This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: All names need conversion to pinyin (WP:MOS-ZH), with treaty forms of the names (if included) verified and sourced. List also omits Taiwan & likely other ports. Tables need better and more nearly identical formatting or (better) conversion to a single sortable table with a region field. Please help if you can.(March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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In the 19th and early 20th century, these were the treaty ports in China.
opened by imperial decree, 3 February 1899, but had not (yet?) a customs office.
According to the customs statistics, 6,917,000 Chinese inhabited the treaty ports in 1906. The foreign population included 1837 firms and 38,597 persons, mainly Europeans (British 9356, French 2189, German 1939, Portuguese 3184, Italians 786, Spaniards 389, Belgians 297, Austrians 236, Russians 273, Danes 209, Dutch 225, Norwegians 185, Swedes 135), Americans 3447, Brazilians 16, Japanese 15,548, Koreans 47, subjects of non-treaty powers 236.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "China". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Further reading[]
Bracken, Gregory. "Treaty Ports in China: Their Genesis, Development, and Influence." Journal of Urban History (2019), Vol. 45 Issue 1, pp 168-176. online
Nield, Robert. "The China Coast: Trade and the First Treaty Ports". Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Co, 2010