] where he was educated under the patronage of Muhammad Ali Pasha.[14]
Khalid returned to Riyadh in late 1836[12][15] or in May 1837.[11][16] Muhammad Ali Pasha ordered the governor of Medina, Ismail Pasha, to provide Khalid military assistance, and then Khalid initiated his advance into Qasim.[15]
Reign and death[]
Khalid and his nephew, Faisal bin Turki, fought in Riyadh in 1838, and Khalid defeated Faisal.[15] Then Faisal was arrested by the Ottoman forces through Egyptians and sent to Cairo.[3] As a result, Khalid was named as the ruler by the Ottomans.[17][14] In fact, the Ottomans appointed him as their Riyadh deputy.[18] Although there was no revolt against Khalid's rule among locals, the Wahhabi figures and the members of the Al Sheikh family did not declare their allegiance to him.[4][13] Instead, they fled Riyadh and moved to Al Hariq where the Egyptian forces did not exist.[4]
Khalid managed to have power in the Eastern regions and sent Saad bin Mutlaq to Oman to take the region, but his attempt was not success.[19] In 1840 Khalid sent a letter to the British resident in Bahrain asking to revive the relations with the British that had existed, but he was not given a positive response.[20]
Khalid could not fully consolidate his power and gain full acceptance of the tribes.[6] His reign that was exclusively backed by the Egyptians did not last so long.[6] Khalid lost the power when the Egyptian troops left Najd[6] as a result of the pressure of the British authorities.[21] In fact, the Egyptian troops had to leave the region as a result of the protocol signed between the Ottoman government and the British government on 15 July 1840.[22] In December 1841 Khalid was replaced by Abdullah bin Thunayan who was a great-grandson of Muhammad bin Saud’s brother.[16][23] Khalid attempted to retake the rulership, but following his fruitless attempts he gave up and found refuge in Hejaz.[23][24] Khalid stayed there as a refugee and was given a pension by the Ottomans until his death in 1865.[7]
References[]
- ^ a b Mashaal Abdullah Turki Al Saud (1982). Permanence and Change: An Analysis of the Islamic Political Culture of Saudi Arabia with Special Reference to the Royal Family (PhD thesis). The Claremont Graduate University. p. 58. ProQuest 303215917.
- ^ Nabil Mouline (April–June 2010). "Power and Generational Transition in Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Critique Internationale. 46. doi:10.3917/crii.046.0125.
- ^ a b Roby C. Barrett (June 2015). "Saudi Arabia: Modernity, Stability, and the Twenty-First Century Monarchy" (Report). Joint Special Operations University. p. 22. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
- ^ a b c David Commins (2006). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia (PDF). New York: I. B. Tauris. p. 46. ISBN 9781848850149. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2021.
- ^ Valerie Anishchenkova (1 June 2020). Modern Saudi Arabia. ABC-CLIO. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-4408-5705-8.
- ^ a b c d Cees Roffelsen (27 May 2020). "The Emergence of the Saudi States". Medium. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
- ^ a b William Ochsenwald (1984). Religion, Society and the State in Arabia: The Hijaz under Ottoman control, 1840-1908. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press. pp. 135, 161. hdl:1811/24661. ISBN 0814203663.
- ^ Bilal Ahmad Kutty (1993). Political and religious origins of Saudi Arabia (PDF) (MA thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. p. 73.
- ^ Peter Hobday (1986). Saudi Arabia Today. An Introduction to the Richest Oil Power (2nd ed.). London: The Macmillan Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-333-21471-8.
- ^ Zamil Muhammad Al Rashid (1980). A Study of Su'udi Relations with Eastern Arabia and 'Uman (1800-1971) (MA thesis). McGill University. p. 184.
- ^ a b c d R. B. Serjeant; R. L. Bidwell; G. Rex Smith (February 1994). New Arabian Studies. University of Exeter Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-85989-408-1.
- ^ a b Abdulaziz Mohamed Hasan Ali Al Khalifa (April 2013). Relentless Warrior and Shrewd Tactician: Shaikh Abdullah bin Ahmad of Bahrain 1795-1849 A Case Study of Shaikhly Statecraft in the Nineteenth Century Gulf (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Exeter. p. 171.
- ^ a b R. Bayly Winder (1965). Saudi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 108, 111. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-81723-8. ISBN 9780333055410.
- ^ a b Bilal Ahmad Kutty (1997). Saudi Arabia under King Faisal (PDF) (PhD thesis). Aligarh Muslim University. p. 42.
- ^ a b c J. B. Kelly (July 1965). "Mehemet 'Ali's Expedition to the Persian Gulf 1837-1840, Part I". Middle Eastern Studies. 1 (4): 354. JSTOR 4282130.
- ^ a b Gary Samuel Samore (1984). Royal Family Politics in Saudi Arabia (1953-1982) (PhD thesis). Harvard University. p. 23. ProQuest 303295482.
- ^ Simon Henderson (August 2009). "After King Abdullah" (Policy Focus #96). Washington Institute for Near East Policy. p. 2. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
- ^ Christopher Keesee Mellon (May 2015). "Resiliency of the Saudi Monarchy: 1745-1975" (Master's Project). The American University of Beirut. Beirut. p. 64. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
- ^ Alexei Vassiliev (1 September 2013). The History of Saudi Arabia. Saqi. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-86356-779-7.
- ^ Jacob Goldberg (1986). The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia. The Formative Years. Harvard University Press. p. 21. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674281844.c1. ISBN 9780674281844.
- ^ Joseph A. Kechichian (20 January 2012). "Self-assurance in the face of military might". Gulf News. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
- ^ Sungur Doğançay (2018). "British Role in the Wahhabi Revolt and its Impact on the Policy over Iraq". Turkish Studies. 3 (15): 200. doi:10.7827/TurkishStudies.13498. ISSN 1308-2140.
- ^ a b Nadav Safran (2018). Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security. Cornell University Press. pp. 11–16. ISBN 9780674789852.
- ^ Hassan S. Abedin (2002). Abdul Aziz Al Saud and the Great Game in Arabia, 1896-1946 (PhD thesis). King's College London. p. 40.
External links[]
- 19th-century monarchs in the Middle East
- 1811 births
- 1865 deaths
- Arabs of the Ottoman Empire
- House of Saud
- Saudi Arabian politicians
- Politicians of the Ottoman Empire