List of Orientalist artists
John Frederick Lewis, The Reception, 1873
This is an incomplete list of artists who have produced works on Orientalist subjects, drawn from the Islamic world or other parts of Asia.[1] Many artists listed on this page worked in many genres, and Orientalist subjects may not have formed a major part of their body of work. For example, the list includes some portrait painters based in Europe who on occasion painted sitters wearing "oriental" costume. The list also includes Orientalist photographers, engravers and lithographers. The list includes links to the English Wikipedia, and where no English article exists, named artists are linked to foreign language versions of Wikipedia, where available.
Note: This listing uses Spanish naming customs, for personalities from cultural areas where they prevail : the first family name is the paternal name and the second is the maternal family name. Artists are listed alphabetically by their paternal family name. For example, the Spanish artist, Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida, is listed under "S" for Sorolla, the paternal family name.
A[]
- Luigi Acquarone (Italian, 1800–1896)
- (French, 1899–1950) [2]
- Edouard Joseph Alexander Agneessens (Belgian, 1842–1885)[3]
- Simon Agopyan (also known as Simon Hagopian) (Armenian, 1857–1921)
- Christoph Ludwig Agricola (German, 1667–1719)
- Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (Russia, 1817–1900)
- Tadeusz Ajdukiewicz (Polish, 1852–1916)
- José Alcázar Tejedor (Spanish, 1850–1907)[4]
- George Aleef (Russian, 1887–1970)
- William Allan (Scottish, 1782–1850)
- Gaudensi Allar (French, 1841–1904) architect and sculptor
- (French, 1899–1974)
- Francesco Saverio Altamura (Italian, 1822–1897)
- Germán Álvarez Algeciras (Spanish, 1848–c.1912)[5]
- Eugenio Álvarez Dumont (Spanish, 1864–1927) [6]
- Rodolfo Amoedo (Brazilian, 1857–1941)
- (Austrian, 1855–1895)
- Federico Amérigo y Rouvier (Cuban-Spanish, 1840–1912)[7]
- Pierre Andrieu (French, 1821–1892) [8]
- Luis Anglada Pinto (Spanish, 1873–1946) [9]
- Louis Ferdinand Antoni (French, 1872–1940)
- German Aracil (Spanish, b. 1965)
- Charles Édouard Armand-Dumaresq (French, 1826–1895)
- Hippolyte Arnoux (French, fl.1860–1890) photographer, active in the Nile Valley
- José Arpa y Perea (Spanish, 1858–1952)
- (Spanish, 1829–1891) [10]
- Josep Arrau i Barba (Spanish, 1802–1872)
- Ressam Kamil Aslanger (Turkish, b. 1949)
- (French, 1892–1977)
- Albert Louis Aublet (French, 1851–1938) [11]
- Émile Aubry (French, 1880–1964)
- Giuseppe Aureli (Italian, 1858–1929)
- Adolphe Aze (French, 1823–1884)
B[]
- Henry Bacon (American, 1839–1912)
- (Italian, 1860–1923)[12]
- Léon Bakst (Russian, 1866–1924)
- Mariano Baquero (Spanish, 1838–c.1890)[13]
- Ricardo Balaca y Orejas-Canseco (Spanish, 1844–1880)
- Mathieu Barathier (French, 1784–1867) lithographer and engraver
- Filippo Baratti (Italian, 1849–1936)
- Jean Barbault (French, 1718–1762)
- Charles Bargue (French, c. 1826/1827–1883)
- Josep Tapiró Baró (Spanish, 1836–1913)[14]
- François Pierre Barry (French, 1813–1905)
- Mariano Barbasán y Lagueruela (Spanish, 1864–1924) [15]
- Prosper Barbot (French, 1798–1877)
- Salvador Sánchez Barbudo (Spanish, 1857–1917)
- Alfonso Barrada y Medina (Spanish, 1857–1905)[16]
- Federico Bartolini (Italian 1861–1908)
- Marius Bauer (Dutch, 1867–1932)
- Gustav Bauernfeind (German, 1848–1904) [17]
- Frédéric Bazille (French, 1841–1870)
- Antonio Beato (Italian, 1835–1906) Orientalist photographer
- Felice Beato (Italian, 1832–1909) Orientalist photographer
- Émile Béchard (French, fl. 1870–1890) Orientalist photographer[18]
- Mikhail Belaevsky (Russian, 1893–1930)
- Gentile Bellini (Italian, c.1429–1507)
- Pietro Bello (Italian, 1831–1909)[19]
- Manuel Benedito (Spanish, 1875–1963) [20]
- José Benlliure y Gil (Spanish, 1855–1937)[21]
- Émile Bernard (French, 1868–1941)[22]
- Louis Michel Bernard (French, 1885–1962)
- Léon Belly (French, 1827–1877)
- Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant (French, 1845–1902)
- François-Léon Benouville (French, 1821–1859)
- Joseph Austin Benwell (British, 1816–1886)
- Narcisse Berchère (French, 1819–1891)[23]
- Émile Bernard (French, 1868–1941)
- (Spanish, 1842–1955) [24]
- Hippolyte Berteaux (French, 1843–1928)
- Antonio Berti (Italian, 1830–1912)
- (French, 1838–1902)
- (French, 1913–1994) painter, engraver and lithographer
- Alexandre Bida (French, 1813–1895)
- Anton "Tony" Binder (Austrian, 1868–1944) painter and photographer [25]
- Gonzalo Bilbao (Spanish, 1860–1938)[26]
- Cesare Biseo (Italian, 1843–1909)
- (French, 1891–1965)
- Norbert Bitner (Austrian, 1786–1845)
- Edwin Howland Blashfield (American, 1848–1936)[27]
- Alexandre Bloch (French, 1857–1919)
- Ludwig Blum (Israeli, 1891–1975)
- Viktor Alexeevich Bobrov (Russian, 1842–1918)
- Barbara Bodichon (French, 1827–1891)
- Pál Böhm (Hungarian, 1839–1905)
- Edmond Marie Félix de Boislecomte (French, 1849–1923)
- Maurice Boitel (French, 1919–2007) [28]
- Maurice Bompard (French, 1857–1936)[29]
- Félix Bonfils (French, 1831–1885) Orientalist photographer
- Richard Parkes Bonington (British, 1802–1828)
- Léon Joseph Florentin Bonnat (French, 1833–1922) [30]
- (French, 1833–1901)
- Auguste Borget (French, 1808–1877)
- Vladimir Borovikovsky (Russian, 1796–1825)
- Carlo Bossoli (Italian, 1815–1884)
- Joseph-Félix Bouchor (French, 1853–1937)
- Paul Louis Bouchard (French, 1853–1937) [31]
- (French, 1902–1965)
- François Boucher (French, 1703–1770)
- William-Adolphe Bouguereau (French, 1825–1905)
- Gustave Boulanger (French, 1824–1888)
- Lev Boure (Russian, 1877–1943)[32]
- John Cooke Bourne (British, 1814–1896) Lithographer
- Bernard Boutet de Monvel (French, 1881–1949)
- (French, 1893–1971)
- Eugen Bracht (Swiss, 1842–1921)
- Carlo Brancaccio (Italian, 1861–1920)
- Sir Frank William Brangwyn (Anglo-Welsh, 1867–1956)
- Yves Brayer (French, 1907–1990)
- (French, 1887–1971)
- Ferdinand Max Bredt (German, 1860–1921)
- Germain Fabius Brest (French, 1823–1900)
- Anna Richards Brewster (American, 1870–1952)
- Frederick Arthur Bridgman (American, 1847–1928) [33]
- Édouard Brindeau de Jarny (French, 1867–1943)
- Florence Broadhurst (Australian, 1899–1977)
- Walery Brochocki (Polish, 1847–1923)
- André Brouillet (French, 1857–1914)
- George Elmer Browne (American, 1871–1946)
- Henriette Browne (French, 1829–1901)
- Karl Pavlovitch Briullov (Russian, 1799–1852)
- (French, 1891–1984)
- Frank Buchser (Swiss, 1828–1890)
- Francisco Bushell Laussat (Spanish, 1836–1901)[34]
- (French, 1879–1958)
C[]
- Alexandre Cabanel (French, 1823–1889) [35]
- Umberto Cacciarelli (Italian, 1880–c.1939)
- (French, 1899–1985)
- Joaquin Capulino Jauregui (Spanish 1879–1969) [36]
- Miguel Navarro Cañizares (Spanish, 1840–1913)
- Vittore Carpaccio (Italian, c.1465–1525/1526)
- Léon Carré (French, 1878–1942)
- José María Casado del Alisal (Spanish, 1830/32–1886)[37]
- Francesco Giuseppe Casanova (Italian, 1727–1803)
- Manuel Castaño Guerrero (Spanish, 19th century)
- Léon Cauvy (French, 1874–1933)[38]
- Eugenio Cecconi (Italian, 1842–1903)
- Felice Cerruti Beauduc (Italian, 1818–1896)
- Giacomo Antonio Melchiorre Ceruti (Italian, 1698–1767)
- James Wells Champney (American, 1843–1903)[39]
- Eduard Charlemont (Austrian, 1848–1906)
- Théodore Chassériau (French, 1819–1856)
- Alfred Chateau (French, 1833–1908)
- Stanisław Chlebowski (Polish, 1835–1884)[40]
- William Merritt Chase (American, 1849–1916)
- Ulpiano Checa (Spanish, 1860–1916) painter and sculptor[41]
- Henri Chouanard (French, Oriental photographer 1883–1936)
- Frederic Edwin Church (American, 1826–1900) [42]
- Ettore Cercone (Italian, 1850–1896)
- Richard Clague (American, 1821–1873)
- Georges Jules Victor Clairin (French, 1843–1919)
- Félix Auguste Clément (French, 1826–1888)
- Leon Cogniet (French, 1794–1880)
- Francesco Coleman (Italian, 1851–1918) [43]
- John Maler Collier (British, 1850–1934)
- Samuel Colman (American, 1832–1920)[44]
- Léon François Comerre (French, 1850–1916)
- Colin Campbell Cooper (American, 1856–1937)[45]
- Ricardo Villegas y Cordero (Spanish, 1849–1896)[46]
- Charles Henri Joseph Cordier (French, 1827–1905)
- Lovis Corinth (German, 1858–1925)
- Fernand Cormon (French, 1845–1924)
- Michele Felice Cornè (French-American, 1752–1845) [47]
- George Corominas (Spanish, b. 1945)
- Jean-Baptiste Corot (French, 1796–1875)
- Hermann David Salomon Corrodi (Italian, 1844–1905)[48]
- Michele Cortegiani (Italian, 1857–1928)
- Gustave Courbet (French, 1819–1877)
- Georges Croegaert (Belgian, 1848–1923)
- Andres Cuervo Herrero (Spanish, 1863–1933)[49]
D[]
- Henri Dabadie (French, 1867–1949)
- Richard Dadd (English, 1817–1886)
- Thomas Daniell (English, 1749–1840)
- Massimo d'Azeglio (Italian, 1798–1866)
- (French, 1855–1937)
- Adrien Dauzats (French, 1804–1868)
- Édouard Debat-Ponsan (French, 1847–1913)
- Émile Deckers (Belgian, 1885–1968)
- Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps (French, 1803–1860)
- (French, b. 1856)
- Charles-Émile-Callande de Champmartin (French, 1797–1883)
- Alfred de Dreux (French, 1810–1860)
- Willem de Famars Testas (Dutch, 1834–1896)
- Antoine de Favray (French, 1706–1798)
- Lockwood de Forest (American, 1850–1932) [50]
- Godefroy De Hagemann (French, 1820–1877)
- Alfred Dehodencq (French, 1822–1882)
- Gustave Léonard de Jonghe (Belgian, 1829–1893)
- Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (French, 1798–1863)
- Jean-Léon Gérôme Delacroix (French, 1824–1904)
- (French, 1867–1935)[51]
- Nicolas de Largillierre (French, 1656–1746)
- Hippolyte Délié (French photographer in Egypt, fl. 1870–1890)[52]
- Cesare Dell'Acqua (Italian, 1821–1905)
- Marguerite Delorme (French, 1876–1946)
- Robert Leon Demachy (French, 1859–1936) Orientalist photographer [53]
- Bernard Boutet de Monvel (French, 1881–1949)
- Henry d'Estienne (French, 1872–1949)
- Julio Romero de Torres (Spanish, 1874–1930)
- Ludwig Deutsch (Austrian, 1855–1935)[54]
- Narcisse Virgilio Díaz (French, 1807–1876)
- Sir Francis Bernard Dicksee (British, 1853–1928)
- Thomas Francis Dicksee (British, 1819–1895)
- Joaquín Diez (Spanish, d.1882)[55]
- Frank Dillon (British, 1823–1909)[56]
- Alphonse Étienne Dinet (French, 1861–1929)
- Sarkis Diranian (Armenian, 1854–1918)
- Jean Discart (French, 1855–1940)[57]
- Francisco Domingo Marqués (Spanish, 1842–1920) .
- Joaquín Domínguez Bécquer (Spanish, 1817–1879)[58]
- Manuel Domínguez Sánchez (Spanish, 1840–1906)
- Charles D'Oyly (British, 1781–1845)
- Ferdinand Duboc (French, 1813–1869)
- François Dubois (French, 1790–1871)[59]
- Paul Élie Dubois (French, 1886–1949)[60]
- Henriette Dubois-Damart, (French, 1885–1945)
- Édouard Louis Dubufe (French, 1819–1883)
- Maxime Du Camp (French, 1822–1894) Orientalist photographer and writer [61] fr:Maxime Du Camp
- Charles Dufresne (French, 1876–1938)
- Raoul Dufy (French, 1877–1953)
- Edmund Dulac (French, 1882–1953)
- Frank Vincent DuMond (American, 1865–1951) [62]
- Jean-Jules-Antoine Lecomte du Nouÿ (French, 1842–1923)
- Jean Durand (French, 1894–1977)
- Jean-Baptiste Henri Durand-Brager (French, 1814–1879)
- Etienne Duval (French, 1824–1914)
- Frank Duveneck (American, 1848–1919)
E[]
- (French, 1892–1970) [63]
- Victor Eeckhout (Belgian, 1821–1879)
- Ferencz Franz Eisenhut (Hungarian, 1857–1903)
- Émile Eisman-Semenowsky (French, 1857–1911) [64]
- Tristram Ellis (English, 1844–1922)
- Rudolf Ernst (Austro-French, 1854–1932)[65]
- José María Escacena y Daza (Spanish, 1800–1858) [66]
- Joaquin Espalter y Rull (Spanish, 1809–1880)[67]
- Juan Espina y Capó (Spanish, 1848–1933) [68]
- Henry d'Estienne (French, 1872–1949)[69]
- Lalla Essaydi (Arabic: لالة السعيدي) (Moroccan, b. 1956) photographer and painter[70]
- Jose Etxenagusia (Spanish, 1844–1912)
F[]
- Fabio Fabbi (Italian 1861–1946)[71]
- Antonio Maria Fabrés y Costa (Catalan: Antoni Maria Fabrés i Costa) (Spanish, 1854–1938)[72]
- James Fairman (American, 1826–1904)[73]
- Luis Ricardo Falero (Spanish, 1851–1896) [74] es:Luis Ricardo Falero
- Harry Fenn (British-American, 1837–1911)
- José María Fenollera (Spanish, 1851–1918) [75]
- Roger Fenton (British, 1819–1869) Orientalist photographer[76]
- (French, 1880–1957)
- Anselm Feuerbach (German, 1829–1880)
- Ludwig Hans Fischer (Austrian, 1848–1915) [77]
- Eugène Flandin (French, 1809–1889)
- (Italian, 1868–?) [78]
- Mariano Fortuny (Spanish, 1838–1874)
- Gaspare Fossati (Italian, 1809–1883)
- Plácido Francés y Pascual (Spanish, 1834–1902) [79]
- (Spanish, 1850–1897)[80]
- (French, 1848–1921) Orientalist photographer[81]
- Pál Fried (Hungarian/American, 1893–1976)
- Francis Frith (English, 1822–1898) Orientalist photographer[82][83]
- Eugène Fromentin (French, 1820–1876)[84]
- Antonio Fuentes (Spanish, 1905–1995)
G[]
Jean-Léon Gérôme, The Carpet Merchant, c. 1887
- (Italian, 1856–1926)
- William Gale (British, 1823–1909)
- José Gallegos y Arnosa (Spanish, 1857–1917)[85]
- Aisha Galimbaeva (Kazakhstani, 1917–2008)
- Manuel García Hispaleto (Spanish, 1836–1898)[86]
- (Spanish, 1853–1915)[87]
- Vicente García de Paredes (Spanish, 1845–1903)
- José García Ramos (Spanish, 1852–1912)[88]
- Manuel García y Rodríguez (Spanish, 1863–1925) [89]
- Antonio Gargiullo (Italian, 1897–1968)
- , (Orientalist photographer) (French, 1851–1901)
- José Garrigues y Motos (Spanish, 1883–?)[90]
- Rafael Garzón (French, Orientalist photographer) (1863–1923)
- Georges Gasté (French, 1869–1910) Orientalist photographer and painter
- Winckworth Allan Gay (American, 1821–1910)
- Théodore Géricault (French, 1791–1824) [91]
- Jean-Léon Gérôme (French, 1824–1904)[92]
- Alejandrina Gessler y Lacroix, also known as "Madame Anselme" (Russian-Spanish, 1831–1907)[93]
- Robert Swain Gifford (American, 1840–1905)[94]
- Sanford Robinson Gifford (American, 1823–1880) [95]
- Paul-Albert Girard (French, 1839–1920)
- Eugène Alexis Girardet (French, 1853–1907)[96]
- Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey (French, 1804–1892), Orientalist photographer [97]
- Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson (French, 1767–1824)
- John Gleich (German, 1879–c.1927)
- Marc Gabriel Charles Gleyre (Swiss, 1806–1874)
- (Spanish, 1877–1938)[98]
- Manuel Gómez-Moreno González (Spanish, 1834–1918) [99]
- Manuel González Méndez (Spanish, 1843–1909) [100]
- Edward Angelo Goodall (British, 1819–1908)
- Frederick Goodall (British, 1822–1904)
- Walter Gould (American, 1829–1893)[101]
- (French, 1840–1884) Orientalist photographer & art collector[102] See also: Goupil & Cie[103]
- Frédéric Goupil-Fesquet (French, 1817–1878) Orientalist photographer, active in Jerusalem on 11–14 December 1839[104][105]
- Francisco Goya (Spanish, 1746–1828)
- Gustave Le Gray (French, 1820–1884) Orientalist photographer [106]
- Marco de Gregorio (Italian, 1829–1876)
- Antoine-Jean Gros (French, 1771–1835)
- John Griffiths (artist) (British, 1837–1918)
- (Chinese, b. 1941)<!–– Do not move, Chinese name order ––>
- Gianantonio Guardi (Italian, 1699–1760)
- Eugène Charles François Guérard (French, 1821–1866)
- Jules Guérin (artist) (American, 1866–1946) [107]
- Gustave Achille Guillaumet (French, 1840–1887)
- Pierre-Désiré Guillemet (French, 1827–1878) [108]
- Selma Gürbüz (Turkish, b. 1960)
H[]
- Carl Haag (Bavarian/British, 1820–1915)[109]
- Carlos Sebastián Pedro Hubert de Haes (Spanish, 1829–1898)
- Arthur Trevor Haddon (British, 1864–1941)
- George Henry Hall (artist) (American, 1825–1913)
- Osman Hamdi Bey (Turkish, 1842–1910)
- Hans Hassenteufel (German, 1887–1943)
- Francesco Hayez (Italian, 1791–1882)[110]
- René Charles Edmond His (French, 1877–1960)
- Theodor Hellwig (German, 1815–?)
- Léon Herbo (Belgian, 1850–1907)
- José Cruz Herrera (Spanish, 1890–1972)
- William Holman Hunt (British, 1827–1910)
- Nathaniel Hone the Younger (Irish, 1831–1917)[111]
- Marius Hubert-Robert (French, 1885–1966)
- Victor Huguet (French, 1835–1902) [112]
- Edmund Aubrey Hunt (American, 1855–1922) [113]
- Jan-Baptist Huysmans (Belgian, 1826–1906)
I[]
J[]
- Jacob Jacobs (Belgian, 1812–1879)
- Paul Emil Jacobs (German, 1802–1866)
- Alexandre Jacovleff (Russian, 1887–1938)
- José Jiménez Aranda (Spanish, 1837–1903)[119]
- Juan Jiménez Martín (Spanish, 1858–1901)[120]
- Augustus Edwin John (British, 1878–1961)
- Charles Ellis Johnson (American, 1857–1926) photographer
- Pierre-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière (Swiss-French, 1798–1865) Orientalist photographer.[121]
- Hugh Bolton Jones (American, 1848–1927)
- Gustave de Jonghe (Belgian, 1829–1893)
- Gustave-Henri Jossot (French, 1866–1951)
- Paja Jovanović (Serbian, 1859–1957)
- Svetislav Jovanović (Serbian, 1861–1933)
- Francisco Jover y Casanova (Spanish, 1836–1890)
- George William Joy (Irish, 1844–1925)
K[]
- Wassily Kandinsky (Russian, 1866 –1944)
- Nikolay Karazin (Russian, 1842–1908) [122]
- Morteza Katouzian (Iranian, b. 1943)
- Adolf Kaufmann (Austrian, 1848–1916)
- Ivan Kazakov (Russian, 1883–1935) [123]
- Miner Kilbourne Kellogg (American, 1814–1889) [124]
- Robert Talbot Kelly (British, 1861–1943)[125]
- Raphael Kirchner (Australian, 1876–1917)
- Paul Klee (Swiss-German, 1879–1940)[126]
- (French, 1895–1968)
- Elena Nikandrovna Klokacheva (Russian, 1871–c.1943)
- Ernst Koerner (German, 1846–1927)
- Oskar Kokoschka (Austrian, 1886–1980)
- Konstantin Korovin (Russian, 1861–1939)
- Franz Xaver Kosler (Austrian, 1864–1905)[127]
- Setsuzo Kotsuji (Japanese, 1899–1973)
- Johann Victor Krämer (Austrian, 1861–1949) Orientalist photographer and painter
- Ivan Kramskoi (Russian, 1837–1887)
- Christian Krohg (Norwegian, 1852–1925)
- Pavel Kuznetsov (Russian, 1878–1968)
- Gülsün Karamustafa (Turkish, b, 1946)
L[]
- (Spanish, 1835?–1883?)
- Francisco Lameyer Berenguer (Spanish, 1825–1877)[128]
- Eugene Lanceray (Russian, 1875–1946)[129]
- Augustus Osborne Lamplough (British, 1877–1930)[130]
- Charles Landelle (French, 1821–1908)[131]
- Georges Landelle (French, 1860–1898)
- Jean-Charles Langlois (French, 1789–1870)
- Joseph de La Nézière (French, 1873–1944)
- William Laparra (French, 1873–1920)
- José de Larrocha González (Spanish, 1850–1933)
- Jules Laurens (French, 1825–1901)
- Sir John Lavery (Irish, 1856–1941)
- Jean-Raymond Hippolyte Lazerges (French, 1817–1887)
- Edward Lear (British, 1812–1888)
- Jean-Jacques-Francois Le Barbier (French, 1738–1826)
- Jules Lefebvre (French, 1834–1912)
- Rudolf Franz Lehnert (Austro-Hungarian, 1878–1948) Orientalist photographer
- Frederic Leighton (British, 1830–1896)
- Anton Robert Leinweber (German, 1845–1921)
- Charles-Amable Lenoir (French, 1860–1926)
- Alexandre-Louis Leloir (French, 1843–1884)
- Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun (French, 1755–1842)
- Paul Leroy (French, 1860–1942)
- John Frederick Lewis (British, 1805–1876)[132][133][134][135][136][137]
- Karl Ludwig Libay (Slovak-Austrian, 1814/16–1888)[138]
- Fernando Liger Hidalgo (Spanish, 1880–1945)
- Antal Ligeti (Hungarian, 1823–1890)
- Jean-Étienne Liotard (Swiss, 1702–1789)
- Juan Llimona Bruguera (Spanish, 1860–1926)
- Louis-Anselme Longa (French, 1809–1869)
- Edwin Longsden Long (British, 1829–1891)
- Ernest Wadsworth Longfellow (American, 1845–1921)
- (Spanish, 1864–1950)[139]
- (Spanish, 1883–1954)
- Vicente López Portaña (Spanish, 1722–1850)
- Pierre-Victorien Lottin (known as Victor Lottin de Laval) (French, 1810–1903)
- Eugenio Lucas Velázquez (Spanish, 1817–1870)
- Juan Luna y Novicio (Filipino, 1857–1899)
- Egron Sellif Lundgren (Swedish, 1815–1875)
- Fernand Lungren (American, 1857–1932)[140]
- Alfredo Luxoro (Italian, 1859–1918)
- Nikiforos Lytras (Greek, 1832–1904)
M[]
- Carlile Henry Hayes Macartney (British, 1842–1924)
- Andrew MacCallum (English, 1821–1902)
- Cesare Maccari (Italian, 1840–1919)
- Georg Macco (German, 1863–1933)
- Auguste Macke (German, 1887–1914)
- Raimundo de Madrazo y Garreta (Spanish, 1841–1920)
- Ricardo de Madrazo y Garreta (Spanish, 1852–1917)
- Albert Maignan (French, 1845–1908)
- Hans Makart (Austrian, 1840–1884)
- Konstantin Makovsky (Russian, 1839–1915)
- Jacques Majorelle (French, 1886–1962)
- (Algerian, 1886–1954)
- Vincent Manago (French, 1880–1936)
- Gustavo Mancinelli (Italian, 1842–1906)
- Giacomo Mantegazza (Italian, 1853–1920)
- Georges Henri Manzana Pissarro (French, 1871–1961)
- Vicente March (Spanish, 1859–1927)[141]
- Ludovico Marchetti (Italian, 1853–1909)
- D.S. Margoliouth (English, 1858–1940)
- Pompeo Mariani (Italian, 1857–1927)
- Prosper Marilhat (French, 1811–1847)[142]
- Vincenzo Marinelli (Italian, 1820–1892)
- Isidoro Marín Garés (Spanish, 1863–1926)[143]
- Enrique Marín Sevilla (Spanish, 1876–1940) [144]
- Ramón Martí i Alsina (Spanish, 1826–1894)
- Maria Martinetti (Italian, 1864–1921)
- Yvonne Mariotte (French, 1909–?)
- (French, 1847–1953)
- (Spanish, 1858–1919) [145]
- Serafín Martínez del Rincón y Trives (Spanish, 1840–1892)
- Arcadio Mas i Fondevila (Spanish, 1852–1934)
- Frank Henry Mason (British, 1876–1965)
- Francisco Masriera y Manovens (Spanish, 1842–1902)
- Henri Matisse (French, 1869–1954)
- Virgilio Mattoni (Spanish, 1842–1923) [146]
- V. G. Maunier (French, fl.1850s) Orientalist photographer, active in Egypt.
- Auguste Maure (French, 1840–1907) Orientalist photographer
- Luigi Mayer (Italian, 1755–1803)
- Clara Barthold Mayer (Swiss?, ?–after 1803)
- (Spanish, 1856–after 1905)[147]
- Arthur Melville (British, 1858–1904)[148]
- Willard Leroy Metcalf (American, 1858–1925) [149]
- Paul Friedrich Meyerheim (German, 1842–1915)
- Alphons Leopold Mielich (Austrian, 1863–1929)
- Jules Migonney (French, 1876–1929)
- (French, 1921–2010)
- Natalya Milashevich (Russian, b. 1967)
- Eric Milet (French, 1870–1950) Orientalist photographer
- Addison Thomas Millar (American, 1850–1913)[150]
- Francis Davis Millet (American, 1848–1912) [151]
- Camillo Miola (Italian, 1840–1919)
- Adolphe Joseph Thomas Monticelli (French, 1824–1886)
- Harry Humphrey Moore (American, 1844–1926) [152]
- (Spanish, 1887–1973)[153]
- Gustave Moreau (French, 1826–1898)
- (Belgian, 1902–1992)
- Tomàs Moragas (Spanish, 1837–1906)
- Domenico Morelli (Italian, 1826–1901)[154]
- José Moreno Carbonero (Spanish, 1860–1942) [155]
- Avedis Mouradian (Armenian, 1895–?)
- Harry Siddons Mowbray (American, 1858–1928) [156]
- Gerard Gustaaf Muller (Dutch, 1861–1929)
- William James Müller (British, 1812–1845)
- Leopold Carl Müller (Austrian, 1834–1892) [157]
- Domingo Muñoz (Spanish, 1850–1935)[158]
- Antonio Muñoz Degrain (Spanish, 1840–1924) [159]
- (Spanish, 1860–1943) [160]
- (Spanish, 1850–1900)[161]
- Takamitsu Muraoka (Japanese, b. 1938)
N[]
- José Navarro y Llorens (Spanish, 1867–1923)[162]
- (French, 1846–1914) (Orientalist photographer) [163]
- Henry Roderick Newman (American, 1833–1918)[164]
- Charles Wynne Nicholls (Irish, 1831–1903)
- (Spanish, fl.1868–1884)
- (Spanish, 1852–1898)
- (Spanish, 1855–1909)
- Aleksandr Nikolayev (Russian, 1897–1957)[165]
- Josep Nin i Tudó (Spanish, 1843–1908)
- Francesco Noletti, also known as Francesco Fieravino (Maltese, 1611–1654)
- Ernest Normand (British, 1857–1923)
- Elizabeth Nourse (American, 1859–1938)[166]
- Édouard Auguste Nousveaux (French, 1811–1867)
- Jean-Jules-Antoine Lecomte du Nouÿ (French, 1842–1923)[167]
O[]
- Mariano Obiols Delgado (Spanish, c.1860–1911)
- Frans Wilhelm Odelmark (Swedish, 1849–1937)
- Aloysius O'Kelly (Irish, 1853–1941)
- Eugenio Oliva y Rodrigo (Spanish, 1852–1925)
- Quintana Olleras (Spanish, 1851–1919)
- Karel Ooms (Belgian, 1845–1900)
- Georg Emanuel Opiz (German, 1775–1841) [168]
- François d'Orléans (French, 1818–1900)
- José Ortega (Spanish, 1877–1955)
- Antonio Ortiz Echagüe (Spanish, 1883–1942)
- (Spanish, 1943–1999)
- Pierre Outin (French, 1840–1899)
P[]
- Vicente Palmaroli González (Spanish, 1834–1896)
- Andrés Parladé (Spanish, 1859–1933)
- Walter Launt Palmer (American, 1854–1932)[169]
- Frederic L. Pape (American, 1870–1938)
- Paul Pascal (French, 1832–1903)
- Şeker Ahmed Pasha (Turkish, 1841–1907)
- Alberto Pasini (Italian, 1826–1899)[170]
- Paolino Pavesi-Bulbi (Italian, fl. late 19th century)
- Élie Anatole Pavil (French, 1873–1948)
- J Pavlikevitch (Russian?, 1893–1936)
- Eugène Pavy (French, 1840–1905) painter, brother of Philipe Pavy [171]
- Philippe Pavy (French, 1860–?) painter, brother of Eugène Pavy [172]
- Charles Sprague Pearce (American, 1851–1914)
- Josep Lluís Pellicer i Fenyé (Catalan, 1842–1901)
- Francisco Peralta del Campo (Spanish, 1837–1897)
- Jenaro Pérez de Villaamil y d'Huguet (Spanish, 1807–1854)
- Ella Ferris Pell (American, 1846–1922)
- Josep Lluís Pellicer y Fenyé (Spanish, 1842–1901)
- Frank (Francis) Crawford Penfold (American, 1849–1921)
- José Arpa y Perea (Spanish, 1858–1952)
- Thomas Phillips (British, 1770–1845)
- Henry William Pickersgill (British, 1782–1875)
- William Lamb Picknell (American, 1853–1897)
- Anton Pieck (Dutch, 1895–1987)
- Harold H. Piffard (British, 1867–1939)
- Otto Pilny (Swiss, 1866–1936)
- Auguste-Émile Pinchart (French, 1842–1920)[173]
- Louis Émile Pinel de Grandchamp (French, 1831–1894)[174]
- Niko Pirosmanishvili (Russian, 1862–1919)
- Casto Plasencia y Maestro (Spanish, 1846–1890)
- Johann Georg Platzer (Austrian, 1704–1761)
- Francisco Pradilla Ortiz (Spanish, 1848–1921)
- (Russian, b.1961)
- Paul Poiret (French, 1879–1944)
- Vasily Polenov (Russian, 1844–1927)[175]
- Henri Pontoy (French, 1888–1968)
- Gustav Pope (English, 1831–1910)
- Jean-François Portaels (Belgian, 1818–1895)
- Jan Portielje (Dutch, 1829–1908)
- Lucien Whiting Powell (American, 1846–1930)
- Francisco Pradilla Ortiz (Spanish, 1848–1921)
- Luigi Premazzi (Italian, 1814–1891)
- Amedeo Preziosi (Maltese, 1816–1882)
- Val Prinsep (British, 1838–1904)
- Pavlos Prosalentis (Greek, 1784–1837)
- (Spanish, 1850–1905)[176]
R[]
- Max Rabes (German, 1868–1944)[177]
- Mohammed Racim (Algerian, 1896–1975)
- Manuel Ramírez Ibáñez (Spanish, 1856–1925)
- Théodore Ralli (Greek, 1852–1909)
- Louis Randavel (French-Algerian, 1869–1947)
- Vittorio Rappini (Italian, 1877–1939)
- (French, 1791–1857)
- Grace Ravlin (American, 1873–1956)
- Roberto Raimondi (Italian, 1877–c.1957)[178]
- Alexandre-Georges-Henri Regnault (French, 1843–1871)
- Frederic Sackrider Remington (American, 1861–1909)[179]
- Ilya Repin (Russian, 1844–1930)
- Antonio María Reyna Manescau (Spanish, 1859–1937)
- Édouard Frédéric Wilhelm Richter (French, 1844–1913)
- Albert Gabriel Rigolot (French, 1862–1932)
- Antonio Rivas (Italian/Spanish, 1845–1911)
- David Roberts (Scottish, 1796–1864)[180]
- Agustín Robert y Surís (Spanish, 1860–1913)
- Charles Robertson (British, 1844–1891)[181]
- James Robertson (British, 1813–1888)
- (Spanish, fl. 1870s/80s)[182]
- (Spanish, fl. 1850s)
- Marie Lucas Robiquet (French, 1858–1959)
- Ettore Roesler Franz (Italian, 1845–1907)
- Georges Rochegrosse (French, 1859–1938)
- José María Rodríguez-Acosta (Spanish, 1878–1941)[183]
- Pedro Roig Asuar (Spanish, 1885–1971)
- Andreas Roller (German-Russian, 1805–1891) [184]
- Julius Rolshoven (American, 1858–1930)
- Rafael Romero Barros (Spanish, 1832–1895)
- Julio Romero de Torres (Spanish, 1874–1930) [185]
- Eduardo Rosales (Spanish, 1836–1873)[186]
- Giulio Rosati (Italian, 1858–1917)
- Domenico Rosso (Italian, 1832–1902)
- (French, 1899–1949)
- Franz Alekseevitch Roubaud (Russian, 1856–1928)
- Santiago Rusiñol (Spanish, 1861– 1931)
- Alexander Nikolaivich Russov (Russian, 1884–1928)[187]
- Alexandre Roubtzoff (Russian, 1884–1949)
- Henri Émilien Rousseau (French, 1875–1933)[188]
- Ferdinand Roybet (French, 1840–1920)
- (Spanish, 1867–1942) [189]
- Charles Marion Russell (American, 1864–1928)
- Albert Pinkham Ryder (American, 1847–1917) [190]
S[]
- Paul Saïn (French, 1853–1908)
- Emilio Sala (Spanish, 1850–1910) [191]
- (Spanish, 1871–1946) [192]
- Emilio Sánchez Perrier (Spanish, 1855–1907)
- Adolf Karol Sandoz (Polish, 1845–1921)
- Francisco Sans Cabot (Spanish, 1828–1881) [193]
- Ricardo Santa Cruz Garcia-Pablos (Spanish, 1855–1913)
- Rubens Santoro (Italian, 1859–1942)
- Martiros Saryan (Armenian, 1880–1972) [194]
- William Sartain (American, 1843–1924) [195]
- Hubert Sattler (Austrian, 1817–1904)
- (French photographer, 1831–1896) [196]
- Symeon Savvidis (Greek, 1859–1927)
- Alice Schille (American, 1869–1955)[197]
- Herbert Gustave Schmalz, also known as Herbert Carmichael (British, 1856–1935)
- (Austrian, 1834–1921)
- Adolf Schreyer (German, 1828–1899)
- Alois Hans Schram (Austrian, 1864–1919)
- Georg Engelhard Schröder (Swedish, 1684–1750)
- Annibale Scognamiglio (Italian, fl. 1860s/70s)
- Pascal Sébah (Syriac-Armenian, 1823–1886) Orientalist photographer
- Jean Pascal Sébah (Syriac, 1872–1947) Orientalist photographer
- Stephan Sedlacek (Austrian, 1868–1936)
- Adolf Seel (German, 1829–1907)
- Pablo Segarra Chias (Spanish, b. 1945)
- José Segrelles Albert (Spanish, 1885–1969)
- Mamerto Seguí Arechevala (Spanish, 1862–1908)
- Rafael Senet Pérez (Spanish, 1856–1926)[198]
- Zinaida Serebriakova (Russian, 1884–1967)
- Enric Serra Auqué (Spanish, 1859–1918)
- (Spanish, 1849–1880)
- Thomas Frederick Mason Sheard (British, 1866–1921)[199]
- (Russian, b. 1949)
- Eugène Siberdt (Belgian, 1851–1931)
- Nicolas Sicard (French, 1846–1920)
- Paul Signac (French, 1863–1935)
- Giuseppe Signorini (Italian, 1857–1932)
- (Spanish, 1825–1902)[200]
- José Silbert (French, 1862–1936)
- Arsênio da Silva (Brazilian, 1833–1883)
- (Spanish, 1863–1948)
- Enrique Simonet Lombardo (Spanish, 1866–1927)
- Amedeo Simonetti (Italian, 1874–1922)
- Attilio Simonetti (Italian, 1843–1925)
- Ettore Simonetti (Italian, 1857–1909)
- Gustavo Simoni (Italian, 1846–1926)[201]
- Niels Simonsen (Danish, 1807–1885)
- Henry Singleton (British, 1766–1839)
- Jean-Paul Sinibaldi (French, 1857–1909)
- Joseph Sintès (Spanish-Algerian, 1829–1913)
- Max Slevogt (German, 1868–1932)
- Ernest Slingeneyer (Belgian, 1820–1894)
- Vasily Smirnov (Russian, 1858–1890) [202]
- Joseph Lindon Smith (American, 1863–1950)
- Reyyan Somuncuoğlu (Turkish, b. 1959)
- José Gutiérrez Solana (Spanish, 1886–1945)
- Simeon Solomon (British, 1840–1905)
- (Spanish, 1827–1891)
- Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida (Spanish, 1863–1923)
- Carl Spitzweg (German, 1808–1885)
- Bedros Sirabyan (Turkish, 1833–1898)[203]
- Kajetan Stefanowicz (Polish, 1886–1920)
- Charles Auguste Guillaume Steuben (French, 1788–1856)
- Julius LeBlanc Stewart (American, 1855–1919)
- Vincent Stiepevich (Croatian, 1841–1910)
- Anton Strassgschwandtner (Austrian, 1826–1881)
- Arthur Streeton (Australian, 1867–1943)
- (Polish, 1890–1959)
- André Suréda (French, 1872–1930) [204]
- Vardges Sureniants (Armenian, 1860–1921)[205]
- James Augustus Suydam (American, 1819–1865)
- Rudolf Swoboda (Austrian, 1859–1914)[206]
- (Polish, Turkish, b.1989)
- Pantaleon Szyndler (Polish, 1846–1905)
T[]
- (French, 1818–1869)
- Lawrence Alma-Tadema (Dutch, 1836–1912)
- Lucio Tafuri (Italian, b. 1941)
- Josep Maria Tamburini (Spanish, 1856–1932)
- (French, 1879–1970)
- (Algerian, 1877–1954)
- Henry Ossawa Tanner (American, 1859–1937)[207]
- Henri Adrien Tanoux (French, 1865–1923)
- Edmond Tapissier (French, 1861–1943)
- Enrico Tarenghi (Italian, 1848–1938)
- (French, 1863–1932) painter and photographer
- Paul Tavernier (French, 1852–1943)
- Douglas Arthur Teed (American, 1860–1929)
- Franciszek Tepa (Polish, 1829–1889)
- Henry Jones Thaddeus (Irish, 1859–1929)[208]
- Charles James Theriat (American, 1860–1937)[209]
- Felix Thomas (French, 1815–1875) architect, painter and engraver
- John Rollin Tilton (Italian-American, 1828–1888)
- Alfred Wordsworth Thompson (American, 1840–1896)[210]
- (French, 1897–1976)
- Louis Comfort Tiffany (American, 1848–1933)[211]
- James Tissot (French, 1836–1902)[212]
- Jean-Baptiste-Ange Tissier (French, 1814–1876)[213]
- Charles Toché (French, 1851–1916)
- Edoardo Tofano (Italian, 1838–1920)
- Gyula Tornai (Hungarian, 1861–1928)[214]
- Francesc Torrescassana (Spanish, 1845–1918)
- Odoardo Toscani (Italian, 1859–1914)
- Charles-Émile de Tournemine (French, 1812–1872)
- (French, 1876–1953) [215]
- Pierre Trémaux (French, 1818–1895) photographer, illustrator, architect
- Emanuele Trionfi (Italian, 1832–1900)
- Wincenty Trojanowski (Polish, 1859–1928)
- Paul Désiré Trouillebert (French, 1829–1900)
- Edward Troye (Swiss-American, 1808–1874)[216]
- Periklis Tsirigotis (Greek, 1860–1924)
- Ramón Tusquets y Maignon (Spanish-Italian, 1837–1904) [217]
- Walter Frederick Roofe Tyndale (British, 1855–1943)
U[]
- Marcelino de Unceta y López (Spanish, 1835–1905)[218]
- Manuel Ussel de Guimbarda y Malibrán (Spanish, 1833–1907)
- Stefano Ussi (Italian, 1832–1901)[219]
V[]
- Pierre Henri Vaillant (French, 1878–1939)
- (French, 1909–1971)
- Alberto Valenzuela Llanos (Chilean, 1869–1925)
- Alfredo Valenzuela Puelma (Chilean, 1856–1909) [220]
- Salvatore Valeri (Italian, 1856–1946)[221]
- Francisco de Paula Van Halen (Spanish, 1814–1887)[222]
- José María Velasco Gómez (Mexican, 1840–1912)
- (French, 1808–1867)
- Augusto Valli (Italian, 1867–1945)
- Jules Pierre van Biesbroeck (Belgian, 1873–1965)
- Jean-Baptiste van Mour (Flemish–French, 1671–1731)
- Charles-André van Loo (French, 1705–1765)
- Theodore van Ryselberge (Belgian, 1862–1926)
- Anna Maria van Schurman (Dutch, 1607–1678)
- Alexander Varnek (Russian, 1782–1843)
- Elihu Vedder (American, 1836–1923) [223]
- (Spanish, c.1845–1910)[224]
- Auguste Veillon (Swiss, 1834–1890)
- Armand Vergeaud (French, 1876–1949)
- Vasily Vereshchagin (Russian, 1842–1904)[225]
- Horace Vernet (French, 1789–1863) [226]
- Émile Vernet-Lecomte (French, 1821–1900)
- Alexandre René Veron (French, 1826–1897)[227]
- Paolo Veronese (Italian, 1528–1588)
- Jules Jacques Veyrassat (French, 1828 –1893) [228]
- (French, 1893–1976)[229]
- (Spanish, 1850–1933) [230]
- (French, 1878–1938)
- Jenaro Pérez Villaamil (Spanish, 1807–1854)[231]
- Ricardo Villodas y de la Torre (Spanish, 1846–1904) [232]
- Franz Vinck (Belgian, 1827–1903)
- Salvador Viniegra y Lasso de la Vega (Spanish, 1862–1915)
- Frédéric Villot (Belgian, 1809–1875) engraver and conservator [233]
- Alexander Nikolaevich Volkov (Russian, 1886–1957)
- Arthur von Ferraris (Hungarian, 1856–after 1928)
- Themistokles von Eckenbrecher (German, 1842–1921)
- Rudolf Otto von Ottenfeld (Austrian, 1856–1913)
- Gaston Vuillier (French, 1845–1915) [234]
W[]
- (French, 1802–1869)
- Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller (Austrian, 1793–1865)
- Frank Waller (American, 1842–1923)[235]
- (French, 1881–1970)
- Georges Washington (French, 1827–1910) [236]
- John William Waterhouse (British, 1849–1917)
- Marcus Waterman (American, 1834–1914)
- Edwin Lord Weeks (American, 1849–1903)[237]
- John Reinhard Weguelin (British, 1849–1927)
- Rudolf Weisse (Czechoslovakian, 1859–1930)[238]
- Carl Werner (German, 1808–1894)
- Edwin White (American, 1817–1877)
- Charles Wilda (Austrian, 1854–1907) [239]
- Sir David Wilkie (British, 1785–1841)
- James Tibbits Willmore (British, 1800–1863)[240]
- William Clarke Wontner (British, 1857–1930)
- Feliks Michał Wygrzywalski (Polish, 1875–1944)
Y[]
- Alexander Yakovlev (Russian, 1887–1938)
- Dmitri Ivanovich Yermakov (Russian, 1846–1916) photographer
- George Henry Yewell (American, 1830–1923) [241]
Z[]
- Emmanuel Zamor (Brazilian, 1840–1917)
- Adelphoi Zangaki (Brothers Zangaki) (Greek, fl.1860–1890) photographers active in Egypt.
- Fausto Zonaro (Italian, 1854–1929)[242]
- Félix Ziem (French, 1821–1911)
- Marguerite Thompson Zorach (American, 1887–1968) [243]
- Anders Leonard Zorn (Swedish, 1860–1920)
See also[]
- Léonce Bénédite – early patron of Orientalist art and founder of the Société des Peintres Orientalistes Français
- List of artistic works with Orientalist influences
- Orientalism
- Orientalism in early modern France
- Oriental studies
- Société des Peintres Orientalistes Français (Society for French Orientalist Painters)
References[]
- ^ This is a composite listing compiled from multiple sources including: Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005; Juler, C., Les Orientalistes de l'Ecole Italienne, Edicion Internationale, Paris, ACR,1994; Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter Travellers, [Edition en langue anglaise], Paris, ACR, 1994; Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994; Meagher, J., "Orientalism in Nineteenth-Century Art," [The Metropolitan Museum of Art Essay], Online: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/euoAckerr/hd_euor.htm; Orientalist Painting http://www.visual–arts–cork.com/history–of–art/orientalist–painting.htm; Pouillon, F., Dictionnaire des Orientalistes de Langue Française, KARTHALA, 2008; Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013; Abykayeva-Tiesenhausen, A. and Hannavy, J. (eds), Central Asia in Art: From Soviet Orientalism to the New Republics, I.B.Tauris, 2016 and Atroschenko, O., Bulatov, V., Kouteinikova, I., Solovyeva, K. and Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, D., Russia's Unknown Orient: Orientalist Painting 1850–1920, Nai010 Publishers, 2010; Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 <Online:https://journals.openedition.org/mcv/2821> (translated from Spanish); Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997 (translated from French); Haja,M., Between Dream and Reality: Austrian Orientalist Painters in the Nineteenth Century, Salzburg, E. Mayer-Oehring, 1997; The Greek Painters from the 19th Century to the 20th Century, Volume One, Melissa, 1974. Reference has also been made to Wikipedia articles for Orientalist artists for whom notability has been established.
- ^ Vidal-Bué, M.(ed.), L'Algérie des peintres: 1830–1960, Paris-Méditerranée, 2002, p. 103
- ^ Dean, S., European paintings of the 19th and early 20th centuries in the National Gallery of Victoria, National Gallery of Victoria, 1995, p. 17
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 272 (translated from French)
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 18–19
- ^ Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 272
- ^ Thorton, L. (ed.), Orientalists: Painter-travellers, ACR edition, 1994, p. 69
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 272
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 273
- ^ Thorton, L. (ed.), Orientalists: Painter-travellers, ACR edition, 1994, p. 19
- ^ Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p.41
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 26
- ^ Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 273
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 273
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 26, 52, 70, 100–119
- ^ Holloway, S.W., Orientalism, Assyriology and the Bible, Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2006, p.xi
- ^ Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p.41
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 27
- ^ Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
- ^ Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter Travellers, [Edition en langue anglaise], Paris, ACR, 1994, p. 19
- ^ Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter Travellers, [Edition en langue anglaise], Paris, ACR, 1994, pp 29–30
- ^ Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
- ^ Orientalists: postcards of the Holy Land, 1800–1935: from the collection of Yoel Amer, 2008, p. 110
- ^ Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 16–19
- ^ Oakes, J., Algeria, Bradt Travel Guides, 2008, p. 120
- ^ Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter Travellers, [Edition en langue anglaise], Paris, ACR, 1994, p. 32
- ^ Ketner, J.D., A Gallery of Modern Art: At Washington University in St. Louis, Washington University, 1994, p. 32
- ^ Phaidon, P.J., The Orientalists: European Painters of Eastern Scenes, 1977, p 7 and 54
- ^ Atroschenko, O., Bulatov, V., Kouteinikova, I., Solovyeva, K. and Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, D., Russia's Unknown Orient: Orientalist Painting 1850–1920, Nai010 Publishers, 2010
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 204–209
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 274
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 260–61
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 54–55 (translated from French)
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 274 (translated from French)
- ^ Thornton, L., Women as Portrayed in Orientalist Painting, ACR edition, 1994, p. 42
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 50–51
- ^ "Russia's Unknown Orient," Artworldwide, Online:
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 58–61 (translated from French)
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 52–61
- ^ Netton, I.R., Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage, Routledge, 2013, p. 123
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 49 and 86; Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 66–68
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 69–71
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 128–129
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. p. 273
- ^ Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p.41
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 275 (translated from French)
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 72–73
- ^ Thornton, L., Women as Portrayed in Orientalist Painting, ACR edition, 1994, p. 141
- ^ Holloway, S.W., Orientalism, Assyriology and the Bible, Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2006, p.xi
- ^ Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, pp 408–09
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 238–39; Netton, I.R., Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage, Routledge, 2013, p. 123
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 275
- ^ Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter Travellers, [Edition en langue anglaise], Paris, ACR, 1994, p. 74
- ^ Mayr-Oehring, E. and Haja, M., Orient: Austrian painting between 1848 and 1914, Residenzgalerie Salzburg, Die Galerie, 1997,p. 308
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 166–167
- ^ Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p. 111
- ^ Thornton, L., Women as Portrayed in Orientalist Painting, ACR edition, 1994, p. 140
- ^ Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, pp 441–442; Behdad, A. and Gartlan, L., Photography's Orientalism: New Essays on Colonial Representation. Getty Publications, 2017, p. 14
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. p. 274
- ^ Thornton, L., Women as Portrayed in Orientalist Painting, ACR edition, 1994, p. 142
- ^ Thornton, L., Women as Portrayed in Orientalist Painting, ACR edition, 1994, p. 180
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 26
- ^ Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 82
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 275 (translated from French)
- ^ Benjamin, R., Orientalist Aesthetics: Art, Colonialism, and French North Africa, 1880–1930, University of California Press, 2003, p. 113
- ^ Brooks, S.R., The Photography of Lalla Essaydi: Critiquing and Contextualizing Orientalism, James Madison University, 2014
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 141–42
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 232–233
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 53
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 96–97
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 275
- ^ Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, pp 524–28
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p, 76, 84, 96
- ^ Davies, K., The Orientalists: Western artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia & India, Laynfaroh, 2005
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 275
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 282 (translated from French)
- ^ Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, p. 554
- ^ Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, pp 560–61
- ^ Williams, C., "The Visual Image of Nineteenth Century Cairo," in Abdullah, T., Serag, M., Jones, M. Sakkūt, H. and O'Kane, B. (eds), Arab and Islamic Studies, American University in Cairo Press, 1997, pp 48–50
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p.80
- ^ Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 116 (translated from French)
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 276
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 117 (translated from French)
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 116
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 118 (translated from French)
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 69, 71
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 222–229; 253–54; 275–77 and 286–89
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 120
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 90–93
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 84–89
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 282–283
- ^ Behdad, A., Camera Orientalis: Reflections on Photography of the Middle East, University of Chicago Press, 2016, p. 2
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 119
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 122
- ^ Fabrés y su tiempo, 1854–1938 INBA, Museo de San Carlos, 1994, p. 52
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 94–101
- ^ Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, p. 549 and 561
- ^ Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, pp 601–603
- ^ Merli, Andrea (2012). "A New Art in an Ancient Land: Palestine through the lens of early European photographers". Jerusalem Quarterly. Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies (50 (Summer 2012)). Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ Behdad, A. and Gartlan, L., Photography's Orientalism: New Essays on Colonial Representation. Getty Publications, 2017, p. 14
- ^ Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, p.832
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 102–103
- ^ Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p. 120
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 216–217
- ^ Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p.41
- ^ Orientalist Painting, Online:
- ^ Shackelford, G.T.M., American Painters in the Age of Impressionism, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, 1994, p. 24
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR edition, 1994, pp 108–111
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 128–132
- ^ The Charles and Emma Frye Art Museum: a handbook of the collection, Charles and Emma Frye Art Museum, 1989, p. 28
- ^ Mayr-Oehring, E. and Haja, M., Orient: Austrian painting between 1848 and 1914, Residenzgalerie Salzburg, Die Galerie, 1997,p. 291
- ^ Kuteinikova, I., "Russia’s Artistic Orientalist History," International Panorama, vol. 29, no.4, 2010, Online:
- ^ Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 132
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 133–35
- ^ Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, p. 15
- ^ Abykayeva-Tiesenhausen, A., Central Asia in Art: From Soviet Orientalism to the New Republics, I.B.Tauris, 2016, p.40
- ^ "Russia's Unknown Orient," Artworldwide, Online:
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 112–119
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 87–89
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 47
- ^ Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter-travellers, 1828–1908, Volume 1, ACR Édition, 1983, p. 242
- ^ Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
- ^ Atroschenko, O., Bulatov, V., Kouteinikova, I., Solovyeva, K. and Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, D., Russia's Unknown Orient: Orientalist Painting 1850–1920, Nai010 Publishers, 2010
- ^ Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter Travellers, [Edition en langue anglaise], Paris, ACR, 1994, p. 118
- ^ Benjamin, R., Orientalist Aesthetics: Art, Colonialism, and French North Africa: 1880–1930, University of California Press, 2003, p. 60
- ^ "John Frederick Lewis," [Biography], Tate Gallery, Online:
- ^ Roberts, M., Intimate Outsiders: The Harem in Ottoman and Orientalist Art and Travel, Duke University Press, 2007, pp 19–21
- ^ Yeazell, R.B., Harems of the Mind: Passages of Western Art and Literature, Yale University Press, 2000, Chapter 20
- ^ Starkey, P. and Starkey, J. (eds), Travellers in Egypt, I.B.Tauris, 2001, pp 148–50
- ^ Beaulieu, J. and Roberts, M., Orientalism’s Interlocutors: Painting, Architecture, Photography, Duke University Press, 2002, p. 179–80
- ^ Williams, C., "The Visual Image of Nineteenth Century Cairo," in Abdullah, T., Serag, M., Jones, M. Sakkūt, H. and O'Kane, B. (eds), Arab and Islamic Studies, American University in Cairo Press, 1997, pp 46–50
- ^ Mayr-Oehring, E. and Haja, M., Orient: Austrian painting between 1848 and 1914, Residenzgalerie Salzburg, Die Galerie, 1997,p. 367
- ^ Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 120–122
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 162
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 24
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 165
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 163–64
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 168
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 176–77
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 278
- ^ Netton, I.R., Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage, Routledge, 2013, p. 123
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 123–25
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 126–129
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 130–134
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 135–139
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 182–187
- ^ Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p.41
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 278
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 14–43
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 237–238; Netton, I.R., Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage, Routledge, 2013, p. 123
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 278
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 188–193
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 194
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 278
- ^ Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
- ^ Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, pp 990–91
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 144–47
- ^ Atroschenko, O., Bulatov, V., Kouteinikova, I., Solovyeva, K. and Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, D., Russia's Unknown Orient: Orientalist Painting 1850–1920, Nai010 Publishers, 2010
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 150–55
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005
- ^ Thornton, L., Women as Portrayed in Orientalist Painting, ACR edition, 1994, p. 147
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 156–57
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p 105 and 243
- ^ Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter Travellers, [Edition en langue anglaise], Paris, ACR, 1994, p. 146
- ^ Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter Travellers, [Edition en langue anglaise], Paris, ACR, 1994, p. 146
- ^ Thornton, L., Women as Portrayed in Orientalist Painting, ACR edition, 1994, p. 155
- ^ Green, A., French Paintings of Childhood and Adolescence, 1848–1886, Routledge, 2017 [E-book edition], n.p.
- ^ "Russia's Unknown Orient," Artworldwide, Online:
- ^ Thornton, L., Women as Portrayed in Orientalist Painting, ACR edition, 1994, p. 44
- ^ Editors Hélène S. Sader, Thomas Scheffler, Angelika Neuwirth, Baalbek: Image and Monument, 1898–1998, Beiruter Texte und Studienvol. 69, In Kommission bei Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1998, p. 210
- ^ Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p.57
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 162–167
- ^ Williams, C., "The Visual Image of Nineteenth Century Cairo," in Abdullah, T., Serag, M., Jones, M. Sakkūt, H. and O'Kane, B. (eds), Arab and Islamic Studies, American University in Cairo Press, 1997, pp 42–46
- ^ Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter-travellers, 1828–1908, Volume 1, ACR Édition, 1983, p. 154
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 272 (translated from French)
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 212–14 (translated from French)
- ^ "Russia's Unknown Orient," Artworldwide, Online:
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 218–219 (translated from French)
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 220–221; Shubert, A. and Junco, J.A., The History of Modern Spain: Chronologies, Themes, Individuals, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017, p. 233
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 48
- ^ Le Pichon, Y., The World of Henri Rousseau, Viking Press, 1982
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 222–224
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 170–174
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 226–227
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 282 (translated from French)
- ^ Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
- ^ "Russia's Unknown Orient," Artworldwide, Online:
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 184–191
- ^ Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, p. 1244
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 192–193
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 229–231 (translated from French)
- ^ "Thomas Frederick Mason Sheard," [Biography], Heritage Auctions, Online:
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 282 (translated from French)
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 98; Netton, I.R., Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage, Routledge, 2013, p. 121
- ^ "Russia's Unknown Orient," Artworldwide, Online:
- ^ Roberts, M., Istanbul Exchanges: Ottomans, Orientalists, and Nineteenth-Century Visual Culture, University of California Press, 2015, p. 134
- ^ Thornton, L., Women as Portrayed in Orientalist Painting, ACR edition, 1994, p. 104
- ^ "Russia's Unknown Orient," Artworldwide, Online:
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 182
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 196–201
- ^ Orientalist Painting, Online:
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 202–03
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 206–07
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 208–15
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 290–297
- ^ Boime, A., Art in an Age of Civil Struggle, 1848–1871, University of Chicago Press, 2008, p. 604
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 298
- ^ Thornton, L., Women as Portrayed in Orientalist Painting, ACR edition, 1994, p. 186
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 216–223
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 248–249 (translated from French)
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 250–251 (translated from French)
- ^ Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p.182
- ^ Burford, T., Chile: The Bradt Travel Guide, Bradt, 2005, p. 44
- ^ Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p.85
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 284 (translated from French)
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 224–29
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 284 (translated from French)
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 143–167
- ^ Netton, I.R., Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage, Routledge, 2013, p. 122
- ^ Claude Aguttes, Tableaux russes, tableaux des XIXe, XXe siècles, orientalists, tableaux impressionnistes et modernes, tableaux contemporains, Aguttes, 2006, p. 31
- ^ Johnston, W.R., The Nineteenth Century Paintings in the Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery, 1982, p. 79
- ^ Pouillion, F. and Vatin, J-C., After Orientalism: Critical Perspectives on Western Agency and Eastern Re-appropriations, BRILL, 2014, p 228
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 253–56 (translated from French)
- ^ The Prado Museum,Museo del Prado, Fonds Mercator, 1996, p. 609
- ^ Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 284 (translated from French)
- ^ Thompson, J. and Scott, D.H.T., The East: Imagined, Experience, Remembered: Orientalist Nineteenth Century Painting, National Gallery of Ireland, 198, p. 68
- ^ New York Times Book Review and Magazine, [Compilation of reviews], The Times, 1968, p. 5
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 230–31
- ^ Netton, I.R., Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage, Routledge, 2013, p. 122; Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter-travellers, 1828–1908, Volume 1, ACR Édition, 1983, p. 136
- ^ Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 280–81; 184–85
- ^ Netton, I.R., Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage, Routledge, 2013, p. 122
- ^ Netton, I.R., Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage, Routledge, 2013, p. 122; Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter-travellers, 1828–1908, Volume 1, ACR Édition, 1983, p. 220; Husslein-Arco, A. and Grabner, S., Orient & Occident: Travelling 19th Century Austrian Painters, Belvedere, 2012, p. 43
- ^ Roberts, M., Istanbul Exchanges: Ottomans, Orientalists, and Nineteenth-Century Visual Culture, University of California Press, 2015, p. 132
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. p. 283
- ^ Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p.85
- ^ Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 266–69
Further reading[]
- R. Aldrich, Vestiges of Colonial Empire in France, Springer, 2004, especially pp 206–217
- Roger Benjamin, Orientalist Aesthetics: Art, Colonialism, and French North Africa: 1880–1930, University of California Press, 2003
- Bloom, J.M. and Blair, S. (eds), Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture, Volumes 1–3, Oxford University Press, 2009
- Haideh Moghissi (ed.), Women and Islam: Images and Realities, Volume 1, Taylor and Francis, 2005
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