List of gamma-ray bursts

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The following is a list of significant gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) listed in chronological order. GRBs are named after the date on which they were detected: the first two numbers correspond to the year, the second two numbers to the month, and the last two numbers to the day.

List[]

Burst Position Redshift Detected by Notes
Vela 4 First GRB detected
GRB 790305b The first observed SGR megaflare, a specific type of short GRB.
GRB 830801 Brightest GRB detected
GRB 970228 z = 0.695[Ref 1] BeppoSAX First X-ray afterglow, first optical afterglow
RA 14h 50.1m
Dec −69° 20′		 BeppoSAX From an X-ray source never seen before in the constellation Circinus.[Ref 2]
GRB 970508 z = 0.835 BeppoSAX First redshift, first radio afterglow
GRB 971214 z = 3.4 BATSE The first GRB at z > 1; the most luminous of the earliest few GRBs.
GRB 980425 z = 0.008[Ref 3] BATSE The second closest GRB to date (after GRB 170817A) and the first associated with a supernova.
GRB 990123 R.A. 15h 25m 29s
Decl. 44° 45′ 30″[Ref 4]		 z = 1.6 BeppoSAX First burst observed simultaneously in optical and gamma-rays. Brightest observed afterglow before the launch of Swift.
GRB 991216 BATSE First burst detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory[1]
GRB 030329 z = 0.168[Ref 5] HETE-2 The closest "classical" long GRB to Earth and the most thoroughly studied afterglow to date.
GRB 050509B z = 0.225 Swift First short burst with a detected afterglow and a possible host galaxy (not unique).
GRB 050709 z = 0.161[Ref 6] HETE-2 First short burst with a detected optical counterpart.
z = 0.258[Ref 7] Swift First short burst with a detected radio, optical, and X-ray counterpart, as well as an unambiguous association with an elliptical galaxy.
GRB 060218 z = 0.0331[Ref 8] Swift First GRB with an accompanying supernova which could be tracked starting immediately after the burst.
GRB 060614 R.A. 21h 23m 27.0s
Decl. −53° 02′ 02″		 z = 0.125 Swift Either a long-duration burst in which the presence of a bright supernova is ruled out, or a short-duration burst with extremely long-lasting gamma-ray emission.
GRB 080319B z = 0.937 Swift The most (optically) luminous event of any nature observed in the universe to date. By far the brightest optical afterglow of any gamma-ray burst.
GRB 080916C z = 4.35[Ref 9] Fermi The most energetic gamma-ray burst observed to date.
GRB 090423 R.A. 09h 55m 33.08s
Decl. +18° 08′ 58.9″		 z = 8.2 Swift Remains the record holder for most distant observed object in the universe with spectroscopic confirmation.[2][Ref 10]
GRB 101225A R.A. 00h 00m 47.51s
Decl. +44° 36′ 01.1″		 z = 0.33 Swift 28 minutes duration. Also known as the "Christmas burst".
GRB 130427A R.A. 11h 32m 32.84s
Decl. +27° 41′ 56.2″		 z = 0.34 Swift hours duration
GRB 160625B R.A. 20h 34m 23.25s
Decl. +06° 55′ 10.5″[3]		 z = 1.406[3][4] Fermi; LAT
GRB 170817A R.A. 12h 47m
Decl. −39° 48′[5]		 z = 0.009727 Fermi Neutron star collision, producing the gravitational wave named GW170817.[5][6][7] Closest GRB known to date
GRB 190114C R.A. 03h 38m 1.63s
Decl. −26° 56′ 48.1″[8]		 z=0.4245[9] Swift;[10] Fermi[11] The afterglow light emitted soon after the burst was found to be tera-electron volt radiation from inverse Compton emission, identified for the first time;[12] "light detected from the object had the highest energy ever observed: 1 Tera electron volt (TeV) -- about one trillion times as much energy per photon as visible light";[12] "the brightest light ever seen from Earth ... [the] biggest explosion in the Universe since the Big Bang";[13] "this detection is considered a milestone in high-energy astrophysics".[14]

Extremes[]

GRB Extremes
Title GRB Data Notes
Least distant GRB 170817A z = 0.009727 Higher redshift than GRB 980425, but closer galaxy
Most distant with photometric redshift estimate GRB 090429B z = 9.4 [15]
Most distant with spectroscopic redshift estimate GRB 090423 z = 8.2 [2]
Least Luminous
Most Luminous z = 0.984[citation needed] Peak Luminosity (isotropic) is Liso = 4.7 × 1047 Watts [16]
Most Energetic 3.3 TeV;
z=0.0785;[17] 		It has the longest duration for afterglow emission[18] with 56 hours,[19][20] this is not the first bursty prompt emission for which the longest duration is held by GRB 111209A.

It replaces the previous most energetic event GRB 190114C (1TeV,[12] z=0.4245;,[9] magnitude=15.60est[10]) which at the time was described as "[the] biggest explosion in the Universe since the Big Bang";[13] and "a milestone in high-energy astrophysics".[14][21]

Longest duration GRB 111209A Duration = at least 7 hours
Shortest duration Duration = 12 ms
Most distant naked-eye brightness GRB GRB 080319B Apparent magnitude: 5.3
z=0.937 		[22][23]

Firsts[]

GRB Firsts
Title GRB Date Data Notes
First GRB detected 1967 July 2 [22]
First GRB identified 1978 November 4 Venera-11, Venera-12, Prognoz-7, ISEE-3, Pioneer Venus Orbiter, Vela
First long duration GRB discovered
First short duration GRB discovered
First hard spectrum GRB discovered
First soft spectrum GRB discovered
First GRB whose distance was determined GRB 970508 z=0.835 [24]
First GRB discovered with a radio afterglow GRB 970508 [24]
First GRB discovered with an optical afterglow GRB 970228 February 28, 1997 02:58 UTC [24]
First GRB discovered with an X-ray afterglow [25]
First GRB linked to a supernova GRB 980425 25 April 1998 21:49 UTC SN 1998bw GRB 030329 definitively linked SNe with GRBs, being associated with the hypernova [24][26]
First GRB of naked-eye brightness GRB 080319B 2008 March 19 06:12 UTC Apparent magnitude: 5.7 The first GRB bright enough to be visible to amateur astronomers with low powered scopes was GRB 990123 at magnitude 9 [22][23][24]
First GRB with associated Gravitational wave detection GRB 170817A 2017 August 17 GW170817
First GRB with tera-electron volt radiation from inverse Compton emission.[12] GRB 190114C 2019 January 14 20:57:03 UT[10] z=0.4245;[9]
magnitude=15.60est[10] 		"light detected from the object had the highest energy ever observed: 1 Tera electron volt (TeV) -- about one trillion times as much energy per photon as visible light";[12] "the brightest light ever seen from Earth ... [the] biggest explosion in the Universe since the Big Bang";[13] "this detection is considered a milestone in high-energy astrophysics".[14]

Most distant GRB[]

GRBs z>6
GRB Distance Notes
GRB 090429B z=9.4 [15] (photometric redshift)
GRB 090423 z=8.2 [27]
GRB 080913 z=6.7 [27]
z=6.60 The high foreground extinction for this event makes this photometric redshift estimate very uncertain.[28]
z=6.33 [29]
GRB 050904 z=6.295 [30]

GRBs z>6 are used to explore the reionization era

Most Distant GRB Titleholders
GRB Date Distance Notes
GRB 090429B May 2011 — z=9.4 The GRB was observed in 2009, however its distance was not announced until 2011.[15]
GRB 090423 April 2009 — May 2011 z=8.2 This was the first GRB to become the most distant object in the universe.[27]
GRB 080913 September 2008 — April 2009 z=6.7 [27][31]
GRB 050904 September 2005 — September 2008 z=6.29 [30][31][32]
GRB 000131 January 2000 — September 2005 z=4.50 [32][33][34]
GRB 971214 December 1997 — January 2000 z=3.42 [24][33][34]
GRB 970508 May 1997 — December 1997 z=0.835 First GRB with its distance determined [24]

Notes[]

Footnotes[]

  1. ^ Bloom 2001
  2. ^ Antonelli
  3. ^ Tinney 1998
  4. ^ Odewahn 1999
  5. ^ Caldwell 2003
  6. ^ Price 2005
  7. ^ Berger 2005
  8. ^ Mirabal 2006
  9. ^ Greiner 2009
  10. ^ Reddy 2009

References[]

  • Antonelli LA, Fiore F. "BeppoSAX follow-up observations of the region of the Gamma-ray burst GRB 970402".
  • Caldwell N; et al. (2003). "GRB 030329, optical spectroscopy". GCN Circulars. 2053: 1.
  • Mirabal N, Halpern JP (2006). "GRB 060218: MDM Redshift". GCN Circulars. 4792: 1. Bibcode:2006GCN..4792....1M.
  • Odewahn SC; et al. (1999). "GRB 990123". GCN Circulars. 7094: 1. Bibcode:1999IAUC.7094....1O.
  • Bloom JS; et al. (2001). "The Redshift and the Ordinary Host Galaxy of GRB 970228". Astrophysical Journal. 554 (2): 678–683. arXiv:astro-ph/0007244. Bibcode:2001ApJ...554..678B. doi:10.1086/321398. S2CID 16648604.
  • Greiner J; et al. (2009). "The redshift and afterglow of the extremely energetic gamma-ray burst GRB 080916C". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 498 (1): 89–94. arXiv:0902.0761. Bibcode:2009A&A...498...89G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811571. S2CID 6758498.
  • Reddy F (28 April 2009). "New Gamma-Ray Burst Smashes Cosmic Distance Record". NASA. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
  • Schilling G (2002). Flash! The hunt for the biggest explosions in the universe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80053-6.
  • Tinney C; et al. (1998). "IAU Circular 6896: IAUC 6896: GRB 980425; V4334 Sgr". IAU: Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
  • Price PA; et al. (2005). "GRB 050709: Spectroscopy". GCN Circulars. 3605: 1. Bibcode:2005GCN..3605....1P.
  • Berger E; et al. (2005). "The afterglow and elliptical host galaxy of the short γ-ray burst GRB 050724". Nature. 438 (7070): 988–90. arXiv:astro-ph/0508115. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..988B. doi:10.1038/nature04238. PMID 16355217. S2CID 4414546.

Citations[]

  1. ^ "The Universe Lights Up on Beethoven's Birthday". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. 30 December 1999. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
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  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Racusin, Judith; et al. (26 June 2016). "GCN Circular: GRB 160625B: Fermi-LAT detection of a bright burst (and related)". NASA. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
  4. ^ Greiner, Jochen (12 July 2017). "Gamma-ray Burst 160625B". Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Kienlin, Andreas von (17 August 2017). "GCN Circular; Number: 21520; GRB 170817A: Fermi GBM detection; 2017/08/17 20:00:07 GMT". Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  6. ^ Casttelvecchi, Davide (25 August 2017). "Rumours swell over new kind of gravitational-wave sighting". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22482. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  7. ^ Drake, Nadia (25 August 2017). "Strange Stars Caught Wrinkling Spacetime? Get the Facts". National Geographic. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  8. ^ Staff (2019). "SIMBAD - GRB 190114C". SIMBAD. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c Staff (2019). "GRB 190114C". University of Chicago. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Palmer, David (14 January 2019). "GRB 190114C: Swift detection of a very bright burst with a bright optical counterpart". Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  11. ^ Zhang, Ben (20 November 2019). "Extreme emission seen from γ-ray bursts - Cosmic explosions called γ-ray bursts are the most energetic bursting events in the Universe. Observations of extremely high-energy emission from two γ-ray bursts provide a new way to study these gigantic explosions". Nature. 575 (7783): 448–449. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-03503-6. PMID 31748718.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e University of Johannesburg (22 November 2019). "Caught in afterglow: 1st detection of Inverse Compton emission from dying gamma-ray burst". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c Wood, Tom (22 November 2019). "Scientists Detect Biggest Explosion In The Universe Since The Big Bang". LADbible. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c ESA/Hubble Information Centre (20 November 2019). "Hubble studies gamma-ray burst with the highest energy ever seen". EurekAlert! (Press release). Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b c Space Daily, Explosion Helps Researcher Spot Universe's Most Distant Object, 27 May 2011
  16. ^ IOP, "The ultraluminous GRB 110918A", http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/151/meta
  17. ^ H.E.S.S. Collaboration (4 June 2021). "Revealing x-ray and gamma ray temporal and spectral similarities in the GRB 190829A afterglow". Science. 372 (6546): 1081–1085. arXiv:2106.02510. doi:10.1126/science.abe8560.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  18. ^ DESY, Science Communication Lab (3 June 2021). "Front-row view reveals exceptional cosmic explosion". DESY.
  19. ^ H.E.S.S. Collaboration (June 2021). "GRB 190829A: A long-lasting explosion offers surprises". H.E.S.S.
  20. ^ O'CALLAGHAN J (30 June 2021). "Brighter Than a Billion Billion Suns: Gamma-Ray Bursts Continue to Surprise". Quanta Magazine.
  21. ^ Veres, P; et al. (20 November 2019). "Observation of inverse Compton emission from a long γ-ray burst". Nature. 575 (7783): 459–463. arXiv:2006.07251. Bibcode:2019Natur.575..459M. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1754-6. PMID 31748725. S2CID 208191199.
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  23. ^ Jump up to: a b Bloom, J. S. (2009). "Observations of the Naked-Eye GRB 080319B: Implications of Nature's Brightest Explosion". The Astrophysical Journal. 691 (1): 723–737. arXiv:0803.3215. Bibcode:2009ApJ...691..723B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/691/1/723.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g The ING Newsletter, "Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows: Surprises from the Sky", P. Vreeswijk, N. Tanvir, T. Galama, No.2 - March 2000 (accessed 2009/11/11)
  25. ^ Connors, A. (1998). "The X‐Ray Characteristics of a Classical Gamma‐Ray Burst and Its Afterglow". The Astrophysical Journal. 501 (1): 307–324. arXiv:astro-ph/9802055. Bibcode:1998ApJ...501..307C. doi:10.1086/305815. S2CID 7865166.
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