Lemmermannia

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Lemmermannia
Lemmermannia tetrapedia as Lemmermannia emarginata.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Viridiplantae
Phylum:
Chlorophyta
Class:
Trebouxiophyceae
Genus:
Lemmermannia

(Chodat) Bock et al.[1][2]
Species
  • Lemmermannia tetrapedia (Kirchner) Lemmermann[1][3]
  • Lemmermannia triangularis (Chodat) C.Block et Krienitz[1]
  • Lemmermannia punctata (Schmidle) C.Block et Krienitz[1]
  • Lemmermannia komarekii (Hindák) C.Block et Krienitz[1]

Lemmermannia /ˌlɛməɹˈmæniə/ is a genus of fresh water trebouxiophyceans that currently contains four described species forming coenobia of 4 to 16 cells.[1] Its type species is L. tetrapedia (Kirchner) Lemmermann, originally described in 1880 but put into the genus Lemmermannia in 1904.[1][4][3]

Etymology[]

The genus is named in honor of German botanist Ernst Johann Lemmermann.[2]

History[]

In 1880, Kirchner described Staurogenia tetrapedia.[4]

In 1897, Schröder described Tetrapedia emarginata[5]

In 1898, Kuntze moved Staurogenia tetrapedia to the genus Crucigenia, in the name Crucigenia tetrapedia.[6]

In 1900, Chodat described the genus Lemmermannia and used T. emarginata (now L. emarginata) as the type of the new genus.[2]

In 1904, Lemmermann moved Crucigenia tetrapedia into Lemmermannia as Lemmermannia tetrapedia, which was not widely recognized; the old name Crucigenia tetrapedia was kept in use.[1][3] The genus Lemmermannia has been ignored for many years until 2013.[1]

In 2013, Bock et al. found a new clade of algae including Crucigenia tetrapedia and three others using molecular methods.[1] Bock et al. (2013) decided that Crucigenia tetrapedia and Lemmermannia emarginata are the same organism.[1] Since C. tetrapedia was described first (in 1880) and has priority, it is the species name that should be used.[1][4] The type of Lemmermannia thus changed its name, from L. emarginata to L. tetrapedia (Kirchner) Lemmermann 1904.[1] Three other species formerly in the genus Tetrastrum were added to Lemmermannia.[1]

Habitat[]

All species inhabit freshwater around the globe.[1]

L. tetrapedia has been reported highly susceptible to heavy metals in water[7]

Morphology[]

Lemmermannia includes triangular or oval green, planktonic algae that mostly form tightly joined square coenobia of 4 cells, with or without small rectangular opening in the centre.[1] L. komarekii make coenobia of up to 16 cells in the form of near-square synceonobia, where 4 tetrads join together.[1] The cells have a single plastid, with or without a small pyrenoid.[1] All species lack spines, and mostly have smooth cell walls, with or without convexity.[1] A minority of L. punctata individuals, as well as old empty cells of the species, have granules on the outer cell walls[1]

Metabolism[]

Lemmermannia tetrapedia can use hypoxanthine and allantoin as the only nitrogen source for photosynthesis, which indicates that eukaryotic algae share similar purine degradation pathway to higher plants, animals, and fungi.[8]

Reproduction[]

Lemmermannia perform asexual reproduction (autosporation by sporangium); sexual reproduction has not been observed.[1]

Lemmermannia species perform two types of reproduction: L. tetrapedia exhibits Crucigenia-type of autosporation where the daughter coenobium rotates 45˚ relative to the cell wall of the mother coenobium; the other four species produce daughter coenobia in the same orientation as the mother coenobia.[1] This demonstrates that in this taxon a Crucigenia-type of autosporation should not be used as a generic character.

Phylogeny[]

Molecular phylogenies based on the SSU rDNA and ITS rRNA genes show Lemmermannia to be a sister clade to Botryococcus in Trebouxiophyceae.[1]

List of Species[]

According to Block et al, there are four identified species in Lemmermannia [2]:

• Lemmermannia tetrapedia (Kirchner) Lemmermann

• Lemmermannia triangularis (Chodat) C. Bock et Krienitz comb. nov.

• Lemmermannia punctata (Schmidle) C. Bock et Krienitz comb. nov.

• Lemmermannia komarekii (Hindák) C. Bock et Krienitz comb. nov.

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Bock, C., Luo, W., Kusber, W.-H., Hegewald, E., Pažoutová, M., & Krienitz, L. (2013, April).Classification of crucigenoid algae: phylogenetic position of the reinstated genus Lemmermannia, Tetrastrum spp. Crucigenia tetrapedia, and C. lauterbornii (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) (1). Rerieved April 28, 2020. doi: 10.1111/jpy.12039.
  2. ^ a b c Chodat, R. (1900). Sur trois genres nouveaux de Protococcoidées et sur la florule planktonique d'un Étang du Danemark. Mémoires de L‘Herbier Boissier 8:1–10.
  3. ^ a b c Lemmermann, E. (1904). Das Plankton schwedischer Gewässer. Arkiv för Botanik 2 (2): 1-209.
  4. ^ a b c Kirchner, O. (1880). Beiträge zur Algenflora von Württemberg. Jahreshefte des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg 36: 155-203, pl. II.
  5. ^ Schröder, B. (1897). Attheya, Rhizosolenia und andere Planktonorganismen im Teiche des botanischen Gartens zu Breslau. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 15:367–74.
  6. ^ Kuntze,O.(1898). Revisio generum plantarum. Pars III (3). pp.1-576.
  7. ^ Monteiro, M. T., Oliveira, R., & Vale, C. (1995). Metal stress on the plankton communities of Sado river (Portugal). Water Research, 29(2), 695-701. Retrieved April 28, 2020. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(94)00156-2.
  8. ^ Prasad, P. V. D. (1983). Hypoxanthine and allantoin as nitrogen sources for the growth of some freshwater green algae. New Phytologist, 93(4), 575–580. Retrieved April 28, 2020. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb02708.x.
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