List of current heads of state and government
This is a list of current heads of state and heads of government. In some cases, mainly in presidential systems, there is only one leader being both head of state and head of government. In other cases, mainly in semi-presidential and parliamentary systems, the head of state and the head of government are different people. In semi-presidential and parliamentary systems, the head of government role (i.e. executive branch) is fulfilled by both the listed head of government and the head of state. In single-party systems, ruling party's leader (i.e. General Secretary) is usually the de facto top leader of the state, though sometimes this leader also holds presidency or premiership.
The list includes the names of recently elected or appointed heads of state and government who will take office on an appointed date, as presidents-elect and prime ministers-designate, and those leading a government in exile if internationally recognised.
Member and observer states of the United Nations
Colour key |
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Green cells indicate leaders whose offices constitutionally administer the executive of their respective state/government.
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Blue cells indicate non–ceremonial heads of state with limited power (e.g. Bhutan) or de facto government leaders whose offices lack de jure constitutional power (e.g. Myanmar).
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- Note: Names in small font generally denote acting, transitional, temporary leaders, or representatives. Other notes and exceptions are provided at § Notes.
State | Head of state | Head of government |
---|---|---|
Afghanistan | Leader – Hibatullah Akhundzada | Acting Prime Minister – Hasan Akhund |
Albania | President – Ilir Meta | Prime Minister – Edi Rama |
Algeria | President – Abdelmadjid Tebboune | Prime Minister – Aymen Benabderrahmane |
Andorra | Episcopal Co-Prince – Joan Enric Vives i Sicília Co-Prince's Representative – Josep Maria Mauri French Co-Prince – Emmanuel Macron[α] Co-Prince's Representative – Patrick Strzoda |
Prime Minister – Xavier Espot Zamora |
Angola | President – João Lourenço | |
Antigua and Barbuda | Queen – Elizabeth II[β] Governor-General – Sir Rodney Williams |
Prime Minister – Gaston Browne |
Argentina | President – Alberto Fernández | |
Armenia | Acting President – Alen Simonyan | Prime Minister – Nikol Pashinyan |
Australia | Queen – Elizabeth II[β] Governor-General – David Hurley |
Prime Minister – Scott Morrison |
Austria | President – Alexander Van der Bellen | Chancellor – Karl Nehammer |
Azerbaijan | President – Ilham Aliyev | Prime Minister – Ali Asadov |
Bahamas, The | Queen – Elizabeth II[β] Governor-General – Sir Cornelius A. Smith |
Prime Minister – Philip Davis |
Bahrain | King – Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa | Prime Minister – Prince Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa |
Bangladesh | President – Abdul Hamid | Prime Minister – Sheikh Hasina |
Barbados | President – Dame Sandra Mason | Prime Minister – Mia Mottley |
Belarus | President – Alexander Lukashenko | Prime Minister – Roman Golovchenko |
Belgium | King – Philippe | Prime Minister – Alexander De Croo |
Belize | Queen – Elizabeth II[β] Governor-General – Froyla Tzalam |
Prime Minister – Juan Briceño |
Benin | President – Patrice Talon | |
Bhutan | King – Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck | Prime Minister – Lotay Tshering |
Bolivia | President – Luis Arce | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | High Representative – Christian Schmidt | |
Presidency[γ] | Prime Minister – Zoran Tegeltija | |
Željko Komšić (as Chairman) | ||
Botswana | President – Mokgweetsi Masisi | |
Brazil | President – Jair Bolsonaro | |
Brunei | Sultan and Prime Minister – Hassanal Bolkiah | |
Bulgaria | President – Rumen Radev | Prime Minister – Kiril Petkov |
Burkina Faso | President – Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba | |
President of the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration – Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba | ||
Burundi | President – Évariste Ndayishimiye[δ] | Prime Minister – Alain-Guillaume Bunyoni |
Cambodia | King – Norodom Sihamoni | Prime Minister – Hun Sen |
Cameroon | President – Paul Biya[δ] | Prime Minister – Joseph Ngute |
Canada | Queen – Elizabeth II[β] Governor General – Mary Simon |
Prime Minister – Justin Trudeau |
Cape Verde | President – José Maria Neves | Prime Minister – Ulisses Correia e Silva |
Central African Republic | President – Faustin-Archange Touadéra[δ] | Prime Minister – Henri-Marie Dondra |
Chad | Interim President – Mahamat Déby[δ] | Chairman of the Transitional Military Council – Mahamat Déby |
Acting Prime Minister – Albert Pahimi Padacké | ||
Chile | President – Sebastián Piñera | |
President-elect – Gabriel Boric | ||
China | General Secretary of the Communist Party – Xi Jinping | |
President – Xi Jinping | Premier – Li Keqiang | |
Colombia | President – Iván Duque | |
Comoros | President – Azali Assoumani | |
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | President – Félix Tshisekedi | Prime Minister – Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde |
Congo, Republic of the | President – Denis Sassou Nguesso | Prime Minister – Anatole Collinet Makosso |
Costa Rica | President – Carlos Alvarado Quesada | |
Croatia | President – Zoran Milanović | Prime Minister – Andrej Plenković |
Cuba | First Secretary of the Communist Party – Miguel Díaz-Canel | |
President – Miguel Díaz-Canel | Prime Minister – Manuel Marrero Cruz | |
Cyprus | President – Nicos Anastasiades | |
Czech Republic | President – Miloš Zeman | Prime Minister – Petr Fiala |
Denmark | Queen – Margrethe II | Prime Minister – Mette Frederiksen |
Djibouti | President – Ismaïl Omar Guelleh[δ] | Prime Minister – Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed |
Dominica | President – Charles Savarin | Prime Minister – Roosevelt Skerrit |
Dominican Republic | President – Luis Abinader | |
East Timor | President – Francisco Guterres | Prime Minister – Taur Matan Ruak |
Ecuador | President – Guillermo Lasso | |
Egypt | President – Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | Prime Minister – Mostafa Madbouly |
El Salvador | President – Nayib Bukele | |
Equatorial Guinea | President – Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo[δ] | Prime Minister – Francisco Pascual Obama Asue |
Eritrea | Chairman of the People's Front for Democracy and Justice – Isaias Afwerki | |
President – Isaias Afwerki | ||
Estonia | President – Alar Karis | Prime Minister – Kaja Kallas |
Eswatini | King – Mswati III | Prime Minister – Cleopas Dlamini |
Ethiopia | President – Sahle-Work Zewde | Prime Minister – Abiy Ahmed |
Fiji | President – Ratu Wiliame Katonivere | Prime Minister – Frank Bainimarama |
Finland | President – Sauli Niinistö | Prime Minister – Sanna Marin |
France | President – Emmanuel Macron[α] | Prime Minister – Jean Castex |
Gabon | President – Ali Bongo Ondimba[δ] | Prime Minister – Rose Christiane Raponda |
Gambia, The | President – Adama Barrow | |
Georgia | President – Salome Zourabichvili | Prime Minister – Irakli Garibashvili |
Germany | President – Frank-Walter Steinmeier | Chancellor – Olaf Scholz |
Ghana | President – Nana Akufo-Addo | |
Greece | President – Katerina Sakellaropoulou | Prime Minister – Kyriakos Mitsotakis |
Grenada | Queen – Elizabeth II[β] Governor-General – Dame Cécile La Grenade |
Prime Minister – Keith Mitchell |
Guatemala | President – Alejandro Giammattei | |
Guinea | Interim President – Mamady Doumbouya[δ] | Chairman of the National Committee of Reconciliation and Development – Mamady Doumbouya |
Acting Prime Minister – Mohamed Béavogui | ||
Guinea-Bissau | President – Umaro Sissoco Embaló | Prime Minister – Nuno Gomes Nabiam |
Guyana | President – Irfaan Ali[δ] | Prime Minister – Mark Phillips |
Haiti | Interim President – Ariel Henry | Prime Minister – Ariel Henry Prime minister-designate – |
President-elect – Fritz Jean | ||
Honduras | President – Xiomara Castro | |
Hungary | President – János Áder | Prime Minister – Viktor Orbán |
Iceland | President – Guðni Th. Jóhannesson | Prime Minister – Katrín Jakobsdóttir |
India | President – Ram Nath Kovind | Prime Minister – Narendra Modi |
Indonesia | President – Joko Widodo | |
Iran | Supreme Leader – Ali Khamenei[ε] | President – Ebrahim Raisi |
Iraq | President – Barham Salih | Prime Minister – Mustafa Al-Kadhimi |
Ireland | President – Michael D. Higgins | Taoiseach – Micheál Martin |
Israel | President – Isaac Herzog | Prime Minister – Naftali Bennett |
Italy | President – Sergio Mattarella | Prime Minister – Mario Draghi |
Ivory Coast | President – Alassane Ouattara[δ] | Prime Minister – Patrick Achi |
Jamaica | Queen – Elizabeth II[β] Governor-General – Sir Patrick Allen |
Prime Minister – Andrew Holness |
Japan | Emperor – Naruhito[ζ] | Prime Minister – Fumio Kishida |
Jordan | King – Abdullah II | Prime Minister – Bisher Al-Khasawneh |
Kazakhstan | President – Qasym-Zhomart Toqaev[δ] | Prime Minister – Alihan Smaiylov |
Kenya | President – Uhuru Kenyatta | |
Kiribati | President – Taneti Maamau | |
Kuwait | Emir – Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah | Prime Minister – Sheikh Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah |
Kyrgyzstan | President – Sadyr Dzaparov[δ] | Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers – Akylbek Dzaparov |
Laos | General Secretary of the People's Revolutionary Party – Thongloun Sisoulith | |
President – Thongloun Sisoulith | Prime Minister – Phankham Viphavanh | |
Latvia | President – Egils Levits | Prime Minister – Krišjānis Kariņš |
Lebanon | President – Michel Aoun | Prime Minister – Najib Mikati |
Lesotho | King – Letsie III | Prime Minister – Moeketsi Majoro |
Liberia | President – George Weah | |
Libya | ||
Presidential Council[η] | Prime Minister – Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh | |
Mohamed al-Menfi (as Chairman) | ||
(as Member)
Musa al-Koni (as Member) | ||
Liechtenstein | Prince Regnant – Hans-Adam II | Prime Minister – Daniel Risch |
Regent – Hereditary Prince Alois | ||
Lithuania | President – Gitanas Nausėda | Prime Minister – Ingrida Šimonytė |
Luxembourg | Grand Duke – Henri | Prime Minister – Xavier Bettel |
Madagascar | President – Andry Rajoelina | Prime Minister – Christian Ntsay |
Malawi | President – Lazarus Chakwera | |
Malaysia | Yang di-Pertuan Agong – Abdullah Sultan Ahmad Shah | Prime Minister – Ismail Sabri Yaakob |
Maldives | President – Ibrahim Mohamed Solih | |
Mali | Interim President – Assimi Goïta | Acting Prime Minister – Choguel Kokalla Maïga |
Malta | President – George Vella | Prime Minister – Robert Abela |
Marshall Islands | President – David Kabua | |
Mauritania | President – Mohamed Ould Ghazouani | Prime Minister – Mohamed Ould Bilal |
Mauritius | President – Prithvirajsing Roopun | Prime Minister – Pravind Jugnauth |
Mexico | President – Andrés Manuel López Obrador | |
Federated States of Micronesia | President – David W. Panuelo | |
Moldova | President – Maia Sandu | Prime Minister – Natalia Gavrilița |
Monaco | Sovereign Prince – Albert II | Minister of State – Pierre Dartout |
Mongolia | President – Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh | Prime Minister – Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene |
Montenegro | President – Milo Đukanović | Prime Minister – Zdravko Krivokapić |
Morocco | King – Mohammed VI | Prime Minister – Aziz Akhannouch |
Mozambique | President – Filipe Nyusi[δ] | Prime Minister – Carlos Agostinho do Rosário |
Myanmar | Acting President – Myint Swe[δ] | Chairman of the State Administration Council – Min Aung Hlaing[1] |
Prime Minister – Min Aung Hlaing | ||
Namibia | President – Hage Geingob[δ] | Prime Minister – Saara Kuugongelwa |
Nauru | President – Lionel Aingimea | |
Nepal | President – Bidhya Devi Bhandari | Prime Minister – Sher Bahadur Deuba |
Netherlands | King – Willem-Alexander | Prime Minister – Mark Rutte |
New Zealand | Queen – Elizabeth II[β] Governor-General – Dame Cindy Kiro[θ] |
Prime Minister – Jacinda Ardern |
Nicaragua | President – Daniel Ortega | |
Niger | President – Mohamed Bazoum | Prime Minister – Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou |
Nigeria | President – Muhammadu Buhari | |
North Korea | General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea – Kim Jong-un | |
Supreme Leader – Kim Jong-un[ι] Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly – Choe Ryong-hae[κ] |
Premier – Kim Tok-hun | |
North Macedonia | President – Stevo Pendarovski | Prime Minister – Dimitar Kovačevski |
Norway | King – Harald V | Prime Minister – Jonas Gahr Støre |
Oman | Sultan and Prime Minister – Haitham bin Tarik | |
Pakistan | President – Arif Alvi | Prime Minister – Imran Khan |
Palau | President – Surangel Whipps Jr. | |
Palestine | President – Mahmoud Abbas | Prime Minister – Mohammad Shtayyeh |
Panama | President – Laurentino Cortizo | |
Papua New Guinea | Queen – Elizabeth II[β] Governor-General – Sir Bob Dadae |
Prime Minister – James Marape |
Paraguay | President – Mario Abdo Benítez | |
Peru | President – Pedro Castillo[δ] | Prime Minister – Héctor Valer |
Philippines | President – Rodrigo Duterte | |
Poland | President – Andrzej Duda | Prime Minister – Mateusz Morawiecki |
Portugal | President – Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa | Prime Minister – António Costa |
Qatar | Emir – Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani | Prime Minister – Sheikh Khalid bin Khalifa bin Abdul Aziz Al Thani |
Romania | President – Klaus Iohannis | Prime Minister – Nicolae Ciucă |
Russia | President – Vladimir Putin | Prime Minister – Mikhail Mishustin |
Rwanda | President – Paul Kagame[δ] | Prime Minister – Édouard Ngirente |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | Queen – Elizabeth II[β] Governor-General – Sir Tapley Seaton |
Prime Minister – Timothy Harris |
Saint Lucia | Queen – Elizabeth II[β] Acting Governor-General – Errol Charles |
Prime Minister – Philip J. Pierre |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Queen – Elizabeth II[β] Governor-General – Dame Susan Dougan |
Prime Minister – Ralph Gonsalves |
Samoa | O le Ao o le Malo – Afioga Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II | Prime Minister – Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa |
San Marino | Captain Regent[λ] – Francesco Mussoni | Secretary for Foreign and Political Affairs[2] – Luca Beccari |
Captain Regent[λ] – Giacomo Simoncini | ||
São Tomé and Príncipe | President – Carlos Vila Nova | Prime Minister – Jorge Bom Jesus |
Saudi Arabia | King and Prime Minister – Salman | |
Senegal | President – Macky Sall | |
Serbia | President – Aleksandar Vučić | Prime Minister – Ana Brnabić |
Seychelles | President – Wavel Ramkalawan | |
Sierra Leone | President – Julius Maada Bio[δ] | Chief Minister – Jacob Jusu Saffa |
Singapore | President – Halimah Yacob | Prime Minister – Lee Hsien Loong |
Slovakia | President – Zuzana Čaputová | Prime Minister – Eduard Heger |
Slovenia | President – Borut Pahor | Prime Minister – Janez Janša |
Solomon Islands | Queen – Elizabeth II[β] Governor-General – Sir David Vunagi |
Prime Minister – Manasseh Sogavare |
Somalia | President – Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed | Prime Minister – Mohamed Hussein Roble |
South Africa | President – Cyril Ramaphosa | |
South Korea | President – Moon Jae-in [δ] | Prime Minister – Kim Boo-kyum |
South Sudan | President – Salva Kiir Mayardit | |
Spain | King – Felipe VI | Prime Minister – Pedro Sánchez |
Sri Lanka | President – Gotabaya Rajapaksa | Prime Minister – Mahinda Rajapaksa |
Sudan | Chairman of the Transitional Sovereignty Council – Abdel Fattah al-Burhan | Acting Prime Minister – |
Suriname | President – Chan Santokhi | |
Sweden | King – Carl XVI Gustaf | Prime Minister – Magdalena Andersson |
Switzerland | ||
Federal Council[μ] | ||
| ||
Syria | President – Bashar al-Assad | Prime Minister – Hussein Arnous |
Tajikistan | President – Emomali Rahmon[δ] | Prime Minister – Kokhir Rasulzoda |
Tanzania | President – Samia Suluhu Hassan[δ] | Prime Minister – Kassim Majaliwa |
Thailand | King – Maha Vajiralongkorn | Prime Minister – Prayut Chan-o-cha |
Togo | President – Faure Gnassingbé[δ] | Prime Minister – Victoire Tomegah Dogbé |
Tonga | King – Tupou VI | Prime Minister – Siaosi Sovaleni |
Trinidad and Tobago | President – Paula-Mae Weekes | Prime Minister – Keith Rowley |
Tunisia | President – Kaïs Saïed | Prime Minister – Najla Bouden |
Turkey | President – Recep Tayyip Erdoğan | |
Turkmenistan | President – Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow | |
Tuvalu | Queen – Elizabeth II[β] Governor-General – Tofiga Vaevalu Falani |
Prime Minister – Kausea Natano |
Uganda | President – Yoweri Museveni[δ] | Prime Minister – Robinah Nabbanja |
Ukraine | President – Volodymyr Zelensky | Prime Minister – Denys Shmyhal |
United Arab Emirates | President – Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan | Prime Minister – Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum |
United Kingdom | Queen – Elizabeth II[β] | Prime Minister – Boris Johnson |
United States | President – Joe Biden | |
Uruguay | President – Luis Lacalle Pou | |
Uzbekistan | President – Shavkat Mirziyoyev[δ] | Prime Minister – Abdulla Aripov |
Vanuatu | President – Tallis Obed Moses | Prime Minister – Bob Loughman |
Vatican City | Sovereign – Pope Francis | President of the Governorate – Archbishop Fernando Vérgez Alzaga |
Venezuela | President – Nicolás Maduro[ν] | |
Vietnam | General Secretary of the Communist Party – Nguyễn Phú Trọng | |
President – Nguyễn Xuân Phúc | Prime Minister – Phạm Minh Chính | |
Yemen | President – Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi | Prime Minister – Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed |
Zambia | President – Hakainde Hichilema | |
Zimbabwe | President – Emmerson Mnangagwa |
Other states
The following states are in free association with another UN member state.
State | Associated with | Head of state | Head of government |
---|---|---|---|
Cook Islands | New Zealand | Queen – Elizabeth II[ξ] Queen's Representative – Tom Marsters |
Prime Minister – Mark Brown |
Niue | New Zealand | Queen – Elizabeth II[ξ] Queen's Representative – Dame Cindy Kiro[θ] |
Premier – Dalton Tagelagi |
The following states control their territory and are recognised by at least one UN member state.
State | Also claimed by | Head of state | Head of government |
---|---|---|---|
Abkhazia | Georgia | President – Aslan Bzhania | Prime Minister – Aleksander Ankvab |
Republic of China (Taiwan) | People's Republic of China | President – Tsai Ing-wen | Premier – Su Tseng-chang |
Kosovo | Serbia | President – Vjosa Osmani | Prime Minister – Albin Kurti |
Northern Cyprus | Cyprus | President – Ersin Tatar | Prime Minister – Faiz Sucuoğlu |
Sahrawi Republic | Morocco | General Secretary of the Polisario Front – Brahim Ghali | |
President – Brahim Ghali | Prime Minister – Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun | ||
South Ossetia | Georgia | President – Anatoly Bibilov | Prime Minister – Gennady Bekoyev |
The following states control their territory, but are not recognised by any UN member states.
State | Also claimed by | Head of state | Head of government |
---|---|---|---|
Artsakh | Azerbaijan | President – Arayik Harutyunyan | |
Donetsk People's Republic | Ukraine | Head of the Republic – Denis Pushilin | Prime Minister – Aleksander Ananchenko |
Luhansk People's Republic | Ukraine | Head of the Republic – Leonid Pasechnik | Prime Minister – Sergey Kozlov |
Somaliland | Somalia | President – Muse Bihi Abdi | |
Transnistria | Moldova | President – Vadim Krasnoselsky | Prime Minister – Aleksandr Martynov |
Other governments
These alternative governments are recognized as legitimate by at least one UN member or are in control of their countries.
Government | State | Head of state | Head of government |
---|---|---|---|
National Assembly | Venezuela | President of the National Assembly – Juan Guaidó | |
Supreme Political Council | Yemen | President of the Supreme Political Council – Mahdi al-Mashat | Prime Minister – Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour |
Syrian Interim Government | Syria | President – Salem al-Meslet | Prime Minister – Abdurrahman Mustafa |
Sui generis entities
Entity | Head of entity | Head of government |
---|---|---|
European Union | President of the European Council – Charles Michel[citation needed] | President of the European Commission – Ursula von der Leyen[citation needed] |
Sovereign Military Order of Malta | Lieutenant (interim Grand Master) – Marco Luzzago | Grand Chancellor – Albrecht Freiherr von Boeselager |
See also
- President of the Republic
- List of countries by system of government
- List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office
- List of current monarchs of sovereign states
- List of current vice presidents and designated acting presidents
- List of current foreign ministers
- List of current presidents of legislatures
- List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government
- List of leaders of dependent territories
- List of oldest living state leaders
- List of national governments
- Lists of state leaders
- Lists of state leaders by year
- List of state leaders in the 21st century
- List of state leaders in 2022
Notes
- ^ a b The President of France and the French Co-Prince of Andorra are positions held by the same person.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Elizabeth II is separately and equally monarch of 15 sovereign states known collectively as the Commonwealth realms. In each of these states (with the exception of the United Kingdom, where she permanently resides), she is represented at the national level by a governor-general.
- ^ The three-member Bosnian presidency is the head of state collectively.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x In this state, the president is both head of state and head of government; the office of prime minister may exist in these states, but it does not direct executive power—nor does the Kyrgyzstani Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers, or the Sierra Leonean Chief Minister.
- ^ According to articles 89 to 91 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Supreme Leader of Iran is the head of state, and the President is the head of government. The President is required to gain the Supreme Leader's official approval before being sworn in before Parliament, and the Supreme Leader also has the power to dismiss the elected President at any time.
- ^ The constitution of Japan does not define a formal head of state, but the Emperor by unwritten constitutional convention fulfills the functions and duties of this role.
- ^ As part of a cease fire agreement, the three-member Libyan presidency is the head of state collectively.
- ^ a b The Governor-General of New Zealand and the Queen's Representative of Niue are positions held by the same person.
- ^ The term "Supreme Leader" is used as a description (for the sake of brevity) rather than being an official title of a single office.
The four actual offices held by Kim are:
- General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
- Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea
- President of the State Affairs Commission of the DPRK—constitutionally defined as the head of state of North Korea
- Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the DPRK
- ^ The Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly accepts the credentials of foreign ambassadors and represents North Korea on all state visits—ceremonial functions usually performed by heads of state in other states. The Chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly has held these duties since 1998, when the constitution was revised.
- ^ a b The Captain Regent representing the party with a plurality of seats in the legislature of San Marino, the Grand and General Council, exercises more legislative power than the Captain Regent belonging to the opposition.
- ^ The seven-member Swiss Federal Council is collectively head of state and government. As a party to the Council, the President serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
- ^ The office of head of state of Venezuela has been disputed between Nicolás Maduro and the President of the National Assembly of Venezuela, Juan Guaidó, since 11 January 2019. See also the Other governments section of this list article.
- ^ a b Elizabeth II is head of state of the Cook Islands and Niue in her capacity as Queen in Right of New Zealand. She is represented in each of these states by a Queen's Representative.
References
- ^ "Suu Kyi Jailed Two Years by Myanmar Regime, Drawing U.K. Rebuke". Bloomberg News. 6 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ^ "San Marino: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report".
External links
- CIDOB Foundation (in Spanish)—contextualised biographies of world political leaders
- EmilePhaneuf—an archived, partial list of official websites for heads of state
- Portale Storia (in Italian)—a list of current rulers by country
- Rulers—a list of rulers throughout time and places
- United Nations—a list of heads of state, heads of government, and foreign ministers
- Lists of current office-holders
- Lists of heads of state
- Lists of heads of government
- 2020s in politics
- Contemporary history