List of defunct department stores of the United States

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For department stores currently in business, see List of department stores of the United States.

This is a list of defunct department stores of the United States, from small-town one-unit stores to mega-chains, which have disappeared over the past 100 years. Many closed, while others were sold or merged with other department stores.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by with reliable sources.

Department stores merged with Federated and May[]

Timeline of former nameplates merging into Macy's.

Many United States department store chains and local department stores, some with long and proud histories, went out of business or lost their identities between 1986 and 2006 as the result of a complex series of corporate mergers and acquisitions that involved Federated Department Stores and The May Department Stores Company with many stores becoming units of Macy's, Inc. The following is a list of the affected stores, including some local and regional stores that earlier had been absorbed into chains that became part of Federated, May, or Macy's.

Other department stores[]

National and regional[]

  • Acorn Stores (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
  • Ames Department Stores Inc. (based in Rocky Hill, Connecticut)
  • Arlan's Department Store (Mid-Atlantic and Midwest)
  • Ayr-Way (Midwest/Great Lakes States-Based out of Indianapolis) Was discount chain of L.S. Ayres & Co. that eventually became Target Stores.
  • L.S. Ayres (Indianapolis-Midwest/ Great Lakes states) Was eventually sold to May Department Stores and finally became Macy's.
  • The Bon-Ton and its subsidiaries: Bergner's, Boston Store (Wisconsin), Carson's, Elder-Beerman, Herberger's and Younkers.
  • Bradlees (based in Boston, Massachusetts) (New England, Mid-Atlantic)
  • Britt's Department Store (national)
  • E. J. Korvette (East Coast and Midwest) last stores were closed in 1980 after filing for bankruptcy[2]
  • Fisher's Big Wheel (Northeast & Midwest) Discount Department Stores based out of metro Pittsburgh, PA.
  • F.W. Woolworth Company
  • G. E. M. Membership Department Stores (national/Ontario, Canada; also known as . and )
  • Gibson's Discount Center, based in Texas but had spread to many other states at its peak
  • W. T. Grant
  • Hills Department Stores (National) Was bought out by Ames Department Stores.
  • Howard Brothers Discount Stores
  • Jack's (operated by Penn-Daniels and based in Quincy, Illinois with locations in Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri)
  • Jamesway (Mid-Atlantic)
  • S.H. Kress & Co., Puerto Rico subsidiary Tiendas Kress lives on, having survived parent company
  • Leggett (Mid-Atlantic), acquired by Belk in 1997[3]
  • Lord & Taylor, the oldest department store chain in the United States, founded in 1826 in New York City, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on August 2, 2020. On August 27, 2020, the company stated it would be liquidating all 38 locations by December 1, 2020.
  • McCrory Stores (national)
  • Mervyn's (primarily western U.S. but also in a few midwestern and southern U.S. states)
  • Montgomery Ward (national - Chicago)
  • Neisner's
  • (located in the northeast and midwestern U.S.), acquired by Amazing Savings in 2003 and went bankrupt in 2005[4][5][6]
  • , acquired by International Shoe Company (later renamed Interco) in 1964;[7] later sold to Dollar General in 1983 and rebranded[8][9]
  • Schultz's Family Stores, began as Schultz Bros. Co., headquartered in Lake Zurich, Illinois, 77 total stores in 1974 in the Upper Midwest, bankrupt and bought by Prange Way in 1989
  • Sears Roebuck
  • Shoppers Fair
  • Steve & Barry's
  • Syms
  • Topps stores were closed when parent company, Interstate Stores filed for bankruptcy in 1974[10]
  • Two Guys (Mid-Atlantic)
  • Value City (Nationwide)
  • Venture Stores (National) Based out of St Louis, MO metro area.
  • Woolco, founded by the F.W. Woolworth Company as a full-line discount department store
  • Zayre (New England, Mid-Atlantic, Chicago, Florida, Georgia)

Alabama[]

  • Gayfer's (Mobile)
  • Loveman's (Birmingham)
  • (Birmingham) Opened in 1932, closed in 2011.[11]
  • Parisian (Birmingham), sold to Belk 2006, renamed September 2007. Five stores sold to The Bon-Ton, converted to the Carson Pirie Scott name.
  • Pizitz (Birmingham), 13-store Alabama chain, sold to McRae's 1987, renamed later that year
  • Rogers (Florence) Became a division of Dunlap's that closed in 2007 after sale of store chain by Rogers family.

Alaska[]

  • Northern Commercial (Anchorage, Fairbanks, Kenai)

Arizona[]

Arkansas[]

California[]

  • The Akron (Los Angeles), a Southern California-based "eclectic" department store chain that had specialized in carrying imported goods and unusual items such as parking meters and live Mexican monkeys, and which had stores as far north as San Francisco and far south as San Diego before it was forced to close its stores in 1985[16][17][18]
  • Blackstone's Department Store
  • (San Jose), originally M. Blum & Co., established 1907;[19] store appears to have closed shortly after death of owner and founder in 1940[20]
  • The Bon Marché (Le Sage Bros. Co.), 430–434 Broadway, opened in 1907, closed within a year[21]
  • Boston Stores (California), HQ in Inglewood and later Carson; liquidated 1989
  • The Broadway (Los Angeles), converted to Macy's
  • Brock's (Bakersfield), started in 1924 and sold to Gottschalks in 1987[22][23]
  • Breuner's
  • Buffum's
  • Bullock's (Los Angeles), converted to Macy's
  • Bullocks Wilshire (Los Angeles), converted to I. Magnin, then Macy's, and today it is Southwestern University School of Law.
  • Butler Brothers (California)
  • (Petaluma), closed in 1986[24]
  • H.C. Capwell Co. (Oakland), merged with Emporium in 1929 to form the Emporium Capwell Co. holding company, Emporium-Capwell was acquired by Broadway-Hale Stores in 1970, Broadway-Hale Stores later became Carter Hawley Hale Stores and then Broadway Stores, Inc.; during this time, Capwell kept its name until 1979[25][26][27][28][29][30][31]
  • City of Paris Dry Goods Co. (San Francisco), became . Demolished except the rotunda, now part of Neiman Marcus.
  • City of Paris (Los Angeles), no relation to the San Francisco store or to Ville de Paris (Los Angeles), 1850s–1897
  • Coulter's
  • Crowley's (Vallejo)
  • (Eureka), closed in 1995, with four Northern California stores, after operating for exactly 100 years[32]
  • Desmond's, founded 1862, became a large Southland-wide chain, closed 1970s
  • (San Rafael), chain of discount stores located in Northern California and Northern Nevada, first store was opened in San Rafael in 1956 as Marin Associated Consumers by co-founder William L. Simmons,[33] stores were later renamed MAC Disco Mart and then MAC Disco Discount Department Stores,[34] chain sold to Daylin in 1966 and renamed Disco Discount Department Stores, first store outside of Northern California opened in Reno in 1968,[35] stores were closed by 1975 due to financial problems with parent company[36]
  • B. H. Dyas
  • Eastern-Columbia Department Store, Eastern Outfitters, Columbia Outfitters, San Francisco/Los Angeles through the 1950s
  • Fedco
  • FedMart
  • Fedway (Los Angeles) – first store in this division opened (in Texas) in 1952 by Federated Department Stores; Westwood store (first in California) opened in 1953; all stores closed and sold off in 1968[37][38][39][40][41]
  • Fifth Street Store: Walker's (Los Angeles, Long Beach, San Diego), main store in downtown Los Angeles was also known as the Fifth Street Store since it was located at the corner of Fifth and Broadway, main store was founded in 1905 as Steele, Faris, Walker Co., later became Muse, Faris, Walker Co., and then finally Walker Inc. in 1924; opened first branch store in Long Beach in the late 1920s; opened a branch store in San Diego in 1935; San Diego store separated in the early 1950s; opened second Long Beach store in 1954; closed Los Angeles store; sold Long Beach stores in 1960 and store renamed[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]
  • (Pasadena), founded by Jose and Lola Frink in the early twentieth century, but closed by mid-century[57]
  • Gemco
  • Globe Department Store, South Broadway between 51st–52nd, South Los Angeles (1920s-1930s)[58]
  • Gottschalks, bankrupt March 31, 2009, which closed all of the stores.[59] A few former Gottschalks stores were replaced as Macy's and Forever 21 in the Pacific region. There were plans to reopen stores in Auburn, Clovis and Oakhurst in spring 2011,[60][61] but the deal ultimately fell through.[62]
  • [63] Lakeshore Plaza, San Francisco, discount chain, a membership retailer open only to employees of local, state, and federal government agencies.
  • (San Francisco Bay Area), a 36-unit chain of men's and women's specialty stores, closed in January 1987.[64]
  • Gump's (San Francisco) closed 2018
  • Haggarty's, Los Angeles-based chain of junior department stores for apparel, 1906–1970
  • Hale's (Hale Brothers) (Sacramento/San Francisco), merged with Broadway in 1970 to form the Broadway-Hale holding company while keeping its name on its stores;[31][65][66][67][68] merged into The Emporium under Carter, Hawley & Hale.
  • A. Hamburger & Sons (Los Angeles), founded in 1881, purchased by May Co. 1923 and renamed May Company California[69][70][71][72][73][74]
  • Harris Department Store, based in San Bernardino, absorbed by Gottschalks
  • Harris & Frank
  • (San Jose)[75]
  • Henshey's (Santa Monica), finally closed in 1992 after being in business since 1925[76][77]
  • (Martinez), three locations closed 2001[78]
  • (Berkeley), also known as J.F. Hink & Son, closed in 1985[79]
  • Hinshaw's (Arcadia and Whittier), both stores were closed in 1992[80]
  • (Oakland), founded by Israel Kahn in 1879, acquired by newly formed in 1925,[81][82][83][84] B.F. Schlesinger & Sons was renamed in 1941, Kahn was rebranded Rhodes in 1960[85][86]
  • S. Lazard & Co.
  • (Vallejo), closed in the early 1980s[87]
  • Liberty House (became Macy's)
  • (San Francisco), liquidated when its parent company, Beck Industries, filed for bankruptcy in 1970[88][89]
  • I. Magnin (San Francisco), converted to Macy's
  • Joseph Magnin Co., closed 1984
  • Marston's San Diego, 3 branches, purchased by The Broadway in the 1960s
  • (Petaluma) – closed in 1995[90]
  • May Company (Los Angeles), converted to Robinsons-May, then Macy's
  • Mervyn's of California, operated stores in western US. Went bankrupt December 2008
  • Milliron's, see Fifth Street Store, above
  • Nahas, 1953–early 1980s junior department stores with clothing and home goods, mostly in Los Angeles County. Purchased and absorbed independent department stores North Hollywood, Santa Barbara and Butler Bros. Van Nuys.
  • F. C. Nash & Co. – Nash's (Pasadena), at one time had 5 stores in downtown locations in neighboring small cities during the 1950s and 1960s, founded in 1889 as a grocery store, became a department store in 1921, branch stores were unable to compete with larger chains opening in malls built in the late 1960s and early 1970s and had to be closed, main store destroyed in a daytime fire on May 11, 1976[91][92][93][94][95]
  • , purchased by Macy's 1945,[96] name changed to Macy's 1947[97]
  • Phelps-Terkel junior department store for apparel, founded 1923, survived in various forms until 1992
  • Pic 'N' Save
  • (San Francisco), closed in 1921 after 25 years in business[98][99]
  • Rankin's, Downtown Santa Ana and Orangefair Center, Fullerton
  • Rhodes (Sacramento and Central Valley), became Liberty House
  • Robert's, based in Long Beach, which grew to nine stores before closing in the 1990s
  • J.W. Robinson (Los Angeles), converted to Robinsons-May, then Macy's
  • Rosenberg's (Santa Rosa), located on Third Street; closed in 1998;[100] now a Barnes & Noble
  • Sage's Complete Shopping, one of the first full department stores that coined the name "super market," at Baseline and E Street in San Bernardino, later with stores in Riverside, Rialto, Colton and Redlands, confounded by Milton Ross Sage and C. C. Jenkins, 1937-1973[101]
  • Silverwoods
  • Swelldom, junior department stores for apparel, Los Angeles, 1906–1970s
  • Two Guys
  • Unimart (Los Angeles, San Diego), locations variously became Two Guys, Gemco, FedMart; was owned by Food Giant Markets Inc until it merged in 1967 with Vornado, the owner of Two Guys, which quickly converted Unimart stores to Two Guys.[102][103]
  • Ville de Paris, Los Angeles 1893–1919
  • Walker's, see Fifth Street Store (original Los Angeles store, from which Walker's Long Beach spun off) and Walker Scott (San Diego spinoff).
  • Walker's (Long Beach)
  • Walker Scott (San Diego), Solana Beach branch is now a HomeGoods store; founded as a branch of the Walker's Department Store of Los Angeles in 1935;[104] close Walker associate George Scott became president in 1951 following death of Eliza Walker, widow of the deceased founder, in 1951; name of store changed to Walker-Scott in 1955; downtown store closed in 1984; all stores closed by 1986[105][106][107]
  • (1041 Market Street San Francisco), founded by Isidor Weinstein, went bankrupt in 1968[98][108][109][110]
  • Weinstock's (Sacramento), founded in 1874 as the One-Price Store by David Lubin and his half brother Harris Weinstein, renamed Mechanics' Store the following year, later renamed The Weinstock Lubin Company, acquired by Hale Bros. 1949, eventually acquired by Federated in 1995 via various mergers of its parent company, stores eventually rebranded Macy's[111][112]
  • White Front
  • The White House (San Francisco), closed in 1965[113]
  • Whole Earth Access (Berkeley), last stores closed in 1998[114]
  • Wineman's (HQ in Ventura, Oxnard, then Huntington Park)
  • Zody's (Los Angeles), bankrupt and locations were sold to Ralphs Grocery Stores in 1986

Colorado[]

Connecticut[]

Delaware[]

  • Almart
  • Bradlee's
  • Hess's ()
  • John Wanamaker or Wanamaker's (Wilmington and suburbs), sold to Carter Hawley Hale in 1979, then Washington, DC-based Woodward & Lothrop owned by Alfred Taubman; sold to May Company in 1995; merged with Federated Department Stores in 2005 (now known as Macy's, Inc.)
  • Montgomery Ward
  • Strawbridge and Clothier
  • Wilmington Dry Goods

District of Columbia[]

Florida[]

  • Brown's Department Stores (Dania Beach, Hollywood, Pompano Beach)
  • Burdines (Miami), merged with Macy’s in 2005
  • Cohen Brothers (Jacksonville), purchased by May in 1959; renamed
  • (Jacksonville)[116]
  • Gold Triangle (Miami, Plantation, Tampa, Orlando)
  • Ivey's (Winter Park), purchased by Dillard's in 1990
  • Jackson Byron's (later J. Byrons) (Miami)
  • Jordan Marsh (Miami)
  • J.M. Fields (Pompano Beach)
  • Maas Brothers (Tampa), merged into Burdines in 1991
  • Maison Blanche
  • McRae's, sold to Belk in 2006
  • , ()
  • Robinson's of Florida (St. Petersburg)
  • Gayfers (Clearwater, Florida)
  • Parisian, sold to Belk in 2007
  • W. T. Grant (discount, Jacksonville)
  • Woolco (Jacksonville, South Daytona and other locations)
  • Zayre (discount, Jacksonville and other locations)

Georgia[]

  • Chamberlin-Johnson-DuBose (Atlanta)
  • Davison's (Atlanta), owned by Macy's since 1925 and converted to Macy's in 1986
  • J.B. White (Augusta), became Dillard's in 1998 after J.B. White name was retired
  • J. M. High Company (Atlanta)
  • Kessler's (Atlanta), also locations in Rome, Newnan and Canton; low-end chain that closed in 1995
  • Parisian acquired by Belk in 2007
  • Rich's (Atlanta), acquired by Macy's
  • Uptons (Atlanta), liquidated in 1999; regional chain similar to Kohl's

Hawaii[]

  • Liberty House (Honolulu)

Idaho[]

  • (Idaho Falls and region) It was a Pocatello-based department store chain that had stores in Idaho and Utah and was liquidated in 1986.[117] Not to be confused with the Indianapolis-based William H. Block Co. which was also known as "Block's".
  • (southern Idaho) Caldwell-based department store chain that was purchased by the P.N. Hirsch division of Interco in 1966 when it had 25 stores and had survived at least to the mid 1980s.[118] The chain was still a part of Interco when P.N. Hirsch was sold in 1983[119] but there is no mention of the chain in print after that point.
  • King's Variety Store

Illinois[]

  • A. M. Rothschild & Co
  • Ames
  • Famous Department Store (Ottawa) closed in 1983
  • The Fair (Chicago and suburbs), acquired by Montgomery Ward in 1958
  • Gately's People's Store
  • Goldblatt's (Chicago), some stores acquired by Ames Department Stores Inc.
  • K's Merchandise Mart (Decatur)
  • Lewis's (Champaign)
  • Henry C. Lytton & Co. (Chicago, with branch in Gary, Indiana)
  • Madigans
  • MainStreet Chicago, acquired by Kohl's in 1988
  • Marshall Field's (Chicago), acquired by Macy's September 2006 despite local protest
  • McCabe's (Rock Island)
  • [120]
  • Montgomery Ward, mail order store. Founded in 1872, Montgomery Ward pioneered mail-order catalog retailing and opened its first retail store in 1926. A bankruptcy reorganization in 1999 failed to turn the chain around. Closed 2001. Still exists as a catalog/internet/mail order retailer.
  • Sears (Chicago)
  • Chas A. Stevens (Chicago) Purchased by Hartmarx Corp. before being closed.
  • Turn Style (Melrose Park), created by The Jewel Companies, Inc., sold to Venture Stores in 1978
  • Venture Stores
  • Wieboldt's (Chicago)
  • Zayre (Chicago)

Indiana[]

  • [121] (Terre Haute)
  • Ayr-Way (Indianapolis, statewide also surrounding states), originally a division of L. S. Ayres, subsequently acquired by Target
  • L.S. Ayres (Indianapolis, 6 stores, and statewide)
  • Ball Stores (Muncie)
  • William H. Block Co. (Indianapolis, statewide), also was known as Block's
  • Danner's Discount Department Stores (Indianapolis, statewide), several locations also known as 3D Discount
  • (Evansville) Purchased by Hartmarx Corp. and resold before being closed[122]
  • Fetla's (Valparaiso)[123][124]
  • (Anderson)[125]
  • Goldblatt's (South Bend)
  • (Gary)[126]
  • Heck's (Fort Wayne)
  • Hills Department Store (Indianapolis)
  • (Kokomo)[127]
  • (Richmond), founded in 1866 by George Knollenberg, closed in 1995[128]
  • Meis (Terre Haute), founded in 1923 and was acquired by Elder-Beerman in 1987.[129] At one time, it had 10 stores in three states with locations Terre Haute, Marion, Elkhart, and Kokomo in Indiana, Danville, Mattoon, and Carbondale in Illinois, and Paducah, Kentucky.[130][131][132][133]
  • (Hammond), also had a branch store in Calumet City, Illinois at River Oaks Center[134]
  • (Terre Haute) First opened in 1856 and operated until 1998 when it was sold to May Department Stores and converted to L.S. Ayres stores. Was owned by Mercantile Stores from 1914 to 1998.[135][136][137]
  • L. Strauss & Co. (Indianapolis)
  • Schultz's Family Stores (statewide and Illinois)
  • H. P. Wasson and Company (Indianapolis)
  • Incorporated (Anderson, Portland and Hartford City)[138]
  • The Wicks Co. (Bloomington), operated between 1891 and 1976.[139][140]
  • (Fort Wayne, downtown and Southtown, and Huntington), purchased from by L. S. Ayres (Indianapolis) in 1969 and rebranded as Ayres[141]
  • Zayre (Indianapolis)
  • (Elkhart), founded in 1904 and closed in 1986[142]

Iowa[]

Kansas[]

  • ALCO Stores
  • Henry's (Wichita)
  • Newman's (Arkansas City)
  • Woolf Brothers (Wichita)

Kentucky[]

Louisiana[]

  • Beall-Ladymon (Shreveport), purchased from Horace Ladymon by Stage Stores, Inc. in 1994. Stores converted to Stage soon thereafter.
  • D. H. Holmes (New Orleans), purchased by Dillard's in 1989
  • Krauss, 1903–1997
  • Maison Blanche (New Orleans), last operated under that name by Mercantile Stores Co. Remaining Maison Blanche stores converted to Dillard's in 1998.
  • The Palace (Monroe)
  • Palais Royal (Shreveport), purchased by Wellan's of Alexandria 1985. Rebranded and later closed. Stage later revived the name after their purchase of Wellan's.
  • Selber Bros. (Shreveport), begun in 1907, purchased by and converted to Dillard's in 1988[162]

Maine[]

  • Ames Department Store
  • Arlan's Department Store (Portland)
  • Ben Franklin's (Bucksport)
  • Bradlee's
  • Britt's (Ellsworth)
  • Grants Department Store (Bangor, Belfast, Biddeford, Calais, Old Town, Rockland, Portland, Brunswick)
  • LS Hall Company Caribou, Maine
  • Mammoth Mart (Bangor, Biddeford, Brunswick, Scarborough, Waterville), Ellsworth
  • McLellan's (Waterville, Westbrook)
  • J.J. Newberry (Lincoln, Millinocket, Calais, Eastport, Ellsworth, Brunswick, Norway)
  • Porteous, Mitchell & Braun (Congress Street, Portland), branch locations in Auburn, Bangor, Brunswick, Presque Isle, South Portland, Newington, New Hampshire and Burlington, Vermont
  • , Main St Bangor, Maine

Maryland[]

  • Bradleys (Dundalk, Baltimore)
  • Garfinckel's (Washington, D.C., and Maryland suburbs)
  • Hamburgers[163] (Baltimore) Originally Isaac Hamburger & Son's clothiers
  • Hechinger (Landover, Baltimore and Maryland suburbs)
  • Hecht's (Washington, DC, Baltimore, and Maryland suburbs), converted to Macy's 2006
  • Hochschild Kohn's (Baltimore and Maryland suburbs)
  • Hutzler's (Baltimore and Maryland suburbs)
  • S. Klein (Beltway Plaza, Greenbelt) Lansburgh's (Rockville)
  • Lazarus (Cumberland)
  • Rosenbaum Brothers (Cumberland)
  • Stewart's (Baltimore and Maryland suburbs)
  • Sunny's Surplus (Baltimore, Dundalk, Elkridge, Towson)
  • Woodward & Lothrop aka Woodies (Washington, D. C. and Maryland suburbs)

Massachusetts[]

Michigan[]

  • of Lansing, also known as Cameron & Arbaugh.[164][165] See The Arbaugh.[166]
  • Arlan's Department Store (Detroit) though not opened in Detroit until 1960s expansion, founded in 1945, bankrupt in 1973[167]
  • Billings Five and Dime Store, Bay City, Michigan[168]
  • Crowley's (Detroit), sold to Value City in 1999[169]
  • E.J. Korvette Korvette's Founded 1948, Bankrupt 1980
  • The Fair (Lansing, Flint)
  • Federal's (Detroit), discount department store, closed in 1980.
  • Gilmore Brother's 1881-1999 Kalamazoo[170]
  • Grisdale's Department Store, Bay City, Michigan[171]
  • (Battle Creek)[172]
  • Herpolsheimer's (Grand Rapids, Muskegon), sold to Lazarus in 1988
  • Himelhoch's (Detroit), filed for Chap. 11 in 1979. Founded in Caro, MI in 1876, Himelhoch's moved to Detroit in 1907. Himelhoch's Department Store returned online in 2018 under the ownership of fourth-generation family members.[173]
  • Hudson's (Detroit), rebranded to Marshall Field & Company in 2001, then Macy's in 2006
  • Jacobson's (Jackson), independent regional luxury department store chain located primarily in Michigan and Florida, but also operated stores in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Kansas. The last store closed its doors in early 2002. Then, one store in Winter Park, Florida was re-established as Jacobson's in 2004.
  • J.B. Perry, Port Huron[174]
  • Kahn's Department Store, Mikado[175]
  • Kern's (Detroit), closed in 1959
  • KMart, originally headquartered in Troy
  • Knapp’s (J.W. Knapp Company) closed in 1980
  • Knepp's Department Store, Bay City, Michigan[176][177][178]
  • Kresge's and S. S. Kresge (Michigan) (incorporated in 1899),[179] later K-Mart Corporation, then Sears Holdings Corporation is frequently credited with invention of the modern discount department store with the opening of Kmart in 1962. The last Kresge's store in Livonia, Michigan closed in 1987. The chain operated over 2,000 stores worldwide. Stores included lunch counters and fountain service as well as full department stores. It also operated stores which were a smaller-scale version of Kresge's and located in downmarket or declining commercial districts (the equivalent of a "dollar store" division of Kresge's). Jupiter stores, unlike Kresge and Kmart stores, sold 'factory seconds' merchandise.
  • , Traverse City and Manistee, Michigan.[180][181][182][183] See William Milliken.
  • , Rochester[184]
  • Montgomery Ward. Aaron Montgomery Ward, its founder grew up in Niles. Various locations, including Dearborn,[185]Jackson,[186] Harper Woods, Lansing,[187] Southfield, Southgate, Livonia[188][189][190] Pontiac,[191] Royal Oak Wyoming Ludington, Manistee, Port Huron, Roseville, Three Rivers.[192]
  • Neisner's[193][194]
  • (Battle Creek)[172]
  • Sam's Cut Rate, Detroit[195]
  • Shoppers Fair
  • , Saginaw[196]
  • B. Siegel & Company, originally Heyns Bazaar.[197]
  • (Flint)[198]
  • Steketee's (Grand Rapids)
  • The Fair Savings Bank Department Store, a/k/a The Fair Department Store Escanaba See Escanaba Central Historic District.[199][200][201][202][203]
  • (Battle Creek), sold to L. W. Robinson Co. in 1971[172][204]
  • Topps (Redford Township), Telegraph & Schoolcraft; (Warren), 13 Mile & Van Dyke; all closed by 1974[10]
  • F.B. Watkins, Hopkins[205]
  • (Detroit), purchased by Petrie Stores in 1983; closed during bankruptcy in 1998[206]
  • Woolworth[179]
  • of Grand Rapids[164]
  • Yankee Stores, discount store with locations in Michigan and Ohio; closed in 1974
  • Younkers Midland. Owned by Bon-Ton Stores[207]
  • Zayre Kalamazoo[208]

Minnesota[]

Mississippi[]

  • McRae's (Jackson), acquired by Belk in 2006

Missouri[]

  • Famous-Barr (St. Louis), founded 1911, absorbed by May Department Stores early 1990s, acquired by Macy's 2006
  • Heer's (Springfield), established in 1869, closed in 1995
  • The Jones Store (Kansas City), absorbed by May Department Stores 1998, sold to Macy's chain 2006
  • Kmart (St. Louis)
  • Newman's (Joplin), acquired by parent company of Heer's of Springfield in the early 1980s, closed in 1995
  • Scruggs Vandervoort & Barney (St. Louis), closed in 1967
  • Stix, Baer, Fuller (St. Louis), acquired by Dillard's in 1983
  • Townsend & Wall (St. Joseph)
  • Venture Stores (St. Louis)
  • Woolf Brothers (Kansas City), founded 1865, closed in 1992. (See Herbert M. Woolf.)

Montana[]

Nebraska[]

  • J.L. Brandeis and Sons Store (Omaha), acquired by Younkers in 1987[209][210]
  • Gold and Company (Lincoln), acquired by J.L. Brandeis and Sons Store in 1964.[211] Building now Gold's Galleria office/retail complex.
  • (Lincoln), closed 1931.[212]
  • J.M. McDonald (Hastings), eventually grew to a chain of 82 stores, sold in 1968, liquidated shortly after 1982
  • Miller & Paine (Lincoln and Grand Island), acquired by Dillard's in 1988
  • (Lincoln), acquired by Allied Stores in 1929, closed in 1941 when Allied sold the contents of the store to Gold & Co.[212][213]

Nevada[]

New Hampshire[]

  • Steinbach (Manchester, New Hampshire) Sold to The Bon-Ton

New Jersey[]

  • Great Eastern (aka Great Eastern Mills) Paramus, NJ, Little Falls NJ, Elmont NY and others. merged with Diana Stores, then Daylin inc.
  • Alexander's (Paramus)
  • Bamberger's (Newark and other NJ locations), division of R.H. Macy, converted to Macy's in 1986
  • Chase-Newark (Newark and 2 branches)
  • J.M. Fields
  • W. T. Grant
  • Hahne and Company (Newark and statewide), New Jersey's carriage trade store merged into sister division Lord & Taylor
  • Jamesway
  • E. J. Korvette (North Brunswick Trenton)
  • Kresge-Newark (Newark and 2 branches)
  • Muir's Department Store
  • Ohrbach's
  • Reynolds Brothers (Lakewood)
  • Steinbach (New Jersey locations)
  • Two Guys (also known as Two Guys from Harrison)


New York[]

  • Abraham & Straus (Brooklyn)
  • J. N. Adam & Co. (Buffalo)
  • The Addis Company, merged with Dey Brothers (Syracuse)
  • Alexander's (New York metropolitan area), declared bankruptcy in 1992
  • B. Altman and Company (New York City)
  • AM&A's (Adam, Meldrum & Anderson Company, Buffalo), purchased by The Bon-Ton of York, Pennsylvania in 1994
  • Arnold Constable (Fifth Avenue, New York City)
  • Barker's (multiple locations)
  • Bamberger's
  • Barneys New York
  • Beirs (Niagara Falls)
  • L.L. Berger (Buffalo), last store, in downtown Buffalo, closed in 1991
  • Best & Co. (New York), closed in the 1960s
  • Bonwit Teller (New York City, Boston, and upstate New York)
  • Britt's (Vestal) multiple locations including Gloversville/Johnstown
  • Caldor
  • Chappell's (Syracuse), merged into The Bon-Ton of York, Pennsylvania in the 1990s
  • De Pinna on Fifth Avenue, Manhattan
  • Dey Brothers (Dey's, Syracuse)
  • (Binghamton, Norwich)
  • J.M. Fields
  • B. Forman Co. (Rochester)
  • Fowler, Dick & Walker - The Boston Store (Binghamton), now Boscov's
  • Franklin Simon & Co.
  • Gertz Department Stores (Queens, Nassau and Suffolk counties), owned by Allied Stores; closed in 1982 and changed to Stern's then Macy's
  • Gimbels (Manhattan). The rivalry of Macy's and Gimbels is immortalized in Miracle on 34th Street; Bernard Gimbel, the owner of Gimbels, along with founded Saks Fifth Avenue
  • Gold Circle (multiple locations)
  • Grand Way (Grand Union (supermarket))
  • Grants Binghamton, Troy, others
  • Hens and Kelly (Buffalo)
  • Hess New Hartford, Rotterdam
  • Hills Department Stores
  • Jamesway (Oneonta), currently Price Chopper Plaza Rte 28. Also Johnstown
  • Jenss (Buffalo), closed their last location on 15 September 2000
  • Jupiter Stores, Division of the S.S. Kresge Company.
  • Kobacker, two locations in Buffalo, New York; closure announced on December 27, 1972.[214] No relation to Kobacker's Market, a grocery store in Brewster, New York
  • E.J. Korvette (New York City), closed 1980
  • Kresge's (multiple locations)
  • Loehmann's, peaked at about 100 stores in 17 states, liquidated in 2014 after several bankruptcies.
  • Lord & Taylor 1823-2020
  • Luckey, Platt & Company Department Store (Poughkeepsie)
  • Martin's (Brooklyn)
  • J.W. Mays (Downstate New York), closed 1989, now leases old store locations
  • (Binghamton)
  • McCrory's (Johnson City, Amsterdam, Utica, others)
  • G. C. Murphy
  • John G. Myers (Albany)
  • J.J. Newberry (multiple locations)
  • Ohrbach's, liquidated in 1987 and acquired by Howland-Steinbach
  • Pharmhouse
  • (Binghamton, Johnson City, Endicott)
  • S. Klein (New York City), closed 1978
  • Sattler's (Buffalo)
  • Sibley's () (Rochester), unit of Associated Dry Goods later merged into (Indianapolis) and then select locations converted to Lord & Taylor
  • (Binghamton)
  • A.T. Stewart's (Manhattan), purchased by Wanamaker's of Pennsylvania
  • Times Square Stores, discount department chain mostly focused on Long Island
  • Twin Fair, Inc. dba Twin Fair (multiple locations)
  • Two Guys (multiple locations)
  • John Wanamaker or Wanamaker's (New York City), sold to Carter Hawley Hale in 1979, then Washington, DC-based Woodward & Lothrop owned by Alfred Taubman; sold to May Company in 1995; merged with Federated Department Stores in 2005 (now known as Macy's, Inc.)
  • Woolworth's multiple locations
  • Zayre's (currently Wal-Mart, Miller Hill, Q) became Ames. Multiple locations

North Carolina[]

  • Brody's (Kinston), acquired by Proffitt's in 1998
  • Ivey's (Charlotte), acquired by Dillard's in 1990
  • Sky City closed 1990

North Dakota[]

Ohio[]

  • (Cincinnati), Located furthest from central downtown Cincinnati relative to other department stores: N. side of Central Pkwy. between Walnut and Race Streets in an area bordering the "Over the Rhine" district; no branch stores. Closed and liquidated in 1955[215]
  • Best, closed in 1996[216]
  • (Toledo), started by Hyman Swolsky in Toledo as Bargain Barn, later renamed Bargain City, sold to Gray Drug Co. of Cleveland in 1967, renamed Rink's Bargain City after merger, sold to Cook United Inc. and renamed in 1981, closed in 1987[217][218][219][220][221]
  • (Cleveland, Ohio) Later Bailey's Department Store, closed 1968.[222]
  • B.R. Baker, Toledo[223]
  • Buckeye Mart (Columbus, Ohio) owned by Gamble-Skogmo, Inc.; Columbus stores closed in the mid-1970s; Remaining Ohio stores along with Tempo stores in Michigan were sold to Fisher's Big Wheel Stores and renamed Fisher's Buckeye Tempo.
  • Clark's (Portsmouth), owned by Clark's Gamble Corp., whose two shareholders were Landau Stores, Inc. and Gamble-Skogmo, Inc., Clark's Gamble Corp. was later sold to Cook United[219][220][221]
  • Cook's flagship of Cook United Corporation.[219][220][221][224]
  • (Dayton)[225]
  • Federal's, (Cleveland, Ohio), branches of Federal Department Stores in Michigan not part of Federated Stores, this company closed in 1974[226][227]
  • Fisher's Big Wheel and Fisher's Buckeye-Tempo (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), Closed 1994
  • Frank Brothers (Marion, Ohio), Closed 1979.
  • , Northeastern Ohio, Giant Tiger until 1968[228]
  • Gold Circle (Columbus, Ohio) part of the Federated Stores Company[229]
  • (Dayton)[230]
  • Gregg's (Lima)
  • Halle Brothers Co. (Cleveland), also known as "Halle's", division of Marshall Field & Company, sold 1981 to Associated Investors Corp, Downtown closed 1982, Final Westgate Location in Fairview Park, Ohio closed in 1983
  • Harts Stores a division of Big Bear Stores, Columbus, Ohio
  • Heck's Department Store
  • Higbee's (Cleveland), converted to Dillard's in 1992
  • Hills Department Stores
  • Milner's, Toledo[223]
  • J.J. Newberry. This chain had many stores in Ohio including: Coshocton, Wooster, East Palestine, Cincinnati. The company came under control of McCrory Stores in 1974. John Josiah Newberry, founder of the company, died in 1954.
  • (Newark).[231]
  • Jupiter Stores, Division of the S.S. Kresge Company. Operated several stores in Ohio. Including one in Downtown Mount Vernon, Ohio which had been a S. S. Kresge store for many years. Also a location in Downtown Ashland, Ohio. Jupiter was a no frills store. When leases were soon to be up on several S. S. Kresge stores the Jupiter format was put in place. All remaining Kresge and Jupiter stores were sold to McCrory in 1987 with the Canadian Kresge and Jupiter stores closing in 1994.
  • (Canton, Mansfield, Portsmouth), purchase by Davidson Bros., the parent of Federal's in 1961[232][233][234]
  • (Toledo). Lamson's entered bankruptcy and closed in 1976. [235][223]
  • Lasalle & Koch Co. (Toledo), bought by R.H. Macy in 1923; operated under the Lasalle's name until 1981, when Macy consolidated Lasalle's with another division, Macy's Missouri-Kansas, to form Macy's Midwest. Macy sold the former Lasalle's stores to Elder-Beerman of Dayton in 1985.[223]
  • Lazarus (Columbus), a founding division of Federated Stores, name change briefly to Lazarus-Macy's and then Macy's in 2005.
  • (Lima), converted to Elder-Beerman, still operating as of 2009[236]
  • The Lion Dry Goods Co. (Toledo), known locally as the Lion Store. Some locations survive as of 2009 with the Dillard's name, following their 1998 purchase of Lion's previous owner, Mercantile Stores Co.[223]
  • Mabley & Carew (Cincinnati), unit of Allied Department Stores
  • May Company (Cleveland), merged into Kaufmann's in 1993[237] and converted to Macy's 2006
  • McAlpin's (Cincinnati), unit of Mercantile Stores Co., select locations operating as Dillard's as of 2009
  • (Columbus, Ohio), merged with "The Fashion" to become "Morehouse-Fashion," later shortened to "The Fashion"; closed by Allied Stores in 1969[238]
  • Sandusky based chain that had stores in Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana, started in Mentor as Bargain Fair in 1956, gradually rebranded stores Mr. Wiggs by 1967[239][240][241][242][243][244][245]
  • Murphy's Mart
  • Neisner's (Lakewood, Ohio) & Warren Village Shopping Center Cleveland, Ohio. Warren Village store burned in 1972, Lakewood store closed in 1978.
  • O'Neil's Department Store (Akron), merged into May Company Cleveland, in 1989 & then Kaufmann's in 1993,[237] converted to Macy's in 2006
  • Ontario's (Columbus) part of Cook United.[219][220][221]
  • H. & S. Pogue Company (Cincinnati), division of Associated Dry Goods. Merged into sister division L.S. Ayres (Indianapolis) in the early 1980s, which was converted to Macy's in 2006.
  • (Akron), purchased by Allied Stores in 1955 and closed in 1978[246][247]
  • , (Utica).[248]
  • Rike Kumler Co. (Dayton), division of Federated Department Stores. Briefly merged into sister division John Shillito Company (Cincinnati) in the early 1980s as .
  • Founded by Hyman Ullner in Hamilton in 1951; acquired by Gray Drug Co. of Cleveland in 1964; Bargain City acquired by Gray Drug in 1967; both chains sold to Cook United in 1981; closed in 1987.[218][219][220][221][249][250][251]
  • (Cincinnati) Downtown store location—N.W. corner of 5th and Vine Streets—was taken over by Mabley & Carew after primary and branch Rollman's stores were liquidated in the early 1960s[252]
  • (Mount Vernon), sold to Uhlman's in 1979[253]
  • John Shillito Company (Cincinnati), division of Federated Department Stores. Briefly merged into sister division Rike-Kumler Company (Dayton) in the early 1980s as Shillito-Rike's, and then with sister division F&R Lazarus (Columbus). Select locations converted to Macy's 2006.
  • Stein's, Toledo[223]
  • Sterling-Lindner-Davis (Cleveland), closed September, 1968; was a part of Allied Stores[238][254][255][256][257][258]
  • (Canton), opened in 1887, close by the early 1990s[259][260]
  • Strouss (Youngstown), division of May Department Stores, merged into May's Kaufmann's (Pittsburgh) division, converted to Macy's 2006
  • Swallen's (Cincinnati, Ohio), bankrupt in 1995[261][262][263]
  • (Columbus, Ohio), purchased by Allied Stores in 1949;[264] later merged with Morehouse Martens to form "Morehouse Fashion"; Later returned to The Fashion
  • William Taylor & Son (Cleveland), also known at Taylor's, acquired by May Company in 1939, closed in December, 1961. Southgate branch changed to May Company[265]
  • Tiedtke's (Toledo)[223]
  • Uhler's (Marion, Ohio) Founded as the Uhler Phillips Company. James Phillips left the company following the scandal that linked his wife Carrie Phillips with President Warren G. Harding.
  • (Bowling Green), also known as in Ohio, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan, purchased by Stage Stores Inc. in 1996[266][267][268]
  • Uncle Bill's, a northeast Ohio chain that was part of Cook United stores.[219][220][221]
  • (Columbus), purchased by Marshall Fields in 1980 and converted to Halle Brothers which was also owned by Marshall Fields[269]
  • Valley View (Brookfield), operated 1959–1995.[270]
  • Value City Sold by Schottenstein holdings of Columbus, re-branded as Halle's in 1980 and closed in 1983
  • (Cincinnati), closed in 1994 when parent company decided to focus on sporting goods[261]
  • (Springfield), also was known as Wren's, sold to Allied Stores in 1952, merged with & rebranded as William H. Block Co. (Indianapolis) in 1984, closed 1987[271][272][273]
  • Zayre was a chain of discount stores that operated in the eastern half of the United States from 1956 to 1990, later sold to Ames (store)
  • (Medina), operated 1904-1992[274]

Oklahoma[]

Oregon[]

Pennsylvania[]

  • Ames
  • Bamberger's (Newark and other NJ locations), division of R.H. Macy, most former locations switched to Macy's in 1986
  • BEST
  • Big N (1960s)
  • Bloom Brothers Department Stores (Chambersburg, Waynesboro, Dry Run, and Burnt Cabins; also Baltimore, Maryland), 1897–1944
  • Boston Store (Erie)
  • Bradlees
  • Britt's Department Store (Allentown)
  • Caldor
  • Cox's (McKeesport), 1955–1983
  • E. J. Korvette (Philadelphia area)
  • Fisher's Big Wheel, closed in 1994
  • Fowler, Dick & Walker, The Boston Store (downtown Wilkes-Barre), converted to Boscov's
  • Frank & Seder (Pittsburgh)
  • GC Murphy Co. (Pittsburgh & suburbs)
  • Gee Bee Department Stores
  • Gimbels (Philadelphia, Downtown Pittsburgh and suburbs)
  • The Globe Store (Scranton), closed in 1994[275]
  • Glosser Brothers
  • Gold Circle
  • (W.T.) Grant's Department Store (Sayre)
  • Hess's (Allentown), closed in 1996
  • Hills Department Stores
  • Horne's (Pittsburgh), closed in 1994
  • Jamesway
  • J.M. Fields
  • John Wanamaker or Wanamaker's (Philadelphia), sold to Carter Hawley Hale in 1979, then Washington, DC-based Woodward & Lothrop owned by Alfred Taubman; sold to May Company (Hecht's) in 1995; merged with Federated Department Stores in 2005 (now known as Macy's, Inc.)
  • Kaufman's (Uniontown)
  • Kaufmann's (Pittsburgh), converted to Macy's 2006
  • S. Klein (Broomall)
  • Kresge's (Pittsburgh and Suburbs) (S.S. Kresge was also the founder of K-Mart Stores)
  • S. H. Kress & Co. (Nanticoke)
  • Laneco (Easton)
  • Lazarus (Downtown Pittsburgh and suburbs) - now Macy's
  • Leh's (Allentown area), closed in 1994
  • Lit Brothers (Philadelphia), closed in 1977
  • LL Stearns Williamsport, Pennsylvania
  • McCrory
  • Montgomery Ward
  • Murphy's Mart (Pittsburgh and Suburbs)
  • J.J. Newberry (multiple locations)
  • Orr's (Bethlehem, Easton), closed in 1993
  • Penn Traffic
  • Service Merchandise
  • Snellenburg's (Philadelphia area), 1869-1962
  • Strawbridge & Clothier (Philadelphia), converted to Macy's 2006
  • Towers (Pittsburgh and suburbs)
  • Trader Horn (Butler)
  • Two Guys Department Store
  • The Bon-Ton Department Store (Based in York, Pa.)
  • Watt & Shand (Lancaster), sold to The Bon-Ton
  • Woolworth's (Pittsburgh and suburbs)
  • Zayre (Pittsburgh & suburbs)

Rhode Island[]

  • Apex Stores (flagship in Pawtucket)
  • The Outlet Company (Providence)
  • The Shepard Co. (Providence)
  • Benny's, a discount store based in Smithfield that had locations in Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. All locations closed in December 2017.[276][277]
  • Ann & Hope (Cumberland) Downgraded in 2001 closed all outlet stores in 2020.

South Carolina

J.B. White

South Dakota[]

Tennessee[]

Texas[]

  • Barker's (San Antonio)
  • Cox's (Waco), closed in 1995
  • Dunlaps (Lubbock and many other West Texas/New Mexico locations), closed in 2007
  • The Fair (Galveston)
  • Fedway (Wichita Falls, Longview, Amarillo, Midland, Corpus Christi), a division of Federated Department Stores that had existed in Texas from 1952 to 1968 in which stores were opened in expanding post-World War II markets of Texas and later the rest of the Southwest that were traditionally under served by existing chains; the first store opening in Wichita Falls in 1952; after expanding throughout Texas, chain expanded into New Mexico, Oklahoma, and California[40][279][280]
  • Foley's (Foley Brothers) (Houston), division of May Company, converted to Macy's in 2006
  • Frost Bros. (San Antonio)
  • Gemco (Houston)
  • Joske's (San Antonio, also Houston and Dallas), acquired by Dillard's in 1987
  • Mitchell's (Fort Worth)
  • My Shoes (San Antonio, 1988, Tagline "Put Yourself in My Shoes")
  • The Popular (El Paso)
  • Sakowitz (Houston)
  • Sanger-Harris (Dallas), division of Federated Department Stores, merged into sister division Foley's (Houston) in 1987, converted to Macy's in 2006
    • Sanger Brothers (Dallas)
  • Stripling & Cox (Fort Worth)
    • Cox's (Fort Worth) merged with
    • (Fort Worth), merged with Cox's
  • Titche-Goettinger (Dallas area), merged with Joske's in 1979

Utah[]

  • Mervyns (the chain may come back, by the Morris decisions)
  • Fred Meyer
  • ZCMI (Zions Cooperative Mercantile Institution), founded and operated by the LDS Church until purchased by May Company (1999), became Meier and Frank in 2003, some stores sold to Dillard's, others became Macy's in 2005

Vermont[]

  • (Springfield)[281]
  • Grand Way (South Burlington)

Virginia[]

Washington[]

  • The Crescent (Spokane), a division of
  • Frederick & Nelson (Seattle), division of Marshall Field & Company (Chicago)
  • Lamonts
  • Peoples (Tacoma), 7-store chain in the Puget Sound region, owned by Mercantile Stores Co.; closed in 1983
  • Rhodes Brothers (Tacoma), renamed Liberty House in 1974
  • Valu-Mart (Seattle), renamed Leslie's in 1974, acquired by Fred Meyer in 1976
  • Wigwam Stores Inc. (based in Seattle)
  • White Front (Burien, Tacoma, Shoreline, Bellevue, Everett), 1969 to 1972

West Virginia[]

Wisconsin[]

  • Chapman's (Milwaukee)
  • Gimbels (Milwaukee), converted to Marshall Field's then one former Gimbels location (Madison) to Macy's 2006.
  • Hoff Department Store (Mount Horeb) closed 1984
  • H.C. Prange Co. (Sheboygan), sold to Younkers in 1992
  • Prange Way (De Pere), spun off in 1990 by H.C. Prange Co.; closed 1996
  • Schuster's (Milwaukee), bought by Gimbels in 1962
  • Shopko (Green Bay), June 2019

See also[]

References[]

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  3. ^ Koch, Nora (February 16, 1997). "Leggett has run up its last sale Shopping: After 32 years, the Leggett stores, including the one at Cranberry Mall, have become Belk stores". Baltimore Sun.
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  5. ^ "Odd Job Stores, Inc. Announces Completion of Business Combination with Amazing Savings Holding LLC". Business Wire (Press release). November 14, 2003.
  6. ^ Weber, Lauren (January 12, 2005). "Amazing Savings files bankruptcy". Newsday.
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  66. ^ Getze, John (January 6, 1977). "Hawley Named Chief of Broadway Stores Parent". Los Angeles Times. p. D10. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
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  68. ^ White, George (April 28, 1994). "Carter Hawley to Change Name to Broadway: Retail: Company will ask shareholders to approve the move to help establish a more positive identity for the firm". Los Angeles Times.
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  70. ^ "Sale Marks Birthday Of Store Here: May Company Celebrates Founding Forty-six". Los Angeles Times. July 21, 1927. p. A20. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  71. ^ "Store Will Celebrate Tomorrow: May Company's Ninth Anniversary Here to Be Marked". Los Angeles Times. March 25, 1932. p. A5. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  72. ^ "David Hamburger, Civic Leader, Passes at 86: Long Illness Fatal to ...". Los Angeles Times. September 5, 1944. p. A1. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  73. ^ "Daughter of Hamburger Dies in Beverly Hills: Mrs. Jennie Marx, 87". Los Angeles Times. May 22, 1953. p. A1. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  74. ^ "Wilbur May, Son of Store Founder, Dies". Los Angeles Times. January 22, 1982. p. B20. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  75. ^ Herhold, Scott (December 21, 2011). "Herhold: Remembering old downtown San Jose's signature department store". Mercury News.
  76. ^ "Other News". Los Angeles Times. June 4, 1992.
  77. ^ Kelleher, Kathleen (July 12, 1992). "Henshey's, the Westside's First Department Store, Falls Victim to the Economy After 67 Years.: All Sales Final". Los Angeles Times.
  78. ^ "Hilson's". Martinez Historical Society: Walking Tour of Martinez. Archived from the original on 2010-12-29.
  79. ^ Markel, Wendy P. (2009). Berkeley. Arcadia Publishing. p. 41. ISBN 9780738569420. OCLC 299713761.
  80. ^ White, George (June 27, 1992). "Hinshaw's final sale brought out the crowds . . . : . . . that weren't there a week ago. : Departed Stores : Hinshaw's in Arcadia Is Latest Retailer to Be Squeezed Out". Los Angeles Times.
  81. ^ "New Department Stores Chain". Wall Street Journal. March 14, 1925. p. 11. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  82. ^ The Rotunda, Oakland
  83. ^ "Chain Acquires Tacoma Store; B.F. Schlesinger & Sons Buy Department Firm; Rhodes Bros. Inc., Operated for Thirty Years Local Bankers Will Effect New Financing". Los Angeles Times. July 21, 1925. p. 11. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  84. ^ "Store Chain Reorganized: Schlesinger Units In West to Operate Separately". New York Times. August 19, 1933. p. 16. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  85. ^ Hayes, Elinor (August 17, 1960). "Kahn's Department Stores Changing Name to Rhodes". Oakland Tribune. Alternate Link(subscription required) via NewspaperArchive.com.
  86. ^ Allen, Annalee & Clausen, Edmund (2005). Oakland. Arcadia Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 9780738530147. OCLC 62146939.
  87. ^ Kern, James E. (2004). Vallejo. Arcadia Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 9780738529097. OCLC 56829052.
  88. ^ "H. Liebes, Subsidiary Of Beck Industries, To Cease Its Business: Firm, Protected From Creditors By Bankruptcy Act, Couldn't Arrange Additional Financing". Wall Street Journal. November 18, 1970. p. 4. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  89. ^ Bormash, Isadore (August 29, 1970). "Liebes In A Move To Pay Its Debts: San Francisco Store Chain Files Under Chapter XI of Bankruptcy Act". New York Times. p. 45. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  90. ^ Martin, Glen (January 31, 1995). "A Struggle for Downtown Petaluma / Stores closing as shoppers turn to malls". San Francisco Chronicle.
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  92. ^ Burke, Kathy (March 10, 1976). "100 Flee Flames in Pasadena Department Store". Los Angeles Times. p. A1. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  93. ^ "Nash's Store to Mark 75th Birthday Monday". Los Angeles Times. October 4, 1964. p. J16. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  94. ^ "Services Slated For Pasadena Merchant". Los Angeles Times. January 16, 1967. p. B8. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  95. ^ Erdman, Ann (2010-03-04). "Mystery History - Solved". Pasadena PIO. City of Pasadena. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
  96. ^ "Macy Gets Store In San Francisco: Arranges to Acquire O'Connor, Moffatt & Co. Through an Exchange of Stock; Expansion Also Planned; Land Adjoining the West Coast Establishment Is Bought or Leased as Part of Deal More Land Acquired Deal Based on Long Study". New York Times. July 6, 1945. p. 17. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  97. ^ "Becomes Macy's, San Francisco". New York Times. October 17, 1947. p. 36. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  98. ^ a b Kelley, Tim (June 30, 2011). "Historical Context Statement, Mid-Market Historical Survey, Conducted for The San Francisco Redevelopment Agency" (PDF). Tim Kelley Consulting.
  99. ^ "The Sensation of San Francisco! Prager's Retirement Sale", (advertisement)". San Francisco Call. 23 January 1921. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  100. ^ LeBaron, Gaye (March 13, 2005). "Lamenting the loss of the independent department store". The Press Democrat.
  101. ^ "BACK IN THE DAY: Sage's fondly remembered in Riverside". The Press Enterprise.
  102. ^ "Vornado Inc., Food Giant Inc. OK Merger". Schenectady Gazette. September 30, 1967. p. 19.
  103. ^ "Vornado Realty Trust History". Funding Universe.
  104. ^ "Walker's To Open In San Diego: Los Angeles Concern Leases Large Building for New Department Store". Los Angeles Times. June 21, 1935. p. A5. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  105. ^ O'Reiley, Tim (September 2, 1985). "Walker-Scott Purchase Part of Ratner Expansion". San Diego Business Journal. 6 (6). p. 5. Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  106. ^ "Walker Scott Closing Stores in Downtown, La Jolla in February". Los Angeles Times. July 28, 1984. p. SD_A1. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  107. ^ Ritter, Bill (November 8, 1986). "Walker-Scott to Close All 6 of Its San Diego Stores". Los Angeles Times.
  108. ^ Weinstein Company reports, 1938-1968. OCLC 174263692.
  109. ^ "Weinstein's Closes Its Big Store". San Francisco Chronicle. May 25, 1966.
  110. ^ Weinstein's Department 1041 Market San Francisco -Gallery -Geary
  111. ^ Kahn, Ava Fran, ed. (2002). "The One-Price Store of David Lubin and Harris Weinstock". Jewish Voices of the California Gold Rush: A Documentary History, 1849-1880. Wayne State University Press. pp. 375–378. ISBN 9780814328590. OCLC 44926858.
  112. ^ Kassis, Annette (2012). Weinstock's: Sacramento's Finest Department Store. The History Press. ISBN 9781609494445. OCLC 798058249.
  113. ^ "The White House, San Francisco, California". Retrieved Aug 13, 2020.
  114. ^ Emert, Carol (November 11, 1998). "Whole Earth Closing Last 3 Stores". San Francisco Chronicle.
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  116. ^ https://www.metrojacksonville.com/article/2011-jan-remembering-furchgotts-department-store
  117. ^ "Liquidation sale held by Block's". WWD. 151 (112). June 10, 1986. p. 8. Block's, a chain of stores based here [Pocatello] for over 70 years, will close by June 21. The company, owned by Sy Block, president, is undergoing a liquidation sale and five of the 11 units are already closed. The chain's stores are in Idaho and Utah. At its peak, the chain had 14 stores. Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  118. ^ "Interco Strides Toward Third Successive Peak". Barron's. April 17, 1967. p. 29. Interco made its first diversification move in 1964, when it bought for 337,679 shares P.N. Hirsch & Co., a chain of junior department stores. At the time, Hirsch had 105 stores. At the 1966 year-end, the division ran 210 stores, located in 16 states in the Midwest, Northwest and South. Last year eight stores were opened in the Midwest. The Hirsch division is also busily expanding in other ways. In January 1966, it purchased four department stores in northern California from W.R. Carithers & Sons, Inc., and in February, the unit acquired all the capital stock of Idaho Department Store Co., Caldwell, Idaho, a chain of 25 stores. In September, Interco acquired Central Hardware Co. and its subsidiary, Witte Hardware Co. Central operates a six-store chain of supermarket-type hardware stores located in Greater St. Louis Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  119. ^ "Owners close Twin Falls store". Times-News (Idaho). April 18, 1984. p. B6. Idaho Department Store Co. is taking over the operations of an allied chain, P.N. Hirsch Co., after the sale of 275 Hirsch's 351 stores.
  120. ^ Papajohn, George (October 12, 1987). "McDade & Co. Going Out Of Business". Chicago Tribune.
  121. ^ "Businesses | Vigo County Public Library". www.vigo.lib.in.us. 22 July 2013. Retrieved Aug 13, 2020.
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  123. ^ Erler, Susan (November 16, 2007). "Fetla's Valpo store to close; Inventory not sold will go to store in Knox". The Times of Northwest Indiana.
  124. ^ Kasarda, Bob (November 17, 2007). "Fetla's falls to larger competitors; Store closing doors after more than 90 years". The Times of Northwest Indiana.
  125. ^ Bailey, Jim (September 5, 2009). "Jim Bailey: Giant Store, Kmart were earliest discount stores". Anderson Herald Bulletin.
  126. ^ Lane, James B. (1978). City of the Century: A History of Gary, Indiana. Indiana University Press. p. 202. ISBN 9780253111876. OCLC 3516434. gordon's department store in gary indiana.
  127. ^ Hamilton, Tom (September 30, 2009). "K & S Department Store". Kokomo Herald.
  128. ^ King, Susan E. (2005). Richmond. Arcadia Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 9780738539942. OCLC 62470806.
  129. ^ Hagan, Marylee (December 18, 2011). "Historical Treasure: Many memories of the downtown Meis Store". Terre Haute Tribune-Star.
  130. ^ "Meis plans opening in October". Kokomo Tribune. August 9, 1987. p. 4. Alternate Link(subscription required) via NewspaperArchive.com.
  131. ^ Podmolik, Mary ellen (November 21, 1986). "Meis chain to be mall tenant". Kokomo Tribune. p. 1. Alternate Link(subscription required) via NewspaperArchive.com.
  132. ^ "Signs mark switch to Elder-Beerman". Kokomo Tribune. November 24, 1989. Alternate Link(subscription required) via NewspaperArchive.com.
  133. ^ "No big changes planned at Meis". Kokomo Tribune. May 2, 1989. p. 2. Alternate Link(subscription required) via NewspaperArchive.com.
  134. ^ Holecek, Andrea (January 22, 2010). "Former Minas employees, customers invited to be a part of history; Grandson of founder of defunct region landmark invites region residents to reminisce for his book". Times of Northwest Indiana.
  135. ^ "The Root Store". Wabash Valley Profile. August 16, 2001. PDF
  136. ^ "Dillard's agrees to sell 26 stores acquired in Mercantile purchase". Deseret News. August 3, 1998.
  137. ^ Fasig, Lisa Biank (August 4, 1998). "Dillard's sells Mercantile stores to May, Proffitt's". The Cincinnati Enquirer.
  138. ^ Oljace, Beth (November 27, 2011). "History: Downtown Anderson was the place to shop". Anderson Herald Bulletin.
  139. ^ Hall, Forest M. (1922). "W.W. Wicks Enlisted When Sent On An Errand - Never Returned to Job - Came To Bloomington After War". Historic treasures: true tales of deeds with interesting data in the life of Bloomington, Indiana University and Monroe County--written in simple language and about real people, with other important things and illustrations. Indiana University Press. p. 141. OCLC 4699467.
  140. ^ "Courthouse Square". The City of Bloomington. Archived from the original on 2013-06-09. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
  141. ^ Barron, Jim & Barron, Kathie (2011). Wolf and Dessauer: Where Fort Wayne Shopped. The History Press. ISBN 9781609493349. OCLC 767725218.
  142. ^ "Ziesels reunion". Elkhart Truth. September 16, 2009. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013.
  143. ^ Lowe, Joe (May 16, 2012). "Calling All Former S.W. Andersons Employees". WOMI.
  144. ^ Connelley, William Elsey & Coulter, Ellis Merton (1922). "Samuel Walter Anderson". In Kerr, Charles (ed.). History of Kentucky. 3. American Historical Society. p. 298. ISBN 9780598572981. OCLC 680482713.
  145. ^ S. W. Anderson Co. v. Glenn, 43 F.Supp. 334 (W.D. Ky. February 24, 1942).
  146. ^ Boyd, Terry (June 8, 1998). "Dillard's says Bacons name will go". Louisville Business First.
  147. ^ Kleber, John E., ed. (2001). "Ben Snyder's Department Store". The Encyclopedia of Louisville. p. 86. ISBN 9780813121000. OCLC 42726130.
  148. ^ "Ben Synder Buys Mall Space". Bowling Green Daily News. November 30, 1978. p. 1A.
  149. ^ Ribar, Richard (12 September 1979). "New mall opens its doors for business". Bowling Green Daily News. pp. 1A, 16A.
  150. ^ Poole, Shelia M. (June 11, 1987). "Snyder's To Buy 5 Ayres Stores In Kentucky". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. B4. Alternate Link(subscription required) via NewsBank.
  151. ^ Poole, Shelia M. (July 13, 1987). "Snyder's Takes A Leap Forward Acquisition Of Ayres Stores A Key To Company's Plans". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. D1. Alternate Link(subscription required) via NewsBank.
  152. ^ "Pennsylvania-based Hess's buys Snyder's store chain". Bowling Green Daily News. 25 September 1987. p. 5–A.
  153. ^ Cooper, Ron (October 5, 1987). "Sale Was Just One Tough Option Snyder's Faced". Business First. 4 (9). p. 1. Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  154. ^ Jordan, Jim (December 25, 1987). "Snyder's To Be Renamed Hess's Department Stores". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. E8. Alternate Link(subscription required) via NewsBank.
  155. ^ Simmons, Amy (February 15, 1988). "Hess's Will Steer Middle-of-the-Road Course". Business First. 4 (28). p. 1. Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  156. ^ Koier, Eve (December 26, 1988). "Hess's to Close Dixie Manor Store". Business First. 5 (21). p. 1. Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  157. ^ "ISJL - Kentucky Danville Encyclopedia". Goldring/Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life. Retrieved Aug 13, 2020.
  158. ^ Miller, Kenneth L. (2001). "H.P. Selman and Company". In Kleber, John E. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Louisville. p. 408. ISBN 9780813128900.
  159. ^ "Stewart's, Ayres' announce Merger". Bowling Green Daily News. November 3, 1985. p. 4C.
  160. ^ Miller, Kenneth L. (2001). "Stewart's Dry Goods Company". In Kleber, John E. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Louisville. pp. 851–852. ISBN 9780813121000. OCLC 42726130.
  161. ^ "Landmark Lexington department store closes". Kentucky New Era. April 6, 1992. p. 1B.
  162. ^ "Aaron Selber". Shreveport Times. August 14, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  163. ^ Dresser, Michael (June 19, 1992). "Moves put Hamburgers' future in doubt Chain discusses selling its leases". Baltimore Sun.
  164. ^ a b Wurtzburg's The Department Store Museum.
  165. ^ Dozier, Vickki (September 30, 2016). "From the Archives: Department stores of the past". Lansing State Journal. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
  166. ^ Richard Karp; Kristine M. Kidorf (January 30, 2007), NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES REGISTRATION FORM: Arbaugh's Department Store Building
  167. ^ Arlan's
  168. ^ Billing's Five and Dime Store, East Midland Street, Bay City Michigan
  169. ^ Kopytek, Bruce Allen (November 30, 2015). Crowley's: Detroit's Friendly Store (Landmarks) (Paperback). Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press. ISBN 978-1467119740.
  170. ^ Gilmore Brothers, Kalamazoo, Michigan The Department Store Museum
  171. ^ Bay City in Michigan – What the Grisdales found
  172. ^ a b c Thornton, Kurt (2014). Battle Creek. Arcadia Publishing. p. 17. ISBN 9781439642849.
  173. ^ "We Invite You To Our Story|Himelhoch's Fashion". himelhochs.us. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  174. ^ J.B. Perry
  175. ^ Michigan Department of Labor (1919). Report. p. 413.
  176. ^ Knepps Department Store, Washington Avenue, Bay City, Michigan
  177. ^ 1940 View of Washington Avenue, Knepp's Dept. Store, Kresge's, Bay City, MI
  178. ^ Squires, Kristen (4 March 2020). "CELEBRATING 5 YEARS IN HISTORIC DOWNTOWN BAY CITY KRESGE BUILDING".
  179. ^ a b SS Kresge and F.W. Woolworth Stores on Woodward Avenue
  180. ^ Havey, Robert. "Milliken in the Middle". , University of Michigan. Michigan's longest-serving governor was a Republican renowned for reaching across the aisle to Democratic colleagues, and for making Michigan's environmental health a priority. His collection at the Bentley reveals a breed of politician that's nearly extinct.
  181. ^ "Then and Now". TC Arts Commission.
  182. ^ Geiger, Lynn. "Downtown Die-Hards: Long-Time Shop Owners On What Sets TC Apart, What Changes They'd Like To See". In Downtown Traverse City, Issue 2007 December.
  183. ^ MNA Staff (July 2, 2015). "LOCAL HISTORY: Milliken's of Manistee". .
  184. ^ Arshad, Minnah (December 16, 2021). "Bill Mitzelfeld Department Store Owner Dies at 92". Detroit Free Press.
  185. ^ https://www.mlive.com/news/jackson/2014/12/peek_through_time_montgomery_w.html
  186. ^ Peek Through Time: Montgomery Ward 'anchored' Jackson's new Westwood Mall in 1972 Jan. 20, 2019
  187. ^ Lansing Mall
  188. ^ Mall Hall of Fame Detroit
  189. ^ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/31173422390876407/
  190. ^ https://digital.library.wayne.edu/item/wayne:vmc24359_3
  191. ^ https://www.flickr.com/photos/fanofretail/16924453090
  192. ^ Robinson, John (October 6, 2021). "Famous Retailer Montgomery Ward Spent His Childhood in Niles, Michigan". WFMK.
  193. ^ "Neisner Brothers to close four Detroit area stores". Detroit Free Press. January 19, 1978. p. 16 – via newspapers.com.
  194. ^ Five and Dime Historical Site, 280 W. Nine Mile Historical Markers Database
  195. ^ Sam's Cut Rate Detroit Historical Society
  196. ^ Baston, Verlinder. "Seitner's Department Store". Mid-Michigan Remembers Stories About Us. Delta College.
  197. ^ Old Stores waterwinterland.com
  198. ^ Flinn, Gary (November 29, 2008). "Remember when crowds flocked to downtown Flint for holiday shopping". Flint Journal.
  199. ^ "Scrapbook". Escanaba Historical Society.
  200. ^ "RRPC Post Card, The Fair Savings Bank Store, Escanaba, Michigan".
  201. ^ "The Fair Store". Escanaba Daily Press. August 19, 1972. p. 24.
  202. ^ "FAIR STORE HAS ANNIVERSARY". Escanaba Daily Press. Newspaper Archives. October 10, 1935. p. 12.
  203. ^ Movements of Display Men. Merchants Record and Show]] Window. 44–45. November 1919. p. 46.
  204. ^ Toeller Building Emporis
  205. ^ Michigan Department of Labor (1919). Report. p. 414.
  206. ^ "Stanley J. Winkelman, Department Store Executive, 76". The New York Times. 25 August 1999. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
  207. ^ Royce, Jessica (April 19, 2018). "Younkers stores in Midland, Bay County to close by end of summer". WNEM.
  208. ^ Bobby Guy (April 27, 2017). "Remember the Zayre Department Store at West Main Mall in the '80s?" (Video).
  209. ^ "Equitable of Iowa Unit To Buy J.L. Brandeis For Up to $35 Million". Wall Street Journal (Eastern ed.). December 26, 1986. p. 1. Younkers Inc., a unit of Equitable of Iowa Cos., said it agreed to buy J.L. Brandeis & Sons Inc. Brandeis, owned by Alan Baer of Omaha, Neb., operates 11 department stores in Nebraska and Iowa. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  210. ^ "Younkers To Buy 11 Brandeis Units". WWD. 152 (125). December 30, 1986. p. 2. Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  211. ^ "Brandeis Buys Gold; Gird to Battle Chains: Brandeis Buys Gold; Gird to Battle Chains". Women's Wear Daily. 108 (21). January 30, 1964. pp. 1, 44. J.L. Brandeis & Sons, Inc. has purchase Gold & Co. of Lincoln for an undisclosed amount of cash. The two largest family-owned independent department stores in Nebraska have joined, ostensibly to combat the inroads being made by chain competition. Brndeis, Nebraska's largest department store has six locations, all in Omaha. Gold's has a downtown store covering nearly a square block, plus a warehouse operation, It includes a supermarket and automotive service center. Brandeis owns the local Metropolitan Drug Co. Gold's was founded in 1902 by William Gold, grandfather of its president. Brandeis started business in 1880 by Jonas Brandeis, grandfather of it president. Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  212. ^ a b McKee, Jim (November 17, 2013). "The rise and demise of Lincoln-owned department stores". Lincoln Journal Star. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  213. ^ "Gold & Co. Buys Rudge & Guenzel: Deal For Lincoln, Neb., Unit Of Allied Stores Said To Have Involved About $500,000—Closed For Inventory". Women's Wear Daily. 63 (110). December 4, 1941. p. 1. The Rudge & Guenzel has operated in Lincoln for 54 years. While official confirmation was not forthcoming at press time, it was reported that Gold & Co., Inc. have purchased only the stock and will not continue the operation of the store. Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  214. ^ "Store Closings Set By Federal's Chain". New York Times. December 27, 1972. p. 68. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  215. ^ Rolfes, Steven J. (2012). Cincinnati Landmarks. Arcadia Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 9780738593951. OCLC 794708039.
  216. ^ Collins, Glenn (October 8, 1996). "Best Products to Shut 81 Stores and Let 4,500 Workers Go". New York Times.
  217. ^ "Retailer opened Bargain City". Toledo Blade. July 8, 2004.
  218. ^ a b Grabowski, John J., ed. (July 16, 1997). "Gray Drug Stores, Inc.". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University.
  219. ^ a b c d e f Grabowski, John J., ed. (June 25, 1997). "Cook United, Inc.". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University.
  220. ^ a b c d e f Cuff, Daniel F. (October 2, 1984). "Cook United Files Under Chapter 11". New York Times.
  221. ^ a b c d e f Brickey, Homer (October 2, 1984). "Cook United Stores Declare Bankruptcy". Toledo Blade. p. 23.
  222. ^ Grabowski, John J., ed. (July 21, 1997). "Bailey Co.". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University.
  223. ^ a b c d e f g Kopytek, Bruce Allen (June 25, 2013). Toledo's Three Ls: Lamson's, The Lion Store, and Lasalle's Tiedtke's (Paperback) (Illustrated ed.).
  224. ^ Albury, Chuck (October 30, 1979). "Cook's Discount Store Is Open". St. Petersburg Times. p. 3.
  225. ^ "Retailing Passes Donenfeld's By - Family Couldn't Find Buyer". Dayton Daily News. December 1, 1991. Alternate Link(subscription required) via NewsBank.
  226. ^ Gleaves, Rebekah (August 29, 2002). "Wild, Wild West: Once convicted of fraud and in debt to the IRS for a cool million, Steven West is some kind of businessman". New Times Broward-Palm Beach.
  227. ^ "Operation of New Stores To Aid Davidson Brothers". Barron's. 35 (2). January 10, 1955. p. 31. Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  228. ^ Grabowski, John J., ed. (July 23, 1997). "BUSINESS, RETAIL". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University.
  229. ^ Barmash, Isadore (September 8, 1988). "Kimco Buys Campeau's Gold Circle". New York Times.
  230. ^ "Goldman's store founder eulogized". Dayton Daily News. August 25, 2010.
  231. ^ Larson, Emily A. (November 25, 2012). "Carroll's was the place to shop". Newark Advocate. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015.
  232. ^ "Davidson Bros., Detroit, Buy Kobacker Stores". Toledo Blade. January 28, 1961. p. 15.
  233. ^ "4 Stores Bought By Davidson Bros.: Michigan Suburban Units of Sams, Inc., Acquired". New York Times. September 20, 1961. p. 41. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  234. ^ "Davidson Bros. Buys Two Companies, Adding 14 Retail Units to Chain". Wall Street Journal. January 30, 1961. p. 13. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  235. ^ Speck, William D. (2003). Toledo: A History in Architecture: 1914 to Century's End. Arcadia Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 9780738532042. OCLC 53886976.
  236. ^ "Lima Store Is Sold To Dayton Chain: Leader Was Last Of Home-Owned Outlet In City". Toledo Blade. February 14, 1974. p. 1.
  237. ^ a b "The May Department Stores Company Announces Robinsons And May Company To Become Robinsons-May; Kaufmann's And May Company To Become Kaufmann's". PRNewswire (Press release). October 16, 1992 – via The Free Library.
  238. ^ a b "Earnings Decline At Allied Stores: Sales Off With Closing Of 4 Units In April 30 Quarter". New York Times. May 26, 1969. p. 67. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
  239. ^ "Born In A Barn". Sandusky Register. June 28, 1967. p. 12. Alternate Link(subscription required) via NewspaperArchive.com.
  240. ^ "Mr Wiggs' Payroll Has Grown To 470 At All Locations". Sandusky Register. June 29, 1967. p. 14. Alternate Link(subscription required) via NewspaperArchive.com.
  241. ^ "Mr. Wiggs Plans Department Store Here". Park City Daily News. August 30, 1970. p. 1.
  242. ^ "Mr. Wiggs has new Manager". Piqua Daily Call. April 17, 1975. p. 9. Alternate Link(subscription required) via NewspaperArchive.com.
  243. ^ "Revco Sets Purchase of Stores". Athens Messenger. February 2, 1971. p. 2. Alternate Link(subscription required) via NewspaperArchive.com.
  244. ^ "Mr. Wiggs Expands Present Site To 100,000 Sq. Feet". Sandusky Register. September 14, 1977. p. 11. Alternate Link(subscription required) via NewspaperArchive.com.
  245. ^ "Bargain Fair Takes Over Building". Sandusky Register. March 1, 1963. p. 16. Alternate Link(subscription required) via NewspaperArchive.com.
  246. ^ "2 Stores In Ohio Bought By Allied: Halle Sells Units In Canton For $1,250,000; Size Of One Will Be Doubled Companies Plan Sales, Mergers". New York Times. September 14, 1955. p. 49. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
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