Khrystyna Alchevska

Khrystyna Alchevska (caption on photo in Russian: founder of the first Sunday school in Russia)

Khrystyna Danylivna Alchevska or Khristina Danilovna Alchevskaya (née Russian: Журавлёва, Zhuravlyova; Russian: Христина Алчевская, Ukrainian: Христина Алчевська; Xrystyna Alčevs’ka) (1841–1920) was a Russian and Ukrainian teacher and a prominent activist for national education in Imperial Russia. She created a methodical training system which was implemented in many schools of Russian Empire. In 1862, she organized the first free girls' school in Ukraine. In 1889, she was elected vice-president of the International League of Education in Paris.

Biography[]

Photo of Alfred Fedecki

Alchevsky's Sunday school by Alfred Fedecki (1900)

Alchevska with peasants in village of Alekseevka, Mikhaylovskaya volost, Slavyanoserbsk county (uyezd)

Khrystyna was born 16 April 1841 in Borzna, Chernigov Governorate, Russian Empire (now in Ukraine). Her mother was a daughter of Russian general Nikolay Vuich.

She married Aleksey Alchevsky, a Russian Imperial businessman, later owner of a large mine and steel plant, co-founder of Kharkiv Hromada. Their children numbered many talented and accomplished artists. Son, , was a renowned opera singer. Daughter, , was a poet. Son, Gregory Alchevsky, was a composer.^[1]

She lived and worked in Kharkov where died on 15 August 1920.

Professional life[]

Beginning in 1862, she maintained the Kharkiv Women's Sunday School (officially accredited in 1870) at her own expense. Her school was liquidated by the Soviet regime in 1919. The school remained in existence for 50 years and was renowned for its highly developed methods of adult education. Borys Hrinchenko taught at the school as a young man. She was an eminent pedagogue who initiated a method of adult education using literary works, rather than spelling books.

In 1889, she attended the Paris Exhibition as the representative of Russian Empire teachers of adult students. She taught classes in Ukrainian until forced by the government to switch to Russian.^[2]

Alchevska compiled an award-winning methodological and bibliographical guide, What the People Should Read, (Chto chitat’ narodu) in 1906. This work earned the grand prize at the Paris International Exhibition, and a teaching manual, Book for Adults (Kniga vzroslykh) in 1900. She also wrote a memoir, My Thoughts and Experiences ("Peredumannoe i perezhitoe), in 1912. She also published several methodological articles on adult education. In the 1860s, Alchevska's articles appeared in Aleksandr Herzen's journal Kolokol, under the pseudonym Ukrainka. Alchevska encouraged girls and women to dress in traditional regional costumes at community festivals and to perform folksongs. She wore peasant costume as a symbol of her dedication to the people she taught. Her adaptation of folk culture and folk art helped peasants adjust to city life.^[3]

Legacy[]

In 1963, O. Mazurkevych published a book on the educational work of Alchevska and her colleagues.^{[citation needed]}

References[]