List of durian diseases and pests
Black garden ants (Lasius niger) eating a durian at a market in Pulilan, Bulacan. Note also the fuzzy white scale insect in the center.
Durians are an agricultural product affected by many plant pathogens and pests. Most of the information here concerns Durio zibethinus, the major commercial species, but a dozen species in the genus Durio are edible durians, and several of those are also grown commercially and these diseases can concern them as well.
Algae[]
Animals[]
Vertebrates[]
These are animals that eat or destroy durian fruit or trees. Many of these are shot or poisoned by farmers.[6] Some of these species naturally act as seed dispersers,[7] which benefits the plant but does not benefit farmers.
- black hornbill (Anthracoceros malayanus)[7]
- squirrel[6]
- grey-bellied squirrel (Callosciurus caniceps)[1]
- black-striped squirrel (Callosciurus nigrovittatus)[1]
- plantain squirrel (Callosciurus notatus)[1]
- Prevost's squirrel (Callosciurus prevostii)[7]
- Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)[6][8]
- Sun bears (Helarctos malayanus)[1][9][10]
- crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis)[7]
- Rats[10]
- Malayan field rat (Rattus tiomanicus)[1]
- Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus),[11]
- feral pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa)[6][1][10]
- viverrids (Viverridae sp.)[7]
Invertebrates[]
Most of these are arthropods, but nematodes and gastropods are also of concern.[3]
Arthropods[]
- Acrocercops sp.[1]
- Adoretus sp.[1]
- [1]
- durian psyllid ( Syn. )[3]
- leaf roller (Adoxophyes privatana)[3]
- durian leaf hopper ()[3]
- shining leaf chafer (Anomala sp.)[1]
- cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii)[3]
- Apogonia sp.[1]
- leaf eating beetle ()[3][1]
- leaf roller (Archips machlopis syn. Cacoecia machlopis)[3][1]
- leaf eating (Arctornis cygna)[3]
- leaf eating ()[3]
- coconut scale (Aspidiotus destructor)[3]
- leaf scale (Asterolecanium sp.)[1]
- [1] (probably )
- flower webber Autoba versicolor (Syn. Eublemma versicolora)[3]
- stem borer ()[1]
- borer ( sp.)[1]
- sap beetle (Carpophilus sp.)[1]
- sap beetle ()[1]
- [1]
- longhorn beetle larvae[1] (Cerambycidae)
- -pest of leaves[1]
- leaf eating, gelatine grub ()[3]
- scale insect (Coccoidea)[1]
- scale insect, soft scale (Coccus sp.)[3]
- durian fruit borer, durian husk borer, yellow peach moth, Queensland bollworm (Conogethes punctiferalis syn. Monogatus puntiferalis and Dichocrocis punctiferalis)[1][3]
- trunk borer ( sp.), secondary infection after Phytophthora palmivora[1]
- leaf eating bagworm ()[1]
- litchi fruit moth, macadamia nut borer (Cryptophlebia ombrodelta)[3]
- Indo-Malaysian drywood termite (Cryptotermes cynocephalus)[1]
- leaf mining grub ()[3]
- durian hawkmoth (Daphnusa ocellaris)[3][1]
durian hawkmoth spotted in Crocker Range National Park
- leaf eating tussock moth ()[3]
- tussock moth (Dasychira mendosa)[3]
- tussock moth ()[3]
- [1]
- leaf eating caterpillar ()[3][1]
- African red mite, citrus brown mite ()[3][1]
- oriental red mite ( Klein misidentification)[3]
- cotton leaf roller (Haritalodes derogata (syn. Sylepta derogata)[1][3]
- cotton boll worm (Helicoverpa armigera formerly Heliothis armigera)[3]
- horned treehopper ( ()[3]
- leaf roller moth (Homona coffearia)[3]
- leaf roller moth ()[3]
- leaf roller moth (Homona eductana)[3]
- flower eating moth ()[3]
- leaf eating weevil (Hypomeces squamosus)[3][1]
- durian fruit borer ( syn. )[1]
- Stem scale insect (Icerya sp.)[3]
- Idiophantis chiridota[1]
- termite (Isoptera), specifically lumber of [1]
- [1]
- powderpost beetle (Lyctus sp.)[1]
- leaf eating caterpillar (Lymantria marginata)[3]
- coconut case worm ()[3]
- thrip (Megalurothrips sp.)[3]
- [1]
- hairy powderpost beetle (Minthea rugicollis), recorded on Durio lowianus and Durio oxleyanus[1]
- [1]
- durian seed borer (Mudaria luteileprosa)[3][1]
- durian seed borer ()[3][1]
- sp.[3]
- mite ()[3][1]
- Orthaga semialba[1]
- cocoa tussock moth (Orgyia postica)[1]
- tussock moth ()[3][1]
- longan leaf-eating looper (Oxyodes scrobiculata)[3]
- leaf eating caterpillar (Paracrama dulcissima)[3]
- [1]
- [1]
- [1]
- Phostria nicoalis[1]
- Phostria xipharesalis[1]
- durian seed and fruit borer ( (syn. )[1]
- coffee mealybug ()[3]
- mealybug ()[3]
- ambrosia beetle[1] (Platypodinae or Scolytinae)
- [1]
- weevil ()[3]
- red coffee borer, red branch borer (Polyphagozerra coffeae syn. Zeuzera coffeae)[1][3]
- up-country tea termite (Postelectrotermes militaris)[1]
- mealybug (Pseudococcus sp.)[1] description matches )[3]
- flower eating moth ()[3]
- fruit eating moth ()[3]
- sp.[1]
- stem borer ()[1]
- scale insect, soft scale insect (Saissetia sp.)[3][1]
- sp.[1]
- chilli thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis)[3]
- [1]
- leaf eating caterpillar ()[3]
- leaf eating (Spilosoma sp.)[3]
- bark feeder (Squamura sp.)[1]
- Squamura maculata (syn. Indarbela flavina)[1]
- leaf eating (Suana concolor)[3]
- [1]
- Synanthedon sp.[1]
- [1]
- mite ()[3]'[1]
- thrips ()[3]
- thrips (Thrips hawaiiensis)[3]
- oil palm bunch moth (Tirathaba mundella)[1]
- fruit boring caterpillar (Tirathaba ruptilinea)[3][1]
- leaf eating caterpillar ()[3]
- durian rind borer, fruit borer (Tonica terasella)[3][1]
- citrus aphid (Toxoptera aurantii)[3]
- mould mite (Tyrophagus putrescentiae)[1]
- [1]
- [1]
- typical bark beetle (Xyleborus ferrugineus)[1]
- tea shot hole borer ()[3]
- [1]
- Xyleborus similis[1]
- (syn. Xyleborus perforans)[1]
- borer (Zeuzera sp.)[1]
Other invertebrates[]
- spiral nematode Helicotylenchus sp.[1]
- giant African snail (Lissachatina fulica formerly Achatina fulica)[3][1]
- sp.[1]
- root-knot nematode Meloidogyne sp.[1]
- lesion nematode Pratylenchus sp.[1]
- hypocotyl rot (Pratylenchus coffeae)[3][1]
- Radopholus sp.[1]
- reniform nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis[1]
- stunt nematode Tylenchorhynchus sp.[1]
- dagger nematode Xiphinema sp.[1]
Bacteria[]
- stem canker (Enterobacter sp.)[1]
- postharvest fruit rot (Erwinia sp.)[2][5][12]
- stem canker (Flavobacterium sp.)[1]
- stem canker (Pseudomonas sp.)[1]
Fungi[]
Fungi affect both the tree before harvest and the fruit after harvest. Some listed species may only cause cosmetic damage, or the association is unknown.
- stem rot (Albonectria rigidiuscula syn. Calonectria rigidiuscula, Fusarium decemcellulare)[1]
- Sclerotium fruit rot (Athelia rolfsii syn. Sclerotium rolfsii, Corticium rolfsii)[1][2]
- leaf fungus (Aschersonia)[1]
- secondary/opportunistic fruit rot (Aspergillus niger and other Aspergillus spp.)[13]
- stem rot (Bionectria ochroleuca syn. Nectria ochroleuca)[1]
- Calonectria kyotensis[13]
- secondary/opportunistic fruit rot (Candida sp.)[13]
- sooty mold ()[1]
- leaf spot (Cercospora sp.)[1][3]
- seedling dieback ()[1]
- leaf anthracnose, root rot (Colletotrichum sp., syn. Glomerella)[1][3]
- [1]
- leaf spot and dieback ()[1]
- leaf blotch (Corynespora cassiicola)[1]
- Curvularia sp.[1]
- leaf spot ()[1]
- scion dieback (Diplodia sp.)[1]
- root disease (Fusarium sp.)[1]
- Fusarium fruit rot, stem rot (Fusarium solani syn. Nectria haematococca, Haematonectria haematococca)[1][2][5][12]
- Fusarium oxysporum[1]
- twig blight (Fusicoccum sp.)[1][3]
- [1]
- Geotrichum candidum[13]
- secondary/opportunistic fruit rot (Gibberella intricans)[13]
- [13]
- leaf spot (Gloeosporium sp.)[1]
- anthracnose ()[1]
- leaf anthracnose and leaf spot (Glomerella cingulata syn. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)?[1][2][5][12][14][13]
- black and brown leaf spot ()[1]
- Lasiodiplodia sp.[1]
- Diplodia fruit rot (Lasiodiplodia theobromae syn. Botryodiplodia theobromae) - can also cause dieback and leaf scorch[2][5][12][1][13]
- [1]
- sooty mold ( sp.)[2][15][1]
- Macrophomina phaseolina (syn. Macrophomina phaseoli)[1]
- thread blight (Marasmiellus scandens)[1]
- black mildew, sooty mould ()[2][16][17][3][1]
- [1]
- sooty mold ()[2][16][17]
- Mucor rot, fruit rot (Mucor sp.)[2][5][12][1]
- leaf spot (Myrothecium verrucaria)[1]
- bark rot (Nectria sp.)[1]
- powdery mildew (Oidium sp.)[1]
- leaf mould Passalora fulva (syn. Cladosporium fulvum[1][3]
- secondary/opportunistic fruit rot (Penicillium sp.)[13]
- seedling dieback ( sp.)[1]
- leaf spot ( sp.)[1][3]
- pink disease/cendawan angin (Phanerochaete salmonicolor syn. Botryobasidium salmonicolor, Corticium salmonicolor, Erythricium salmonicolor)[2][3][1]
- leaf spot (Phomopsis sp.)[3][1]
- sooty mould of fruits, twigs, and leaves ()[1][2][15]
- [1]
- seedling rim blight, leaf spot, postharvest fruit rot (Phyllosticta sp.)[1][2][5][12]
- leaf parasite ()[1]
- [1]
- black crust of fruit, leaf mould, sooty mold (Polychaeton sp.)[1][2][15]
- postharvest fruit rot (Pseudocochliobolus eragrostidis, syn. Curvularia eragrostidis, Cochliobolus eragrostidis)[1][2][5][12]
- leaf spot (Pyrenochaeta sp.)[1]
- leaf blight, leaf fall (Rhizoctonia sp.)[1]
- Rhizopus sp.[1]
- Rhizopus rot, fruit rot (Rhizopus stolonifer sy. Rhizopus artocarpi)[1][2][5][12]
- wood rot, white root disease (Rigidoporus microporus syn. Fomes lignosus, Rigidoporus lignosus)[1][2]
- Typhula sp. (syn. Sclerotium sp.)[1]
- sooty mold (Scorias spongiosa)[1][2][15]
- leaf mould ( syn. )[1]
- [1]
- sooty mould of twigs, petioles, and leaves ()[1][2][15]
- black film on leaves, sooty mold ()[1][2][15]
- sooty mold sp.[1][2][15]
- scion dieback ( sp.)[1]
- Verticillium sp.[1]
Oomycetes[]
Oomycetes are often confused with fungi.
- [1]
- leaf blight (Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae)[1]
- Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica[1]
- bark rot, fruit rot, hypocotyl rot, patch canker, root rot (Phytophthora palmivora)[1][2][3][5][12][19]
- Phytophthora parasitica[1]
- root rot (Pythium sp.)[1]
- Pythium root rot, patch canker, root disease (Pythium vexans syn. Pythium complectens, Phytopythium vexans[1][2]
Plants[]
Some plants growing on durian trees can be problematic or even parasitic.
Non-pathogenic epiphytes and symbiotes[]
These species live on or in durian trees as epiphytes but typically do not harm the tree or fruit. However, Trentepohlia species can grow thick enough to block lenticels and inhibit ramiflorous flowering.[2]
- (teleomorph: )[1]
- Diploicia canescens (formerly Buellia canescens[1]
- oakleaf fern (Drynaria quercifolia) Anderson (1966)[1]
- strangling fig (Ficus benjamina) Anderson (1966)[1]
- (syn. )[1]
- Parmelia sp.[1]
- Phycopeltis[2][1]
- Pleurococcus[2]
- Trebouxia[2][1]
- Trentepohlia sp.[1]
- Velvet felt, felt fungus (Septobasidium sp.)[2][5][21][3][1]
Hyperparasites and secondary associations[]
Hyperparasitism is when durian parasites become the hosts for other parasites.
- is a pest of [1]
- Bionectria ochroleuca (syn. Nectria ochroleuca) is associated with Albonectria rigidiuscula[1]
Bionectria ochroleuca - Gliocladium roseum is a parasite of Phytophthora palmivora[1]
- is a pest of [1]
- can parasitize , which can be a parasite of [1]
- is associated with Albonectria rigidiuscula[1]
References[]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj Brown, Michael J. (1997). Durio, a Bibliographic Review (PNG). New Delhi: Bioversity International. ISBN 9789290433187. OCLC 38754437. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Lim, Tong Kwee; Sangchote, Somsiri (2003). "10: Diseases of durian". In Ploetz, Randy C. (ed.). Diseases of tropical fruit crops. Cambridge, MA: CABI Publishing. pp. 241–252. doi:10.1079/9780851993904.0241. ISBN 978-0851993904. OCLC 928700703. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca Plant Quarantine Policy Branch, Policy and International Division (November 1999). "Final Import Risk Analysis on the Importation of Fresh Durian Fruit (Durio zibethinus Murray) from the Kingdom of Thailand" (DOC). Canberra: Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
{{cite web}}:|author1=has generic name (help) - ^ Singh, Kishan Gorbak (1980). "A check list of host and disease in Malaysia". Bulletin (154). OCLC 9111337.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lim, Tong Kwee (1990). Durian: diseases and disorders. Kuala Lumpur: Tropical Press. ISBN 9789677300507. OCLC 857198658.
- ^ a b c d Gasik, Lindsay (8 March 2014). "When Durian Isn't Vegan, and What Every Animal Loving Durian Freak Should Know". Year of the Durian. yearofthedurian.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
- ^ a b c d e Nakashima, Yoshihiro; Lagan, Peter; Kitayama, Kanehiro (March 2008). "A Study of Fruit–Frugivore Interactions in Two Species of Durian (Durio, Bombacaceae) in Sabah, Malaysia". Biotropica. 40 (2): 255–258. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00335.x. ISSN 1744-7429. OCLC 5155811169.
- ^ Webber, C. Elizabeth; Sereivathana, Tuy; Maltby, Matthew P.; Lee, Phyllis C. (2011). "Elephant crop-raiding and human–elephant conflict in Cambodia: crop selection and seasonal timings of raids". Oryx. 45 (2): 243–251. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.859.8742. doi:10.1017/S0030605310000335. ISSN 0030-6053. OCLC 729973313. S2CID 86676785.
- ^ Fredriksson, Gabriella M.; Wich, Serge A.; Trisno (1 November 2006). "Frugivory in sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) is linked to El Niño-related fluctuations in fruiting phenology, East Kalimantan, Indonesia" (PDF). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 89 (3): 489–508. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00688.x. ISSN 1095-8312. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
Durio graveolens Bombacaceae S fr Tree
- ^ a b c Oei-Dharma, H.P. (1969). "6 Fruit Crops". Use of Pesticides and Control of Economic Pests and Diseases in Indonesia. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 78. OCLC 911794968.
We think it worth mentioning here, owing to reports of great damage, caused by certain mammals, like rats, wild boars and bears.
- ^ Mackinnon, John (February 1974). "The behaviour and ecology of wild orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus)". Animal Behaviour. 22 (1): 3–74. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(74)80054-0. ISSN 0003-3472.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sangchote, Somsiri; Pongpisutta, Ratiya; Bunjoedchoedchu, Ronnapop (1996). "Diseases of durian fruits after harvest". 34. Kasetsart University Annual Conference, Bangkok (Thailand), 30 Jan-1 Feb 1996: 148–152.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sivapalan, A.; Metussin, Rosidah; Harndan, Fuziah; Zain, Rokiah Mohd (December 1998). "Fungi associated with postharvest fruit rots of Durio graveolens and D. kutejensis in Brunei Darussalam". Australasian Plant Pathology. 27 (4): 274–277. doi:10.1071/AP98033. ISSN 1448-6032. OCLC 204773204. S2CID 37024997.
- ^ Lim, Tong Kwee (1980) Anthracnose and related problems in some local fruit trees. National Fruit Seminar, Serdang, Malaysia, November 5–7, 1980, Preprint No. 15.
- ^ a b c d e f g Lim, Tong Kwee (1989) Studies of some lesser known mycoflora of durian: sooty mould and black mildew. Pertanika 12, 159–166.
- ^ a b Turner, G.J. (1971) Fungi and plant disease in Sarawak. Phytopathological Paper No. 12, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, UK.
- ^ a b Johnston, A. (1960) A supplement to a host list of plant disease in Malaya. Mycological Paper No. 77. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, UK
- ^ Lim, Tong Kwee, Ng, C.C. and Chin, C.L. (1987) Etiology and control of durian foliar blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Annals of Applied Biology 110, 301–307.
- ^ Chan, L.G. and Lim, Tong Kwee (1987) Control of Phytophthora palmivora on cacao and durian seedlings. Journal of Plant Protection in the Tropics 4(1), 9–13.
- ^ a b c Lim, Tong Kwee; Sijam, Kamaruzaman (1989). "Occurrence of the green alga Trentepohlia on the trunk and branches of durian". The Planter. 65: 328–333. ISSN 0126-575X. OCLC 956938423.
- ^ Chandrasikul, A. (1962) A Preliminary Host List of Plant Disease in Thailand. Technical Bulletin No. 6, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand.
Categories:
- Durio
- Tropical agriculture
- Lists of plant diseases
- Fruit tree diseases