List of United States Supreme Court cases involving the First Amendment

This is a list of cases that appeared before the Supreme Court of the United States involving the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

The establishment of religion[]

Blue laws[]

• McGowan v. Maryland (1961)
• Braunfeld v. Brown (1961)
• Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Mass., Inc. (1961)
• Thornton v. Caldor (1985)

Government aid to church-related schools[]

• , 281 U.S. 370 (1930)
• Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947)
• , 392 U.S. 236 (1968)
• Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971)
• , 403 U.S. 672 (1971)
• , 411 U.S. 192 (1973)
• , 413 U.S. 472 (1973)
• , 413 U.S. 734 (1973)
• , 413 U.S. 756 (1973)
• , 413 U.S. 825 (1973)
• , 417 U.S. 402 (1974)
• (1974)
• , 421 U.S. 349 (1975)
• , 426 U.S. 736 (1976)
• , 433 U.S. 229 (1977)
• , 434 U.S. 125 (1977)
• , 444 U.S. 646 (1980)
• Mueller v. Allen, 463 U.S. 388 (1983)
• , 473 U.S. 373 (1985)
• Aguilar v. Felton, 473 U.S. 402 (1985)
• Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind, 474 U.S. 481 (1986)
• Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District, 509 U.S. 1 (1993)
• Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet, 512 U.S. 687 (1994)
• Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203 (1997)
• Mitchell v. Helms, 530 U.S. 793 (2000)
• Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 639 (2002)
• Locke v. Davey, 540 U.S. 712 (2004)
• Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn, 563 U.S. 125 (2011)

Government-sponsored religious displays[]

• Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668 (1984)
• Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary, 471 U.S. 83 (1985)
• County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union, 492 U.S. 573 (1989)
• Van Orden v. Perry, 545 U.S. 677 (2005)
• McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union, 545 U.S. 844 (2005)
• Pleasant Grove City v. Summum, 555 U.S. 460 (2009)
• Salazar v. Buono, 559 U.S. 700 (2010)
• American Legion v. American Humanist Association, No. 17-1717, 588 U.S. ___ (2019)
• Shurtleff v. City of Boston (pending)

Legislative prayer[]

• Marsh v. Chambers, 463 U.S. 783 (1984)
• Town of Greece v. Galloway, 572 U.S. 565 (2014)

Internal religious affairs (also involving the Free Exercise Clause)[]

• Watson v. Jones, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 679 (1872)
• United States v. Ballard, 322 U.S. 78 (1944)
• , 344 U.S. 94 (1952)
• Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church, 393 U.S. 440 (1969)
• , 426 U.S. 696 (1976)
• , 443 U.S. 595 (1979)
• , No. 18-921, 589 U.S. ___ (2020)

Ministerial exception[]

• Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 565 U.S. 171 (2012)
• Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru, No. 19-267, 591 U.S. ___ (2020)

Private religious speech[]

• Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District, 508 U.S. 384 (1993)
• Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette, 515 U.S. 753 (1995)
• Rosenberger v. University of Virginia, 515 U.S. 819 (1995)
• Good News Club v. Milford Central School, 533 U.S. 98 (2001)

Religion in public schools[]

• McCollum v. Board of Education, 333 U.S. 203 (1948)
• Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306 (1952)
• Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962)
• Abington School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963)
• Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968)
• Stone v. Graham, 449 U.S. 39 (1980)
• Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985)
• Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578 (1987)
• Westside Community Board of Education v. Mergens, 496 U.S. 226 (1990)
• Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992)
• Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe, 530 U.S. 290 (2000)
• Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, 542 U.S. 1 (2004)
• Kennedy v. Bremerton School District (pending)

Religious institution functioning as a government agency[]

• Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc., 459 U.S. 116 (1982)
• Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet, 512 U.S. 687 (1994)

Standing to sue[]

• Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83 (1968)
• Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State, 454 U.S. 464 (1982)
• Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation, 551 U.S. 587 (2007)
• Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn, 563 U.S. 125 (2011)

Statutory religious exemptions[]

• Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York, 397 U.S. 664 (1970)
• Bob Jones University v. United States, 461 U.S. 574 (1983)
• Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc., 472 U.S. 703 (1985)
• Corporation of Presiding Bishop of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. Amos, 483 U.S. 327 (1987)
• Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock, 489 U.S. 1 (1989)
• City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997)
• Cutter v. Wilkinson, 544 U.S. 709 (2005)

Unequal government treatment of different religious groups[]

• , 456 U.S. 228 (1982)

Abortion and contraception[]

• Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297 (1980)
• Bowen v. Kendrick, 487 U.S. 589 (1988)

Other[]

• Torcaso v. Watkins (1961)
• McDaniel v. Paty (1978)
• Trump v. Hawaii (2018)

The free exercise of religion[]

Exclusion of religion from public benefits[]

• Locke v. Davey, 540 U.S. 712 (2004)
• Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer, No. 15-577, 582 U.S. ___ (2017)
• Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, No. 18-1195, 591 U.S. ___ (2020)
• Carson v. Makin (pending)

Polygamy[]

• Reynolds v. United States (1878)
• Davis v. Beason (1890)

Free exercise and eminent domain[]

• Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association (1988)
• City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)

Free exercise and free speech[]

• R. A. V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)
• Good News Club v. Milford Central School (2001)
• Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal (2006)
• Fulton v. City of Philadelphia (2021)

Free exercise and public education[]

• Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
• Widmar v. Vincent (1981)
• (1990)
• Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District (1993)
• Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia (1995)
• Kennedy v. Bremerton School District (pending)

Free exercise and public property[]

• Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board v. Pinette (1995)

Internal religious affairs (also involving the Establishment Clause)[]

• Watson v. Jones, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 679 (1872)
• United States v. Ballard, 322 U.S. 78 (1944)
• , 344 U.S. 94 (1952)
• Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church, 393 U.S. 440 (1969)
• , 426 U.S. 696 (1976)
• , 443 U.S. 595 (1979)
• , No. 18-921, 589 U.S. ___ (2020)

Ministerial exception[]

• Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 565 U.S. 171 (2012)
• Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru, No. 19-267, 591 U.S. ___ (2020)

Religion and the right to work[]

• Sherbert v. Verner (1963)
• (1977)
• (1986)
• Corporation of Presiding Bishop of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. Amos (1987)
• Employment Division v. Smith (1990)

Religious tests for public service or benefits[]

• Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)
• Torcaso v. Watkins (1961)
• McDaniel v. Paty (1978)
• Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division (1981)
• Goldman v. Weinberger (1986)
• Bowen v. Roy (1986)

Ritual sacrifice of animals[]

• Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (1993)

Solicitation by religious groups[]

• Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
• Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
• Cox v. New Hampshire (1941)
• Jones v. City of Opelika (I) (1942)
• Marsh v. Alabama (1942)
• Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943)
• Jones v. City of Opelika (II) (1943)
• West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
• Prince v. Massachusetts (1944)
• (1981)
• Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton (2002)

Statutory religious exemptions[]

Religious Freedom Restoration Act[]

• Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal, 546 U.S. 418 (2006)
• Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., 573 U.S. 682 (2014)
• Zubik v. Burwell, No. 14-1418, 578 U.S. ___ (2016)
• Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania, No. 19-431, 591 U.S. ___ (2020)
• Tanzin v. Tanvir, No. 19-71, 592 U.S. ___ (2020)

Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act[]

• , 563 U.S. 277 (2011)
• Holt v. Hobbs, 574 U.S. 352 (2015)
• Ramirez v. Collier, No. 21-5592, 595 U.S. ___ (2022)

Other[]

• Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo (2020)
• Tandon v. Newsom (2021)

Freedom of speech[]

Campaign finance[]

• Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976)
• First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 435 U.S. 765 (1978)
• , 453 U.S. 182 (1981)
• Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley, 454 U.S. 290 (1981)
• , 459 U.S. 197 (1982)
• FEC v. National Conservative PAC, 470 U.S. 480 (1985)
• FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life, 479 U.S. 238 (1986)
• Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce, 494 U.S. 652 (1990)
• Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC, 518 U.S. 604 (1996)
• Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC, 528 U.S. 377 (2000)
• FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee, 533 U.S. 431 (2001)
• Republican Party of Minnesota v. White, 536 U.S. 765 (2002)
• , 539 U.S. 146 (2003)
• McConnell v. FEC, 540 U.S. 93 (2003)
• Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC, 546 U.S. 410 (2006)
• Randall v. Sorrell, 548 U.S. 230 (2006)
• FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc., 551 U.S. 449 (2007)
• Davis v. FEC, 554 U.S. 724 (2008)
• Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310 (2010)
• Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett, 564 U.S. 721 (2011)
• American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock, 567 U.S. 516 (2012)
• McCutcheon v. FEC, 572 U.S. 185 (2014)
• Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar, No. 13-1499, 575 U.S. ___ (2015)
• Thompson v. Hebdon, No. 19-122, 589 U.S. ___ (2019)
• FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate (pending)

Commercial speech[]

• Valentine v. Chrestensen (1942)
• Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. (1970)
• Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations (1973)
• Lehman v. Shaker Heights (1974)
• Bigelow v. Commonwealth of Virginia (1974)
• Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976)
• Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977)
• Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Willingboro (1977)
• Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Assn. (1978)
• (1979)
• Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission (1980)
• Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n (1980)
• Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego (1981)
• Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc. (1982)
• (1983)
• (1993)
• 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island (1996)
• Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman (2017)
• Iancu v. Brunetti (2019)

Compelled speech[]

• Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
• West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
• Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo (1974)
• Wooley v. Maynard (1977)
• Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society (2013)
• Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society (2020)

Compelled subsidy for speech of others[]

Cases that consider the First Amendment implications of payments mandated by the state going to use in part for speech by third parties

• Abood v. Detroit Board of Education (1977)
• Communications Workers of America v. Beck (1978)
• (1986)
• Keller v. State Bar of California (1990)
• Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n (1991)
• (1997)
• Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth (2000)
• (2001)
• Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association (2005)
• Davenport v. Washington Education Association (2007)
• Locke v. Karass (2008)
• Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000 (2012)
• Harris v. Quinn (2014)
• Friedrichs v. California Teachers Ass'n (2016)
• Janus v. AFSCME (2018)

Loyalty oaths and affirmations[]

• American Communications Association v. Douds (1950)
• Garner v. Board of Public Works (1951)
• (1952)
• Wieman v. Updegraff (1952)
• Speiser v. Randall (1958)
• (1961)
• Keyishian v. Board of Regents (1965)
• Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb (1974)

Content-based[]

• R. A. V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)
• Reed v. Town of Gilbert (2015)
• City of Austin, Texas v. Reagan National Advertising of Texas, Inc. (2022)

Content-neutral[]

• City of Ladue v. Gilleo (1994)

Sedition and imminent danger[]

• Debs v. United States (1919)
• Schenck v. United States (1919)
• Abrams v. United States (1919)
• Gitlow v. New York (1925)
• Whitney v. California (1927)
• Dennis v. United States (1951)
• Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board (1955)
• Yates v. United States (1957)
• Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)

False speech[]

• United States v. Alvarez (2012)
• Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus (2014)

Fighting words and the heckler's veto[]

• Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
• Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)
• Terminiello v. Chicago (1949)
• Feiner v. New York (1951)
• National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie (1977)
• R. A. V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)
• Snyder v. Phelps (2011)

Freedom of assembly and public forums[]

• Hague v. CIO (1939)
• Schneider v. New Jersey (1939)
• Martin v. Struthers (1943)
• NAACP v. Alabama (1958)
• Bates v. City of Little Rock (1960)
• Edwards v. South Carolina (1963)
• Cox v. Louisiana (1965)
• Brown v. Louisiana (1966)
• Adderley v. Florida (1966)
• Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne (1968)
• Coates v. Cincinnati (1971)
• Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe (1971)
• (1975)
• Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980)
• (1981)
• Christian Legal Society v. Martinez (2010)
• Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck (2019)
• Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta (2021)

Time, place and manner[]

Cases concerning restrictions on the time, place, and manner of speech

• Chicago Police Dept. v. Mosley (1972)
• (1972)
• Ward v. Rock Against Racism (1989)
• Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York (1997)
• Hill v. Colorado (2000)
• McCullen v. Coakley (2014)
• Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky (2018)

Government-funded speech[]

Cases about restrictions on speech by third parties funded by the government.

• Rust v. Sullivan (1991)
• Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez (2001)

Obscenity[]

Generally[]

Cases concerned with the definition of obscenity and whether a particular work or type of material is obscene.

• Roth v. United States (1957)
• Alberts v. California, (1957)
• One, Inc. v. Olesen, (1958)
• MANual Enterprises v. Day, (1962)
• Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964)
• Memoirs v. Massachusetts, (1966)
• Kois v. Wisconsin (1972)
• Miller v. California (1973)
• Jenkins v. Georgia (1974)
• New York v. Ferber (1982)
• Osborne v. Ohio (1990)
• United States v. Stevens (2010)

As criminal offense[]

Appeals of criminal convictions for possessing, selling or distributing obscenity that focused on that issue

• Rosen v. United States (1896)
• (1957)
• Smith v. California, (1959)
• Ginzburg v. United States, (1966)
• , (1966)
• Redrup v. New York (1967)
• Ginsberg v. New York (1968)
• Stanley v. Georgia (1969)
• (1971)
• United States v. Reidel (1971)
• Heller v. New York (1973)
• (1973)
• Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville (1975)
• United States v. X-Citement Video (1994)

Search, seizure and forfeiture[]

Cases involving the search and seizure of allegedly obscene material

• Marcus v. Search Warrant, (1961)
• Quantity of Books v. Kansas (1964)
• (1968)
• United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs (1971)
• United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film (1973)
• (1973)
• (1979)
• (1985)
• (1986)

Civil and administrative regulation[]

Cases dealing with civil and administrative regulatory procedures aimed at suppressing or restricting obscenity, such as film-licensing boards or zoning regulations.

• Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio (1915)
• Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson (1952)
• Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown (1957)
• (1959)
• (1961)
• (1963)
• Freedman v. Maryland (1965)
• Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton (1973)
• Young v. American Mini Theatres (1976)
• Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc. (1986)
• United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group (2000)

Internet[]

Cases involving laws meant to restrict obscenity online

• Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997)
• Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union (2002)
• Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002)

Public employees[]

• Pickering v. Board of Education (1968)
• Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth (1972)
• Perry v. Sindermann (1972)
• (1976)
• Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle (1977)
• Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District (1979)
• (1980)
• Connick v. Myers (1983)
• Rankin v. McPherson (1987)
• Waters v. Churchill (1994)
• United States v. National Treasury Employees Union (1995)
• (1996)
• San Diego v. Roe (2004)
• Garcetti v. Ceballos (2007)
• Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011)
• Lane v. Franks (2014)
• Heffernan v. City of Paterson (2016)
• Houston Community College System v. Wilson (2022)
• Kennedy v. Bremerton School District (pending)

Political activity and Hatch Act of 1939[]

• Ex parte Curtis (1882)
• United Public Workers v. Mitchell (1947)
• United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers (1973)
• Broadrick v. Oklahoma (1973)
• Elrod v. Burns (1976)
• (1979)

Public school students[]

Speech by students in public secondary schools

• Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)
• Healy v. James (1972)
• Board of Education v. Pico (1982)
• Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser (1986)
• Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
• (1989)
• Guiles v. Marineau (2006)
• Morse v. Frederick (2007)
• Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L. (2021)

Retaliation by public officials[]

Cases in which it has been alleged governmental officials retaliated for protected speech made by private citizens who are not employed by said officials.

• (1941)
• (1946)
• Wood v. Georgia (1962)
• Haig v. Agee (1981)
• (1991)
• Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach (2018)
• Nieves v. Bartlett (2019)

Symbolic speech[]

• United States v. O'Brien (1968)
• Cohen v. California (1971)
• Smith v. Goguen (1974)
• Texas v. Johnson (1989)
• United States v. Eichman (1990)
• City of Erie v. Pap's A.M. (2000)
• Virginia v. Black (2003)

Freedom of the press[]

Broadcast media[]

• Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1968)
• (1973)
• (1984)
• FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1989)
• Turner Broadcasting v. FCC (1995)
• FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. I (2009)
• FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. II (2012)

Defamation[]

• Beauharnais v. Illinois (1952)
• New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)
• (1964)
• Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts (1967)
• (1968)
• Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974)
• Time, Inc. v. Firestone (1976)
• Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc. (1981)
• Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc. (1985)
• McDonald v. Smith (1985)
• Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988)
• Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. (1990)
• (2014)

Government speech[]

Cases pertaining to whether or not extending protections to speech constitutes government endorsement of speech.

• Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans (2015)
• Matal v. Tam (2017)
• Iancu v. Brunetti (2019)

Prior restraints and censorship[]

• Near v. Minnesota (1931)
• Lovell v. City of Griffin (1938)
• Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)
• New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)
• Nebraska Press Assn. v. Stuart (1976)
• Houchins v. KQED, Inc. (1978)
• Tory v. Cochran (2005)
• Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

Privacy[]

• Time, Inc. v. Hill (1967)
• Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn (1975)
• Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia (1980)[1][2]
• Florida Star v. B. J. F. (1989)
• (1999)

Taxation and privileges[]

• Grosjean v. American Press Co. (1936)
• Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)
• Minneapolis Star Tribune Company v. Commissioner (1983)

Freedom of assembly[]

• United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542 (1876)
• Presser v. Illinois, 116 U.S. 252 (1886)
• De Jonge v. Oregon, 299 U.S. 353 (1937)
• , 323 U.S. 516 (1945)
• Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta, No. 19-251, 594 U.S. ___ (2021)

Freedom of association[]

• Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath (1951)
• Watkins v. United States (1957)
• Sweezy v. New Hampshire (1957)
• NAACP v. Alabama (1958)
• Bates v. City of Little Rock (1960)
• (1960)
• Gibson v. Florida Legislative Investigation Committee (1963)
• Eastland v. United States Servicemen's Fund (1975)
• Abood v. Detroit Board of Education (1977)
• In re Primus (1978)
• Roberts v. United States Jaycees (1984)
• Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston (1995)
• Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)

Freedom to petition[]

• United States v. Cruikshank (1876)
• (1945)
• Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc. (1961)
• NAACP v. Button (1963)
• Edwards v. South Carolina (1963)
• United Mine Workers v. Pennington (1965)
• Cox v. Louisiana (1965)
• California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited (1972)
• (1979)
• McDonald v. Smith (1985)
• Meyer v. Grant (1988)
• Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation (1999)
• (2002)
• Doe v. Reed (2010)
• Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011)

Further reading[]

• The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Kermit L. Hall, ed.
• The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions. Kermit L. Hall, ed.
• Alley, Robert S. (1999). The Constitution & Religion: Leading Supreme Court Cases on Church and State. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-703-1.