List of genetic codes

While there is much commonality, different parts of the tree of life use slightly different genetic codes.^[1] When translating from genome to protein, the use of the correct genetic code is essential. The mitochondrial codes are the relatively well-known examples of variation. The list below follows the numbering and designation by NCBI.^[2]

• Translation table 1: The standard code
• Translation table 2: The vertebrate mitochondrial code
• Translation table 3: The yeast mitochondrial code
• Translation table 4: The mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial code and the mycoplasma/spiroplasma code
• Translation table 5: The invertebrate mitochondrial code
• Translation table 6: The ciliate, dasycladacean and hexamita nuclear code
• Translation table 7: The kinetoplast code; cf. table 4.
• Translation table 8: cf. table 1.
• Translation table 9: The echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code
• Translation table 10: The euplotid nuclear code
• Translation table 11: The bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code
• Translation table 12: The alternative yeast nuclear code
• Translation table 13: The ascidian mitochondrial code
• Translation table 14: The alternative flatworm mitochondrial code
• Translation table 15: The Blepharisma nuclear code^[3][4]
• Translation table 16: The chlorophycean mitochondrial code
• Translation table 21: The trematode mitochondrial code
• Translation table 22: The Scenedesmus obliquus mitochondrial code
• Translation table 23: The Thraustochytrium mitochondrial code
• Translation table 24: The Pterobranchia mitochondrial code
• Translation table 25: The candidate division SR1 and gracilibacteria code
• Translation table 26: The Pachysolen tannophilus nuclear code
• Translation table 27: The karyorelict nuclear code
• Translation table 28: The Condylostoma nuclear code
• Translation table 29: The Mesodinium nuclear code
• Translation table 30: The Peritrich nuclear code
• Translation table 31: The Blastocrithidia nuclear code
• Translation table 32: The Balanophoraceae plastid code^[5][6]
• Translation table 33: The Cephalodiscidae mitochondrial code

The alternative translation tables (2 to 33) involve codon reassignments that are recapitulated in the list of all known alternative codons.

Comparison of alternative translation tables for all codons (using IUPAC amino acid codes):

Notes[]

Three translation tables have a peculiar status:

• Table 7 is now merged into translation table 4.
• Table 8 is merged to table 1; all plant chloroplast differences due to RNA edit.
• Table 15 is deleted in the source but included here for completeness.

Other mechanisms also play a part in protein biosynthesis, such as post-transcriptional modification.

References[]

See also[]

• Genetic codes: list of alternative codons

External links[]

• NCBI List of Alternative Codes

Further reading[]

• Stefanie Gabriele Sammet; Ugo Bastolla & Markus Porto (14 June 2010). "Comparison of translation loads for standard and alternative genetic codes". BMC Evol Biol. 10 (178): 178. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-178. PMC 2909233. PMID 20546599.
• Liliana Torcoroma García; Ney Ribeiro Leite; Juan D Alfonzo; Otavio Henrique Thiemann (31 July 2007). "Effects of Trypanosoma brucei tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetases silencing by RNA interference". Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro. 102 (6).CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)