List of Calderón's plays in English translation

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For a related list, see List of Lope de Vega's plays in English translation.
Pedro Calderón de la Barca
George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol
Calderón, Spanish Golden Age playwright; and Digby, his earliest English translator.

Pedro Calderón de la Barca was a Spanish Golden Age playwright who — from the beginning of his theatrical career in the 1620s to his death in 1681 — wrote about 120 comedias and about 80 autos sacramentales.[1] About 40 of these have been translated into English, at least three during Calderón's own lifetime; La vida es sueño (Life is a Dream), "a work many hold to be the supreme example of Spanish Golden Age drama",[2] exists in around 20 English versions.[3]

Early trends in translation[]

1600s and 1700s: cape and sword[]

Calderón evidently exerted no direct influence on English playwrights before 1660, although one play by John Fletcher and one by Philip Massinger are probably based to some extent on Spanish originals, and James Shirley's The Young Admiral and The Opportunity are adaptations of plays by Calderón's contemporaries Lope de Vega and Tirso de Molina respectively.[4]

The wild success of Sir Samuel Tuke's The Adventures of Five Hours,[5] a 1663 adaptation of a play by Spanish playwright Antonio Coello, began a fashion for Spanish adaptations on the English Restoration stage. Within 4 years, George Digby had translated 3 comedies by Calderón. After this "bubble" based on Calderón's reputation as a popular playwright, his direct influence vanishes almost entirely from the English stage for over a century.

1800s: the Spanish Shakespeare[]

John Oxenford
Edward Fitzgerald
Oxenford, earliest credited translator of Life is a Dream into English; and Fitzgerald, popular Victorian translator of eight plays of Calderón.

At the beginning of the 19th century, international interest in Calderón was resurrected by August Schlegel, and English translation resumed. Now, Calderón was more often seen as a philosophical, literary, or religious — rather than a popular — dramatist. The two giants of 19th-century Calderón translation exhibit opposing approaches to the "Spanish Shakepeare". Edward Fitzgerald, turning Calderón into a pseudo-Elizabethan, states:

I do not believe an exact translation of this poet can be very successful… I have, while faithfully trying to retain what was fine and efficient, sunk, reduced, altered, and replaced, much that seemed not…[6]

Denis Florence MacCarthy exhibiting a more formal "bardology" writes:

All the forms of verse have been preserved; while the closeness of the translation may be inferred from the fact, that not only the whole play but every speech and fragment of a speech are represented in English in the exact number of lines of the original, without the sacrifice, it is to be hoped, of one important idea.[7]

It might be said that Fitzgerald's translations were quite English, but not Calderón; while Mac-Carthy's were Calderón, but not quite English.[8]

Other echoes[]

Besides full translations, Calderón's plays have provided, as it were, raw materials for some English plays (not included in the table below).

Though the ultimate source of John Dryden's An Evening's Love; or, The Mock Astrologer (1668) is Calderón's El Astrologo Fingido, scholars have not determined how much of his writing (if any) is based directly on Calderón, how much on Thomas Corneille's Le Feint Astrologue (a French translation of Calderón's work, which Dryden also acknowledges as a source), and how much on any of several other related French and English sources; whatever the sources, he used them freely, and his entire fifth act is original.[9]

The "high" plot (one of several) in William Wycherley's Love in a Wood (1672) is based on Mañanas de abril y mayo (Mornings of April and May).[10] The basic idea (though not particular scenes) of his Gentleman Dancing-Master (1673) hails from Calderón's El maestro de Danzar.[11] Isaac Bickerstaff writes in 1770 that:

Calderon ... through Molière, Corneille, Le Sage, Boissy, etc. has provided Vanbrugh, Centlivre, Cibber, and Steel [sic], with The Mistake, The False Friend,[12] The Wonder, The Busy Body, The Kind Impostor, The Lady's Philosophy, and The Lying Lover, all English Comedies, which have been received upon the stage with the warmest marks of approbation.[13]

Similarly, John Howard Payne's The Last Duel in Spain (apparently from about 1822-30, and unproduced), although based ultimately on Calderón's El Postrer Duelo de España was probably actually derived from D'Esménard's French prose translation, Le Dernier Duel en Espagne, published in 1822.[14]

Translations[]

Key[]

  • Spanish Title — The original comedia or auto that serves as the basis of the English text.
  • English Title — The title of the English text, as it appears in the particular translation. Because one Spanish title may suggest alternate English titles (e.g. Life is a Dream, Life's a Dream, Such Stuff as Dreams are Made Of), sorting by this column is not a reliable way to group all translations of a particular original together; to do so, sort on Spanish Title.
  • Year — The year of the translation's first publication (except where * indicates "first production"). Some translations were written or produced earlier than this date, and some were republished subsequently, but this is not noted here.
  • Publication — The publication in which the translation first appeared. When the publication consisted only of the single named play this information is not repeated, except in cases where the publication title is used as an external link to the work, or when it is matched with an ISBN.
  • Notes — May indicate the style of translation or significant republications; "auto" indicates an auto sacramentale; all other works are comedias.

Table[]

Spanish Title English Title Year Translator Publication Notes
Peor está que estaba Worse and Worse 1664?* Digby, George not extant blank verse (presumably); performed at the Duke's Theatre between 1662 and 1665[15]
Mejor está que estaba 'Tis Better than It Was 1664?* Digby, George not extant blank verse (presumably); performed at the Duke's Theatre July 1664[15]
No siempre lo peor es cierto Elvira: or, The Worst is Not Always True 1667 Digby, George Elvira: or, The worst not always true at the HathiTrust Digital Library, downloadable at Google Books blank verse; first performed at Lincoln's Inn Fields November 1664;[15] reprinted in Robert Dodsley's Select Collection of Old Plays Vol 12 at the Internet Archive
La Dama Duende Woman is a Riddle 1718 Bullock, Christopher (& others?) Woman is a Riddle at the Internet Archive prose
El escondido y la tapada 'Tis Well It's No Worse 1770 Bickerstaffe, Isaac 'Tis Well It's No Worse at the Internet Archive prose
Peor está que estaba From Bad to Worse 1805 Holcroft, Fanny The Theatrical Recorder Vol 1. No. 4 (1805) at Google Books prose; the two comedias translated by Holcroft, by chance or by design, correspond to Digby's two lost texts
Mejor está que estaba Fortune Mends 1805 Holcroft, Fanny The Theatrical Recorder Vol. 2 No. 8 (1805) prose; the two comedias translated by Holcroft, by chance or by design, correspond to Digby's two lost texts
La Dama Duende The Fairy Lady 1807 Holland, Lord (anonymously) Three Comedies Translated from the Spanish at the Internet Archive prose
Nadie fie su secreto Keep Your Own Secret 1807 Holland, Lord (anonymously) Three Comedies Translated from the Spanish at the Internet Archive prose
El Magico Prodigioso The Wonder-Working Magician (scenes) 1824 Shelley, Percy Bysshe Posthumous Poems at the Internet Archive blank verse; major fragments, comprising much of the main plot; reprinted in The Classic Theatre III: Six Spanish Plays, ed. Eric Bentley (1959)
La Vida es Sueño Life, a Dream 1830 Cowan, Malcolm (anonymously)
La Vida es Sueño Life is a Dream 1842 Oxenford, John The Monthly Magazine (Vol XCVI, p. RA1-PA255, at Google Books: Nos DXLIX, DL, DLI) blank verse
El Magico Prodigioso Justina 1848 "J. H." (Mac-Carthy, Denis Florence?) Justina: a play at the Internet Archive verse; retranslated as The Wonder-Working Magician in Calderon’s Dramas (1873)
El pintor de su deshonra The Painter of His Own Dishonor 1853 Fitzgerald, Edward Six Dramas of Calderon blank verse and prose, “freely adapted” ; reprinted in Eight Dramas of Calderon (1906) at the Internet Archive
Nadie fie su secreto Keep Your Own Secret 1853 Fitzgerald, Edward Six Dramas of Calderon blank verse and prose, “freely adapted” ; reprinted in Eight Dramas of Calderon (1906) at the Internet Archive
Luis Pérez, el gallego Gil Perez, the Gallician 1853 Fitzgerald, Edward Six Dramas of Calderon blank verse and prose, “freely adapted” ; reprinted in Eight Dramas of Calderon (1906) at the Internet Archive
Las tres justicias en una Three Judgements at a Blow 1853 Fitzgerald, Edward Six Dramas of Calderon blank verse and prose, “freely adapted” ; reprinted in Eight Dramas of Calderon (1906) at the Internet Archive
El Alcalde de Zalamea The Mayor of Zalamea 1853 Fitzgerald, Edward Six Dramas of Calderon blank verse and prose, “freely adapted” ; reprinted in Eight Dramas of Calderon (1906) at the Internet Archive
Guárdate del agua mansa Beware of Smooth Water 1853 Fitzgerald, Edward Six Dramas of Calderon blank verse and prose, “freely adapted” ; reprinted in Eight Dramas of Calderon (1906) at the Internet Archive
El Principe Constant The Constant Prince 1853 Mac-Carthy, Denis Florence Dramas of Calderon, Tragic, Comic, and Legendary, Vol 1 at the Internet Archive imitative verse; reprinted with revisions by Henry W. Wells in Calderon de la Barca: Six Plays (1961)
El Secreto a Voces The Secret in Words 1853 Mac-Carthy, Denis Florence Dramas of Calderon, Tragic, Comic, and Legendary, Vol 1 at the Internet Archive imitative verse
El médico de su honra The Physician of His Own Honour 1853 Mac-Carthy, Denis Florence Dramas of Calderon, Tragic, Comic, and Legendary, Vol 1 at the Internet Archive imitative verse
Amar despues de la Muerte Love After Death 1853 Mac-Carthy, Denis Florence Dramas of Calderon, Tragic, Comic, and Legendary, Vol 2 at the Internet Archive imitative verse; reprinted with revisions by Henry W. Wells in Calderon de la Barca: Six Plays (1961)
El Purgatorio de San Patricio The Purgatory of St. Patrick 1853 Mac-Carthy, Denis Florence Dramas of Calderon, Tragic, Comic, and Legendary, Vol 2 at the Internet Archive imitative verse; revised version published in Calderon’s Dramas (1873)
La Banda y la Flor The Scarf and the Flower 1853 Mac-Carthy, Denis Florence Dramas of Calderon, Tragic, Comic, and Legendary, Vol 2 at the Internet Archive imitative verse
La Vida es Sueño Life's a Dream (passages) 1856 Trench, Richard Chenevix Life's a Dream; The Great Theatre of the World at the Internet Archive not a complete translation, but many significant passages with commentary interspersed
El gran teatro del mundo The Great Theatre of the World (passages) 1856 Trench, Richard Chenevix Life's a Dream; The Great Theatre of the World at the Internet Archive auto; not a complete translation, but many significant passages with commentary interspersed
Los Encantos de la Culpa The Sorceries of Sin 1859 Mac-Carthy, Denis Florence The Atlantis: a Register of Literature and Science Vol II at the Internet Archive pp 277-323 auto; imitative verse; bilingual edition; reprinted in Love the Greatest Enchantment, The Sorceries of Sin, The Devotion of the Cross. From the Spanish of Calderon (1861) at the Internet Archive
El Mayor Encanto Amor Love the Greatest Enchantment 1861 Mac-Carthy, Denis Florence Love the Greatest Enchantment, The Sorceries of Sin, The Devotion of the Cross. From the Spanish of Calderon at the Internet Archive imitative verse; bilingual edition
La Devoción de la Cruz The Devotion of the Cross 1861 Mac-Carthy, Denis Florence Love the Greatest Enchantment, The Sorceries of Sin, The Devotion of the Cross. From the Spanish of Calderon at the Internet Archive imitative verse; bilingual edition; reprinted with revisions by Henry W. Wells in Calderon de la Barca: Six Plays (1961)
El Magico Prodigioso The Mighty Magician 1865 Fitzgerald, Edward The Mighty Magician; Such Stuff as Dreams are Made Of blank verse and prose, “freely adapted”; reprinted in Eight Dramas of Calderon (1906) at the Internet Archive
La Vida es Sueño Such Stuff as Dreams are Made Of 1865 Fitzgerald, Edward The Mighty Magician; Such Stuff as Dreams are Made Of blank verse and prose, “freely adapted”; reprinted in Eight Dramas of Calderon (1906) at the Internet Archive
La cena del rey Baltazar Belshazzar’s Feast 1867 Mac-Carthy, Denis Florence Mysteries of Corpus Christi at the Internet Archive auto; imitative verse; reprinted with revisions by Henry W. Wells in Calderon de la Barca: Six Plays (1961)
La Divina Filotéa The Divine Philothea 1867 Mac-Carthy, Denis Florence Mysteries of Corpus Christi at the Internet Archive auto; imitative verse
El Veneno y la Triaca The Poison and the Antidote (first scene only) 1867 Mac-Carthy, Denis Florence Mysteries of Corpus Christi at the Internet Archive auto; imitative verse
Los dos amantes del cielo: Crisanto y Daria The Two Lovers of Heaven: Chysanthus and Daria 1869 Mac-Carthy, Denis Florence The Atlantis: a Register of Literature and Science Vol V at the Internet Archive Article II, pp 13-68 imitative verse; reprinted in The Two Lovers of Heaven: Chysanthus and Daria. A drama of early Christian Rome (1870) at the Internet Archive
La Vida es Sueño Life Is a Dream 1873 Mac-Carthy, Denis Florence Calderon’s Dramas at the Internet Archive imitative verse; reprinted with revisions by Henry W. Wells in Calderon de la Barca: Six Plays (1961)
El Magico Prodigioso The Wonder-Working Magician 1873 Mac-Carthy, Denis Florence Calderon’s Dramas at the Internet Archive imitative verse; reprinted with revisions by Henry W. Wells in Calderon de la Barca: Six Plays (1961)
El Purgatorio de San Patricio The Purgatory of St. Patrick (revised) 1873 Mac-Carthy, Denis Florence Calderon’s Dramas at the Internet Archive imitative verse
El Alcalde de Zalamea Nobility; or The Alcalde of Zalamea 1885 Pierra, Adolfo
El gran príncipe de Fez The Prince of Fez 1905 Kaenders, Peter The prince of Fez; a drama in three acts, adapted from Don Calderon de la Barca
La Vida es Sueño Life’s a Dream 1925 Birch, Frank & J. B. Trend stage version, prose and verse
La cena del rey Baltazar The Feast of Belshazzar 1934 Jones, Willis Knapp Spanish one act plays in English : a comprehensive anthology of Spanish drama from the 12th century to the present auto
El desafío de Juan Rana Juan Rana's Duel 1934 Jones, Willis Knapp Spanish one act plays in English : a comprehensive anthology of Spanish drama from the 12th century to the present
El gran teatro del mundo The Great World-Theatre 1955 Sipman, Francis E. auto
El gran teatro del mundo The Great Theatre of the World 1957 Graves, John Clarus The Great Theatre of the World; based on a theme from Calderon auto
El gran teatro del mundo The Great Theatre of the World 1957 Singleton, Mack Hendricks Masterpieces of the Spanish Golden Age, ed. Angel Flores auto
La Vida es Sueño Life is a Dream 1958 Colford, William E
El gran teatro del mundo The Great Theatre of the World 1958 Graves, Clarus J. & Cuthbert G. Soukup The Great Theatre of the World: [A Morality Play] Based on a Theme from Calderón auto
Amar despues de la Muerte Love After Death 1959 Campbell, Roy The Classic Theatre III: Six Spanish Plays, ed. Eric Bentley blank verse
La Vida es Sueño Life is a Dream 1959 Campbell, Roy The Classic Theatre III: Six Spanish Plays, ed. Eric Bentley blank verse; reprinted in Life Is A Dream and Other Spanish Classics, ed. Eric Bentley (1985)
El Alcalde de Zalamea The Mayor of Zalamea 1959 Colford, William E
El médico de su honra The Surgeon of His Honour 1960 Campbell, Roy blank verse; acting edition
A Secreto Agravio, Secreta Venganza Secret Vengeance for Secret Insult 1961 Honig, Edwin Calderon: Four Plays loose syllabic verse; reprinted in Calderón de la Barca: Six Plays (1993) ISBN 1-882763-05-X
La Devoción de la Cruz Devotion to the Cross 1961 Honig, Edwin Calderon: Four Plays loose syllabic verse; reprinted in Calderón de la Barca: Six Plays (1993) ISBN 1-882763-05-X
El Alcalde de Zalamea The Mayor of Zalamea 1961 Honig, Edwin Calderon: Four Plays loose syllabic verse; reprinted in Calderón de la Barca: Six Plays (1993) ISBN 1-882763-05-X
La Dama Duende The Phantom Lady 1961 Honig, Edwin Calderon: Four Plays loose syllabic verse; reprinted in Calderón de la Barca: Six Plays (1993) ISBN 1-882763-05-X
La Vida es Sueño Life Is a Dream 1962 Huberman, Edward & Elizabeth Spanish Drama, ed. Angel Flores prose; reprinted as Great Spanish Plays in English Translation (1991) ISBN 0-486-26898-5
La Vida es Sueño Life is a Dream 1963 Alpern, Hymen Three Classic Spanish Plays
El gran teatro del mundo The Great Stage of the World 1964 Brandt, George W. The Great Stage of the World: An Allegorical Auto Sacramental in Three Acts/Gran teatro del mundo auto
El Alcalde de Zalamea The Mayor of Zalamea 1964 Starkie, Walter Eight Spanish Plays of the Golden Age prose, with passages of blank verse
La Vida es Sueño Life is a Dream 1968 Raine, Kathleen & R. M. Nadal Life is a Dream ISBN 978-0241015490 verse
La cena del rey Baltazar King Belshazzar's Feast 1969 Barnes, R. G. Three Spanish Sacramental Plays ISBN 978-0951440308 auto
La Vida es Sueño Life is a Dream 1970 Honig, Edwin Life is a Dream ISBN 0-8090-6556-8 loose syllabic verse; reprinted in Calderón de la Barca: Six Plays (1993) ISBN 1-882763-05-X
El astrólogo fingido The Fake Astrologer 1976 Oppenheimer, Max, Jr. The Fake Astrologer ISBN 978-0820421667 reprinted in Pedro Calderón de la Barca's The Fake Astrologer: A Critical Spanish Text and English Translation (1994)
Peor está que estaba From Bad to Worse 1980 Muir, Kenneth Four Comedies by Pedro Calderón de la Barca ISBN 0-8131-1409-8 blank verse and prose
El secreto a voces The Secret Spoken Aloud 1980 Muir, Kenneth Four Comedies by Pedro Calderón de la Barca ISBN 0-8131-1409-8 blank verse and prose
No siempre lo peor es cierto The Worst is not Always Certain 1980 Muir, Kenneth Four Comedies by Pedro Calderón de la Barca ISBN 0-8131-1409-8 blank verse and prose
Dicha y desdicha del nombre The Advantages and Disadvantages of a Name 1980 Muir, Kenneth Four Comedies by Pedro Calderón de la Barca ISBN 0-8131-1409-8 blank verse and prose
El Magico Prodigioso The Prodigious Magician 1982 Wardropper, Bruce W. The Prodigious Magician ISBN 978-8473171113 prose; bilingual edition
Guárdate del agua mansa Beware of Still Waters 1984 Gitlitz, David M. Beware of Still Waters ISBN 978-0939980048 bilingual edition
Casa con dos puertas mala es de guardar A House With Two Doors Is Difficult to Guard 1985 Muir, Kenneth & Ann L. Mackenzie Calderón: Three Comedies ISBN 0-8131-1546-9 blank verse and prose
Mañanas de abril y mayo Mornings of April and May 1985 Muir, Kenneth & Ann L. Mackenzie Calderón: Three Comedies ISBN 0-8131-1546-9 blank verse and prose
No hay burlas con el amor No Trifling With Love 1985 Muir, Kenneth & Ann L. Mackenzie Calderón: Three Comedies ISBN 0-8131-1546-9 blank verse and prose
No hay burlas con el amor Love is no laughing matter 1986 Cruickshank, Don & Sean Page Love is no laughing matter ISBN 978-0856683664
El pintor de su deshonra The Painter of His Dishonour 1989 Paterson, A. K. G. The Painter of His Dishonour ISBN 978-0856683466
El Alcalde de Zalamea The Mayor of Zalamea 1990 Mitchell, Adrian Three Plays ISBN 978-0948230264 verse, from literal translations by Gwenda Pandolfi
El gran teatro del mundo The Great Theatre of the World 1990 Mitchell, Adrian Three Plays ISBN 978-0948230264 auto; verse, from literal translations by Gwenda Pandolfi
La Vida es Sueño Life’s a Dream 1990 Mitchell, Adrian & John Barton Three Plays ISBN 978-0948230264 verse, from literal translations by Gwenda Pandolfi
La cisma de Inglaterra The Schism in England 1990 Muir, Kenneth & Ann L. Mackenzie The Schism in England ISBN 0-85668-331-0 blank verse; bilingual edition
El médico de su honra The Surgeon of Honour 1991 Edwards, Gwynne Calderón: Plays: One ISBN 978-0413634603
La Vida es Sueño Life is a dream 1991 Edwards, Gwynne Calderón: Plays: One ISBN 978-0413634603
Las tres justicias en una Three Judgments in One 1991 Edwards, Gwynne Calderón: Plays: One ISBN 978-0413634603
El pintor de su deshonra The Painter of His Own Dishonor 1991 Paterson, A. K. G. The Painter of His Own Dishonor ISBN 9780856683473 bilingual edition
Los Cabellos de Absalón The Crown of Absalom 1993 Honig, Edwin Calderón de la Barca: Six Plays ISBN 1-882763-05-X loose syllabic verse
El pintor de su deshonra The Painter of Dishonour 1995 Johnston, David & Laurence Boswell The Painter of Dishonour ISBN 978-0948230882
El médico de su honra The Physician of His Honour 1997 Hindley, Donald The Physician of His Honour ISBN 9780856687778 bilingual edition; revised translation published in 2007
La Vida es Sueño Life is a Dream 1998 Clifford, John
Sueños hay que verdad son Sometimes Dreams Come True 1998 McGaha, Michael The Story of Joseph in Spanish Golden Age Drama ISBN 978-0838753804 auto
La vida es sueño Life Is a Dream 2002 Applebaum, Stanley Life Is a Dream ISBN 978-0486421247
La Dama Duende The Phantom Lady 2002 Beecher, Donald & Novoa, James Nelson The Phantom Lady at the Internet Archive, ISBN 978-1895537680 prose
La Vida es Sueño Life's a Dream 2004 Kidd, Michael Life's a Dream ISBN 9780856688966
La Vida es Sueño Life is a Dream 2006 Racz, Gregary J. Life is a Dream ISBN 978-0-14-310482-7 imitative verse; reprinted in The Golden Age of Spanish Drama (2018) ISBN 978-0393923629
La Vida es Sueño Life's a Dream 2008 Davis, Rick Calderón De La Barca, Four Great Plays of the Golden Age ISBN 978-1575255965
La Dama Duende The Phantom Lady 2008 Davis, Rick Calderón De La Barca, Four Great Plays of the Golden Age ISBN 978-1575255965
El Príncipe Constante The Constant Prince 2008 Davis, Rick Calderón De La Barca, Four Great Plays of the Golden Age ISBN 978-1575255965
El gran teatro del mundo The Great Theatre of the World 2008 Davis, Rick Calderón De La Barca, Four Great Plays of the Golden Age ISBN 978-1575255965 auto
La vida es sueño Life Is a Dream 2009 Cruz, Nilo Life is a Dream ISBN 978-0822222347 acting edition
La Vida es Sueño Life is a Dream 2010 Edmundson, Helen Life is a Dream ISBN 978-1848420601
No hay burlas con el amor The Phoenix of Madrid 2012 Boswell, Laurence The Phoenix of Madrid ISBN 978-1849431347
El mayor monstruo los celos Jealousy the Greatest Monster 2014 Muir, Kenneth & Ann L. Mackenzie & José María Ruano de la Haza Jealousy the Greatest Monster ISBN 9780856683695 bilingual edition

Notes[]

  1. ^ Racz 2006, p i.
  2. ^ Racz 2006, p viii.
  3. ^ Racz 2006, p xxv.
  4. ^ Riera 2009, p 44.
  5. ^ Based on Los Empenos de seis horas, at the time often wrongly ascribed to Calderón.
  6. ^ Fitzgerald 1906, pp 1-2.
  7. ^ Mac-Carthy 1873, pp vii-viii.
  8. ^ For example, Eric Bentley criticizes Mac-Carthy's "(luckily) inimitable Hispano-English" saying "[i]n trying to reproduce the sound of the Spanish, he effectively prevented himself from writing English", but equally that Fitzgerald "went to the other extreme of excessive freedom." (Bentley 1959, pp 458, vii)
  9. ^ Riera 2009, pp 73-74.
  10. ^ Holland 1981, p 3.
  11. ^ Holland 1981, p 117.
  12. ^ In fact, John Vanbrugh's The False Friend is based on Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla's La traición busca el castigo.
  13. ^ Bickerstaff 1770, p. vi.
  14. ^ Payne 1940, p 3.
  15. ^ a b c Riera 2009, pp 76-77.

References[]

  • Bentley, Eric, ed. (1959), The Classic Theatre Volume III: Six Spanish Plays, Garden City, NY: Anchor Books
  • Bickerstaff, Isaac (1770), 'Tis Well It's No Worse: A Comedy, London: W. Griffin
  • Holland, Peter, ed. (1981), The Plays of William Wycherley, Plays by Renaissance and Restoration Dramatists, Cambridge: University Press
  • Pane, Remigio Ugo (1944), English translations from the Spanish, 1484-1943, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press
  • Payne, John Howard (1940), Hislop, Codman; Richardson, W. R. (eds.), The Last Duel in Spain & Other Plays, America’s Lost Plays, vol. VI, Princeton: Princeton University Press
  • Racz, Gregary (2006), Pedro Calderón de la Barca: Life is a Dream, Penguin, ISBN 978-0-14-310482-7
  • Riera, Jorge Braga (2009), Classical Spanish Drama in Restoration English (1660-1700), Benjamins Translation Library, vol. 85, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 978-90-272-8905-6

External links[]

Online bibliography
Additional translated texts available online
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