List of coordinate charts

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article attempts to conveniently list articles on some of the most useful coordinate charts in some of the most useful examples of Riemannian manifolds.

The notion of a coordinate chart is fundamental to various notions of a manifold which are used in mathematics. In order of increasing level of structure:

For our purposes, the key feature of the last two examples is that we have defined a metric tensor which we can use to integrate along a curve, such as a geodesic curve. The key difference between Riemannian metrics and semi-Riemannian metrics is that the former arise from bundling positive-definite quadratic forms, whereas the latter arise from bundling indefinite quadratic forms.

A four-dimensional semi-Riemannian manifold is often called a Lorentzian manifold, because these provide the mathematical setting for metric theories of gravitation such as general relativity.

For many topics in applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and engineering, it is important to be able to write the most important partial differential equations of mathematical physics

(as well as variants of this basic triad) in various coordinate systems which are adapted to any symmetries which may be present. While this may be how many students first encounter a non-Cartesian coordinate chart, such as the cylindrical chart on E3 (three-dimensional Euclidean space), it turns out that these charts are useful for many other purposes, such as writing down interesting vector fields, congruences of curves, or frame fields in a convenient way.

Listing commonly encountered coordinate charts unavoidably involves some real and apparent overlap, for at least two reasons:

  • many charts exist in all (sufficiently large) dimensions, but perhaps only for certain families of manifolds such as spheres,
  • many charts most commonly encountered for specific manifolds, such as spheres, actually can be used (with an appropriate metric tensor) for more general manifolds, such as spherically symmetric manifolds.

Therefore, seemingly any attempt to organize them into a list involves multiple overlaps, which we have accepted in this list in order to be able to offer a convenient if messy reference.

We emphasize that this list is far from exhaustive.

Favorite surfaces[]

Here are some charts which (with appropriate metric tensors) can be used in the stated classes of Riemannian and semi-Riemannian surfaces:

  • Radially symmetric surfaces:
    • polar chart
  • Surfaces embedded in E3:
  • Certain minimal surfaces:
    • (see also asymptotic line)

Here are some charts on some of the most useful Riemannian surfaces (note that there is some overlap, since many charts of S2 have closely analogous charts on H2; in such cases, both are discussed in the same article):

  • Euclidean plane E2:
    • Cartesian chart
  • Sphere S2:
    • polar chart (arc length radial chart)
    • stereographic chart
    • Mercator chart
  • Hyperbolic plane H2:
    • polar chart
    • stereographic chart (Poincaré model)
    • (another Poincaré model)
    • (Klein model)
    • Mercator chart

Favorite semi-Riemannian surface:

  • AdS2 (or S1,1) and dS2 (or H1,1):
    • central projection
    • equatorial trig

Note: the difference between these two surfaces is in a sense merely a matter of convention, according to whether we consider either the cyclic or the non-cyclic coordinate to be timelike; in higher dimensions the distinction is less trivial.

Favorite Riemannian three-manifolds[]

Here are some charts which (with appropriate metric tensors) can be used in the stated classes of three-dimensional Riemannian manifolds:

  • Diagonalizable manifolds:

(Note: not every three manifold admits an isothermal chart.)

  • Axially symmetric manifolds:
    • (rational and trigonometric forms)
    • (rational and trigonometric forms)

Here are some charts which can be used on some of the most useful Riemannian three-manifolds:

  • Three-dimensional Euclidean space E3:
    • cartesian
    • elliptical cylindrical, hyperbolic cylindrical, parabolic cylindrical charts
    • (rational and trigonometric forms)
    • (rational and trigonometric forms)
    • and
  • Three-sphere S3
    • polar chart
    • stereographic chart
  • Hyperbolic three-space H3
    • polar chart
    • (Poincaré model)

A few higher-dimensional examples[]

  • Sn
  • Hn
    • (Poincaré model)

Omitted examples[]

There are of course many important and interesting examples of Riemannian and semi-Riemannian manifolds which are not even mentioned here, including:

  • Bianchi groups: there is a short list (up to local isometry) of three-dimensional real Lie groups, which when considered as Riemannian-three manifolds give homogeneous but (usually) non-isotropic geometries.
  • other noteworthy real Lie groups,
  • Lorentzian manifolds which (perhaps with some added structure such as a scalar field) serve as solutions to the field equations of various metric theories of gravitation, in particular general relativity. There is some overlap here; in particular:
  • such as possess various charts discussed here; the prolate spheroidal chart turns out to be particularly useful,
  • in cosmology are, as manifolds, nothing other than H1,3 and as such possess numerous interesting and useful charts modeled after ones listed here.

In addition, one can certainly consider coordinate charts on complex manifolds, perhaps with metrics which arise from bundling Hermitian forms. Indeed, this natural generalization is just the tip of iceberg. However, these generalizations are best dealt with in more specialized lists.

See also[]

Retrieved from ""