List of female scientists before the 20th century

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
See also: List of female scientists in the 20th century and List of 21st-century women scientists

This is a historical list, intended to deal with the time period where it is believed that women working in science were rare. For this reason, this list ends with the 20th century.

Antiquity[]

Marble herm in the Vatican Museums inscribed with Aspasia's name at the base. Discovered in 1777, this marble herm is a Roman copy of a 5th-century BC original and may represent Aspasia's funerary stele.
Hypatia by Julia Cameron
  • Gargi Vachaknavi (7th century BCE), Indian philosopher
  • Abrotelia (5th BCE), philosopher in Ancient Greece
  • Aemilia (c. 300 CE–363 CE), Gallo-Roman physician
  • Aesara of Lucania (4th or 3rd BCE), philosopher in Ancient Greece
  • Agamede (12th century BCE), physician in Ancient Greece (possibly mythical)
  • Aglaonike (2nd century BCE), first woman astronomer in Ancient Greece
  • Agnodike (4th century BCE), first woman physician to practice legally in Athens[1]: 2 
  • (mid-6th century), Egyptian physician[2]: 39 
  • Amyte (300 BCE), Greek physician and poet[2]: 40 
  • Arete of Cyrene (5th–4th centuries BCE), Greek natural and moral philosopher,
  • Artemisia of Caria (c. 300 BCE), botanist
  • Asclepigenia (4th AD), Greek Neoplatonist[2]: 55 
  • Aspasia (4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist
  • Aspasia the Physician (fl. 1st century CE), Greek physician
  • Axiothea of Phlius (fl. c. 350 BCE), Greek philosopher[2]: 62 
  • , Ancient Roman physician [3]
  • (1st AD), Roman philosopher[2]: 118 
  • Caerellia (c. 45 BCE), Roman academician[2]: 219 
  • Chun Yuyan (1st-century BC), Chinese obstetrician and gynecologist
  • (1st–2nd century AD), philosopher[2]: 267 
  • (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher[2]: 267–68 
  • Cleopatra the Alchemist – wrote the alchemical book, Chrysopoeia, or "gold-making"[4]: 99 [5]
  • Damo (6th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher
  • Diotima of Mantinea (4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist, ancient Greece
  • (5th or 4th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher[2]: 396 
  • (5th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher[2]: 397 
  • Elephantis (1st century BCE), Greek physician
  • Enheduanna (c. 2285–2250 BCE), Sumerian/Akkadian astronomer and poet
  • Fabiola (died 399 CE), Roman physician
  • Fang (first century B.C.), Chinese chemist
  • (2nd century), Roman physician[2]: 436 
  • Gu Bao (4th-century), was a Chinese physician
  • Hypatia (370–415 CE), mathematician and astronomer, Egypt[1]: 137 
  • Laïs, midwife[2]: 735 [6]
  • , Ancient Greek physician [7]
  • Lastheneia of Mantinea (5th century BCE), student of Plato
  • Leontium (3rd BCE), Greek philosopher
  • Leoparda (4th century AD), gynecologist
  • Macrina (4th century AD), Greek physician and nun[2]: 828 
  • Marcella (4th century AD), Roman healer[2]: 841 
  • Mary the Jewess (1st or 2nd century CE), alchemist[4]: 128 
  • Melissa (3rd century BCE), Greek philosopher
  • Merit Ptah (c. 2700 BCE), Egyptian physician
  • Metrodora (c. 200–400 AD), Greek physician and author
  • , Ancient Roman physician [8]
  • Myia (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher
  • Nicerata (c. 5th century), physician and healer
  • (4th or 5th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher and mathematician[2]: 957 
  • Olympias of Thebes (1st century BCE), Greek midwife[2]: 962 
  • Origenia (2nd century AD), Greek healer[2]: 965 
  • Pao Ku Ko (3rd-century A.D.), Chinese chemist
  • Paphnutia the Virgin (c. 300), Egyptian alchemist[2]: 978 
  • (347–404 CE), Roman healer[2]: 990 
  • Perictione (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher, mother of Plato
  • Panthea, Ancient Greek physician, wife and colleague of Glycon. [9]
  • , Ancient Greek physician [10]
  • Peseshet Egyptian physician (Fourth Dynasty)
  • Pulcheria (5th century AD), healer[2]: 1059 
  • Pythias of Assos (4th century BCE), marine zoologist
  • Restituta (1st-century), Ancient Roman physician [11]
  • , Ancient Greek physician [12]
  • Salpe (1st century BCE), Greek midwife
  • Sotira (1st century BCE), Greek physician[2]: 1217–18 
  • Tapputi-Belatekallim (First mentioned in a clay tablet dating to 2000 BCE), Babylonian perfumer, the first person in history recorded as using a chemical process[13]
  • , Ancient Roman physician [14]
  • Theano (6th century BCE), philosopher, mathematician and physician
  • , Iranian[2]: 1278 
  • Theosebeia (4th century AD), healer[2]: 1278 
  • Yi Jia (2nd-century BC), was a Chinese physician

Middle Ages[]

Herrad of Landsbert
  • Abella (14th-century), Italian physician[15]
  • Adelle of the Saracens (12th-century), Italian physician
  • Adelmota of Carrara (14th-century), Italian physician
  • Rufaida Al-Aslamia (7th-century), Muslim nurse
  • (1386–1408), Florentine physician[15]
  • (fl. 1313–1325), French physician[15]
  • (d. 1366), French surgeon[15]
  • Zulema L'Astròloga (1190-after 1229), Moorish astronomer
  • (fl. 15th-century), Italian-Jewish physician[15]
  • Hildegard of Bingen (1099–1179), German natural philosopher[1]: 126 
  • , Napolitan physician specializing in the plague buboes[15]
  • , Italian surgeon,[16] mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.[17]
  • Denice (fl. 1292), French barber-surgeon[15]
  • (fl. ca. 13th century), German physician[18]
  • Dobrodeia of Kiev (fl. 1122), Byzantine physician
  • Dorotea Bucca (fl. 1390), Italian professor of medicine[15]
  • Constance Calenda (15th-century), Italian surgeon specializing in diseases of the eye[19][16]
  • Virdimura of Catania (fl. 1376), Jewish-Sicilian physician[15]
  • (fl. 1400s), Florentine physician[15]
  • (fl. 1438), French barber-surgeon[15]
  • (fl. 1400), Florentine-Jewish physician[15]
  • Clarice di Durisio (15th-century), Italian physician
  • Fava of Manosque (fl. 1322), French-Jewish physician[15]
  • Jacobina Félicie (fl. 1322), Italian physician
  • (15th-century), Catalan physician [20]
  • (fl. 1309), licensed surgeon[15]
  • (fl. 1380), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician[15]
  • (fl. 1384), Leyda, Spanish-Jewish physician[15]
  • (fl. 1387), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician[15]
  • (fl. 1326), French-Jewish physician and medical teacher[15]
  • Alessandra Giliani (fl. 1318), Italian anatomist
  • Rebecca de Guarna (fl. 1200), Italian physician[19][16]
  • Magistra Hersend (fl. 1249–1259), French surgeon
  • Maria Incarnata, Italian surgeon,[16] mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.[21]
  • (fl. 1292), French-Jewish physician[15]
  • (fl. 1374), Aragonese physician[15]
  • (fl. 1176), French physician[15]
  • Keng Hsien-Seng (10th-century), Chinese chemist
  • Li Shao Yun (11th-century), Chinese chemist
  • (fl. 1265), French physician[15]
  • Guillemette du Luys (fl. 1479), French royal surgeon[15]
  • Thomasia de Mattio, Italian physician,[16] mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.[22]
  • (late 14th-century), Napolitan oculist active in Frankfurt-am-Main[15]
  • Mercuriade (14th-century), Italian physician and surgeon[19]
  • Gilette de Narbonne (fl. 1300), French physician[15]
  • , Napolitan surgeon[15]
  • , Napolitan physician[15]
  • Dame Péronelle (1292–1319), French herbalist
  • Peretta Peronne, also called Perretta Petone (fl. 1411), French surgeon[15]
  • Lauretta Ponte da Saracena Calabria, Napolitan physician
  • Trota of Salerno (fl. 1090), Italian physician[15]
  • (fl. 1460), Napolitan licensed herbalist physician[15]
  • Sara de Sancto Aegidio (fl. 1326), French physician
  • (fl. 1384), Barcelona, Spanish physician[15]
  • Shen Yu Hsiu (15th-century), Chinese chemist
  • Sun Pu-Eh (12th-century), Chinese chemist
  • , licensed Napolitan surgeon[15]
  • (fl. 1291), French barber surgeon[15]
  • (f. 1307), Napolitan physician[15]
  • (fl. 1335), licensed Napolitan surgeon[15]
  • (fl. 1333), licensed Napolitan surgeon,[15] who studied at the University of Salerno[23] She was considered a noteworthy practitioner and counted Ladislaus, king of Naples, as a patient.[24]
  • (fl. 1308), Napolian physician[15]
  • Zhang Xiaoniang (11th-century), Chinese physician

16th century[]

Sophie Brahe portrait

17th century[]

Margaret Cavendish
  • Anna Åkerhjelm (1647–1693), Swedish traveler and archaeologist
  • Ann Baynard (1672–1697), British Natural philosopher
  • Aphra Behn (1640–1689), British translator of an astronomical work
  • Martine Bertereau (1600–fl.1642), French mineralogist
  • Agnes Block (1629–1704), Dutch horticulturalist
  • Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine (1618–1680), German natural philosopher
  • Louise Bourgeois Boursier (1563–1636), French obstetrician
  • Titia Brongersma (1650–1700), Frisian archaeologist, poet
  • Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673), natural philosopher
  • Marie Crous (fl. 1640), French mathematician
  • Maria Cunitz (1610–1664), Silesian astronomer
  • Jeanne Dumée (1660–1706), French astronomer
  • Maria Clara Eimmart (1676–1707), German astronomer
  • Marie Fouquet (1590–1681), French medical writer
  • Eleanor Glanville (1654–1709), English entomologist
  • Elisabeth Hevelius (1647–1693), Polish astronomer
  • Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717), naturalist[1]: 206 
  • Marie Meurdrac (c. 1610–1680), French chemist and alchemist
  • Elena Cornaro Piscopia (1646–1684), Italian mathematician and the first female PhD
  • Marguerite de la Sablière (c. 1640–1693), French natural philosopher
  • Jane Sharp (fl. 1671), British obstetrician
  • Justine Siegemund (1636–1705), German obstetrician
  • Mary Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort (1630–1715), English botanist
  • Elizabeth Walker (1623–1690), British pharmacist

18th century[]

Geneviève Charlotte d'Arconville
Portrait of Émilie du Châtelet by Maurice Quentin de La Tour

19th century[]

Anthropology[]

  • Maria Czaplicka (1884–1921), Polish cultural anthropologist
  • Alice Cunningham Fletcher (1838–1923), American ethnologist
  • Johanna Mestorf (1828–1909), German prehistoric archaeologist
  • Margaret Murray (1863–1963), British anthropologist
  • Clémence Royer (1830–1902), French anthropologist
  • Ellen Churchill Semple (1863–1932), American geographer
  • Praskovja Uvarova (1840–1924), Russian archaeologist

Archeology[]

  • Cornelia Horsford (1861– c. 1941), American archaeologist
  • Lady Hester Stanhope (1776–1839), British archaeologist
  • Zsófia Torma (1832–1899), Hungarian archaeologist, paleologist, anthropologist

Astronomy[]

Annie Jump Cannon, 1922 Portrait
  • Mary Albertson (1838–1914), American botanist and astronomer
  • Annie Jump Cannon (1863–1941), American astronomer[1]: 47 
  • Agnes Mary Clerke (1842–1907), British astronomer
  • Florence Cushman (1860–1940), American astronomer
  • Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900–1979), American astronomer and astrophysicist
  • Williamina Fleming (1857��1911), Scottish/American astronomer[1]: 89 
  • Margaret Lindsay Murray Huggins (1848–1915), British astronomer
  • Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868–1921), American astronomer[1]: 170 
  • Annie Russell Maunder (1868–1947), Irish astronomer
  • Antonia Caetana Maury (1866–1952), American astronomer[1]: 195 
  • Maria Mitchell (1818–1889), American astronomer[1]: 209 
  • Isis Pogson (1852–1945), British astronomer
  • Caterina Scarpellini (1808–1873), Italian astronomer
  • Sarah Frances Whiting (1846–1927), American astronomer and physicist[27]
  • Mary Watson Whitney (1847–1921), American astronomer
  • Anna Winlock (1857–1904), American astronomer

Biology or natural history[]

Mary Anning
  • Frances Acton (1793–1881), British botanist
  • Elizabeth Cary Agassiz (1822–1907), American natural historian
  • Mary Albertson (1838–1914), American botanist and astronomer
  • Mary Anning (1799–1847), British natural historian[1]: 9 
  • Emily Arnesen (1876–1928), Norwegian zoologist
  • Anna Atkins (1799–1871), British botanist
  • Harriet Henrietta Beaufort (1778–1865), British botanist
  • Isabella Bird Bishop (1831–1904), British natural historian
  • Priscilla Susan Bury (1799–1872), English botanist
  • Albertina Carlsson (1848–1930), Swedish zoologist
  • Mary Agnes Meara Chase (1869–1963), American biologist
  • Cornelia Clapp (1849–1934), American zoologist
  • Anna Botsford Comstock (1854–1930), American natural historian
  • Clara Eaton Cummings (1855–1906), American botanist
  • Lydia Maria Adams DeWitt (1859–1928), American pathologist
  • Mary Cynthia Dickerson (1866–1923), American herpetologist, museum curator and writer
  • Amalie Dietrich (1821–1891), German natural historian
  • Alice Eastwood (1859–1953), American biologist[1]: 77 
  • Rosa Smith Eigenmann (1858–1947), American biologist
  • Olga Fedtschenko (1845–1921), Russian botanist
  • Maria Elizabeth Fernald (1839–1919), American entomologist
  • Elisabetta Fiorini Mazzanti (1799–1879), Italian botanist
  • Susanna Phelps Gage (1857–1915), American embryologist and comparative anatomist
  • Lilian Jane Gould (1861–1936), British biologist
  • Amelia Griffiths (1768–1858), British phycologist
  • Marian E. Hubbard (1868–1956), American zoologist
  • Agnes Ibbetson (1757–1823), English vegetable physiologist
  • Susan Hallowell (1835–1911), American botanist
  • Gabrielle Howard (1876–1930), British plant physiologist
  • Ellen Hutchins (1785–1815), Irish botanist
  • Ida Henrietta Hyde (1857–1945), American biologist[1]: 135 
  • Maria Elizabetha Jacson (1755–1829), English botanist
  • Alice Johnson (1860–1940), English zoologist
  • Józefa Joteyko (1866–1928), physiologist, psychologist, pedagogist
  • Josephine Kablick (1787–1863), botanist
  • Helen Dean King (1869–1955), American biologist
  • Phoebe Lankester (1825–1900), British botanist
  • Marie-Anne Libert (1782–1865), Belgian botanist and mycologist
  • Friederike Lienig (1790–1855), German-Baltic entomologist
  • Elizabeth Eaton Morse (1864–1955), American mycologist/cryptogamist
  • Katharine Murray Lyell (1817–1915), British botanist
  • Helen Abbott Michael (1857–1904), American botanist and chemist
  • Olive Thorne Miller (1831–1918), American natural historian
  • Maria Gugelberg von Moos (1836–1918), Swiss botanist
  • Margaretta Morris (1797–1867), American entomologist
  • Mary Murtfeldt (1848–1913), American biologist
  • Eleanor Anne Ormerod (1828–1901), British biologist
  • Edith Marion Patch (1876–1954), American biologist
  • Beatrix Potter (1866–1943), British mycologist
  • Mary Jane Rathbun (1860–1943), American marine biologist
  • Margaretta Riley (1804–1899), British botanic
  • Caroline Rosenberg (1810–1902), Danish botanist
  • Ethel Sargant (1863–1918), British biologist
  • Hazel Schmoll (1890–1990), American botanist working on plant life in Colorado
  • Lilian Sheldon (1862–1942), English zoologist
  • Alexandra Smirnoff (1838–1913), Finnish pomologist
  • Annie Lorrain Smith (1854–1937), British lichenologist and mycologist
  • Emilie Snethlage (1868–1929), German-Brazilian naturalist and ornithologist
  • Nettie Stevens (1861–1912), American geneticist[1]: 284 
  • Jantina Tammes (1871–1947), Dutch botanist and geneticist
  • Charlotte De Bernier Taylor (1806–1863), American entomologist
  • Mary Treat (1830–1923), American naturalist
  • Anna Vickers (1852–1906), marine algologist
  • Jeanne Villepreux-Power (1794–1871), French marine biologist
  • Anna Maria Walker (c. 1778–1852), Scottish botanist
  • Elizabeth Andrew Warren (1786–1864), Cornish botanist
  • Mary Anne Whitby (1784–1850), English breeder of silkworms

Chemistry[]

Ida Freund
  • Vera Bogdanovskaia (1868–1897), Russian chemist[28]: 64 
  • Ida Freund (1863–1914), first woman to be a university chemistry lecturer in the United Kingdom[28]: 59–60 
  • Louise Hammarström (1849–1917), Swedish chemist
  • Edith Humphrey (1875–1978), probably the first British woman to gain a doctorate in chemistry[29]
  • Julia Lermontova (1846–1919), Russian chemist[28]: 61–64 
  • Laura Linton (1853–1915), American chemist [28]: 57–58 
  • Rachel Lloyd (1839–1900), American chemist [28]: 55–56 
  • Adelaida Lukanina (1843–1908), Russian physician and chemist
  • Helen Abbott Michael (1857–1904), American botanist and chemist
  • Frances Micklethwait (1867–1950), British research chemist
  • Muriel Wheldale Onslow (1880–1932), British biochemist
  • Marie Pasteur (1826–1910), French chemist and bacteriologist
  • Mary Engle Pennington (1872–1952), American chemist
  • Agnes Pockels (1862–1935), German chemist
  • Vera Popova (1867–1896), Russian chemist
  • Anna Sundström (1785–1871), Swedish chemist
  • Ellen Swallow Richards (1842–1911), American industrial and environmental chemist[1]: 254 [28]: 51–54 
  • Margarete Traube (1856–1912), German-born chemist who lived in Italy
  • Anna Volkova (1800–1876), Russian chemist
  • Martha Annie Whiteley (1866–1956), English chemist and mathematician
  • Nadezhda Olimpievna Ziber-Shumova (died 1914), Russian chemist


Engineers[]

  • Emily Roebling (1844–1903), American civil engineer
  • Lanying Lin (1918–2003), Chinese materials science

Geology[]

  • Florence Bascom (1862–1945), American geologist[1]: 18 
  • Etheldred Benett (1776–1845), British geologist
  • Mary Buckland (1797–1857), British paleontologist and marine biologist
  • Margaret Crosfield (1859–1952), British paleontologist and geologist
  • Maria Gordon (1896–1939), Scottish geologist
  • Mary Emilie Holmes (1850–1906), American geologist and educator
  • Charlotte Murchison (1788–1869), Scottish geologist
  • Elizabeth Philpot (1780–1857), British paleontologist

Inventors[]

  • Tabitha Babbitt (1779–1853), American inventor and tool maker
  • Mary Brush (fl. 1815), American inventor
  • Martha Coston (1826–1904), American inventor
  • Ellen Eglin (1849–fl. 1890), American inventor
  • Caroline Eichler (1809–1843), German inventor, instrument maker and prostheses designer.
  • Hanna Hammarström (1829–1909), Swedish inventor
  • Mary Kies (1752–1837), American inventor
  • Margaret E. Knight (1838–1914), American inventor, first woman awarded a U.S. patent
  • Huang Lü (died 1829), Chinese optic inventor


Mathematics[]

Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (Ada Lovelace)
  • Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850–1891), Russian mathematician (partial differential equations, rotating solids, Abelian functions)[1]: 162 
  • Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace (1815–1851), British mathematician[1]: 180 
  • Emilie Martin (1869–1936), American mathematician
  • Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), British statistician and nurse
  • Emmy Noether (1882–1935), German mathematician

Microbiology[]

  • Alice Catherine Evans (1881–1975), American microbiologist

Medicine[]

Kadambini Ganguly
  • Rachel Alcock (1862–1939), British physiologist
  • Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836–1917), British physician [1]: 7 
  • Hedda Andersson (1861–1950), Swedish physician
  • Lovisa Årberg (1801–1881), first woman doctor and surgeon in Sweden
  • Amalia Assur (1803–1889), Swedish dentist
  • Sara Josephine Baker (1873–1945), American doctor (child hygiene pioneer)
  • Chandramukhi Basu (1860–1944), Indian physician
  • Elizabeth Blackwell (1821–1910), American physician [1]: 31 
  • Emily Blackwell (1826–1910), American physician
  • Marie Boivin (1773–1841), French writer on obstetrics
  • Elizabeth D. A. Cohen (1820–1921), American physician, first female physician in the state of Louisiana
  • Rebecca Cole (1846–1922) American physician, by 1867 she was the second African-American woman to become a doctor in the United States
  • Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831–1895) American physician, by 1864 she was the first African-American woman to become a doctor in the United States
  • Maria Dalle Donne (1778–1842), Italian physician
  • Marie Durocher (1809–1893), Brazilian obstetrician, midwife and physician
  • Enriqueta Favez (c. 1791–1856), Swiss physician and surgeon
  • Rosalie Fougelberg (1841–1911), Swedish dentist
  • Rupa Bai Furdoonji, Indian physician who was the world's first female anesthetist
  • Kadambini Ganguly (1861–1923), Indian physician
  • Johanna Hedén (1837–1912), Swedish midwife, feldsher and barber
  • Aletta Jacobs (1854–1929), Dutch physician
  • Maria Jansson (1788–1842), known as Kisamor, Swedish physician
  • Sophia Jex-Blake (1840–1912), British physician
  • Anandi Gopal Joshi (1865–1887), Indian physician
  • Mary Poonen Lukose (1886–1976), Indian gynecologist
  • Emmy Rappe (1835–1896), Swedish nurse
  • Martha Ripley (1843–1912), American physician and suffragist
  • Varvara Kashevarova Rudneva (1844–1899), Russian physician
  • Florence R. Sabin (1871–1953), American medical scientist
  • Ellen Sandelin (1862–1907), Swedish physician and teacher of physiology
  • Regina von Siebold (1771–1849), German physician and obstetrician
  • Charlotte von Siebold (1788–1859), German physician and gynecologist
  • Anna Stecksén (1870–1904), Swedish pathologist
  • Lucy Hobbs Taylor (1833–1910), American dentist
  • Isala Van Diest (1842–1916), first female medical doctor and female university graduate in Belgium
  • Catharine van Tussenbroek (1852–1925), Dutch gynecologist
  • Mary Walker (1832–1919), American surgeon
  • Karolina Widerström (1856–1949), Swedish physician
  • Marie Elisabeth Zakrzewska (1829-1902), Polish-American physician


Nuclear physics[]

  • Lise Meitner (1878–1968), Austrian, Swedish, nuclear physicist

Physics[]

  • Hertha Marks Ayrton (1854–1923), British physicist[1]: 14 
  • Mileva Einstein-Maric (1875–1948), Serbian/Swiss physicist
  • Margaret Eliza Maltby (1860–1944), American physicist
  • Mary Somerville (1780–1872), British physicist, polymath[1]: 280 

Psychology[]

  • Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930), American psychologist
  • Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847–1930), American psychologist[1]: 167 
  • Margaret Floy Washburn (1871–1939), American psychologist
  • Anna Freud (1895–1982), Austrian-British psychoanalyst

Science education[]

  • Jane Webb Loudon (1807–1858), Writer of introductory gardening books
  • Jane Marcet (1769–1858), Writer of introductory science books
  • Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884), American science educator
  • Josephine Silone Yates (died 1912), American chemistry professor

Sociology[]

  • Jane Addams (1860–1935), American sociologist
  • Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935), American sociologist
  • Beatrice Webb (1858–1943), English sociologist and economist

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Yount 2007
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2003-12-16). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135963439.
  3. ^ Nathan J. Barnes: Reading 1 Corinthians with Philosophically Educated Women
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Ogilvie 1986
  5. ^ Brown, James Campbell (1920). A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times. P. Blakiston's Son & Company. pp. 19–24.
  6. ^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.81–84. Irby-Massie, 'Women in Ancient Science', in Woman's power, man's game: essays on classical antiquity in honor of Joy K. King, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1993. p.366
  7. ^ Nathan J. Barnes: Reading 1 Corinthians with Philosophically Educated Women
  8. ^ Nathan J. Barnes: Reading 1 Corinthians with Philosophically Educated Women
  9. ^ Nathan J. Barnes: Reading 1 Corinthians with Philosophically Educated Women
  10. ^ Nathan J. Barnes: Reading 1 Corinthians with Philosophically Educated Women
  11. ^ Nathan J. Barnes: Reading 1 Corinthians with Philosophically Educated Women
  12. ^ Nathan J. Barnes: Reading 1 Corinthians with Philosophically Educated Women
  13. ^ Gabriele Kass-Simon; Patricia Farnes; Deborah Nash, eds. (1999). Women of science : righting the record (First Midland Book ed.). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Press. p. 301. ISBN 9780253208132.
  14. ^ Nathan J. Barnes: Reading 1 Corinthians with Philosophically Educated Women
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400–1800
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Howard 2006
  17. ^ Zahm, J.A. (1913). Woman in Science.
  18. ^ Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science. New York: Routledge. p. 346. ISBN 0415920388.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b c Walsh 1911
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  29. ^ Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoff (23 Feb 2009). "Fight for Rights" (PDF). Chemistry World. 6 (3): 56–59.

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