List of gentlemen's clubs in Canada
The following list is of gentlemen's clubs that operated in Canada. The gentlemen's club is a type of British social institution that originated in the 18th century and flourished particularly in the 19th century. Gentlemen's clubs served as places for men to dine, drink, read, and socialise.
As a part of the British Empire, Canadians adopted the gentlemen's club tradition enthusiastically. Most of Canada's clubs were founded during the Victorian era and used similar rules to their British counterparts. These rules included a proscription on discussions about politics and religion, silence in reading rooms, and a ban on smoking in dining areas. Clubs oriented towards businessmen prohibited briefcases in dining rooms. Wallace Clement described Canada's gentlemen's clubs as "one of the key institutions which form an interacting and active national upper class."[1] Clement listed the six most important clubs as the National, York, Toronto, Mount Royal, St James, and Rideau.
By the 1970s gentlemen's clubs had started to decline in prestige and importance. Several factors contributed to this decline. During the preceding decade, Canada had begun to abandon its British culture, traditions, and symbols.[2] Bryan Palmer described this process as a shift in "self-conception away from an age-old attachment to empire, in which comfort could be taken from a prideful understanding of keeping alive European traditions."[3] As quintessentially British institutions, gentlemen's clubs suffered from this transformation. Another reason was that the baby boomer generation that had come of age during the countercultural revolution was skeptical of authority, tradition, and formality,[4] all of which gentlemen's clubs embodied. Consequently, baby boomers joined private clubs in far smaller numbers than preceding generations. Finally, changes to Canadian tax law forbade members from writing off club dues as business expenses. In his 1975 tome The Canadian Establishment, author and journalist Peter C. Newman devoted a chapter to gentlemen's clubs, entitled "Clubland on the Rocks." Newman described the generational change that was leading to the decline in clubs, saying, "Not so very long ago, at lunchtime on any given weekday, the nation's Establishment conducted most of its charitable, commercial, and political liaisons inside club dining rooms. This is no longer true. The new-breed wheelers are dealing downtown in the smart places where they can sniff out the fast money, looking past their luncheon companions' shoulders to see who's breaking bread with their competitors."[5]
By the 1980s many clubs were struggling financially. These financial difficulties, coupled with pressure from feminists who opposed all-male clubs, led all of Canada's gentlemen's clubs to cease operating as such and begin accepting female members. During the following decades many clubs continued to struggle attracting new members. Since 1985, eight clubs have closed, merged, or reformed. Today, Canada's former gentlemen's clubs function mostly as business and networking institutions. Along with moving to a mixed-sex format, most clubs have adopted more casual dress and behavioural codes.[6][7]
List of clubs[]
Name | Province | City | Established | Became mixed-sex | Original affiliation | Fate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
400 Club | Alberta | Calgary | 1951 | 1989 | Petroleum industry | Closed in 2002[8] |
Albany Club | Ontario | Toronto | 1882 | 1979 | Progressive Conservative Party | |
Arts and Letters Club of Toronto | Ontario | Toronto | 1908 | 1985 | Arts | |
Assiniboia Club | Saskatchewan | Regina | 1882 | 1988 | none | Closed in 2007[9] |
Calgary Petroleum Club | Alberta | Calgary | 1948 | 1989[10] | Petroleum industry | |
Cercle universitaire | Quebec | Quebec City | ? | 19?? | University graduates | Merged in 1984 with the Garrison Club to become the Cercle de la Garrison |
Club St-Denis | Quebec | Montreal | 1874 | 198? | Francophone business | Closed in 2009[11] |
Edmonton Club | Alberta | Edmonton | 1899 | 1986 | none | Closed in 1994 |
Edmonton Petroleum Club | Alberta | Edmonton | 1950 | 1987 | Petroleum industry | Reformed in 2020 as Edmonton City Club[12] |
Garrison Club | Quebec | Quebec City | 1879 | 1984 | Army | Merged in 1984 with the Cercle Universitaire to become the Cercle de la Garrison |
Halifax Club | Nova Scotia | Halifax | 1862 | 1986[13] | none | |
Hamilton Club | Ontario | Hamilton | 1873 | 1986[14] | none | |
London Club | Ontario | London | 1880 | 1993 | none | |
Manitoba Club | Manitoba | Winnipeg | 1874 | 1991 | none | |
Mount Royal Club | Quebec | Montreal | 1899 | 1990[15] | none | |
Mount Stephen Club | Quebec | Montreal | 1926 | 198? | none | Closed in 2011[16] |
National Club | Ontario | Toronto | 1874 | 1992 | Canada First | |
Ontario Club | Ontario | Toronto | 1909 | 1978[17] | Liberal Party | Merged with National Club in 2010 |
Ranchmen's Club | Alberta | Calgary | 1892 | 1993[18] | none | |
Rideau Club | Ontario | Ottawa | 1865 | 1979 | none | |
Saskatoon Club | Saskatchewan | Regina | 1907 | 1989 | none | |
St Catharines Club | Ontario | St. Catharines | 1878 | 1985 | none | |
St James' Club | Quebec | Montreal | 1857 | 1979 | none | |
Terminal City Club | British Columbia | Vancouver | 1892 | 1991[19] | none | |
Toronto Club | Ontario | Toronto | 1835 | 1993[20] | none | |
Union Club | New Brunswick | Saint John | 1884 | 1936 | none | |
Union Club of British Columbia | British Columbia | Victoria | 1879 | 1994 | none | |
University Club of Montreal | Quebec | Montreal | 1906 | 1988 | University graduates | |
University Club of Toronto | Ontario | Toronto | 1906 | 1988[21] | University graduates | |
University Club of Vancouver | British Columbia | Vancouver | 1911 | - | University graduates | Merged with Vancouver Club in 1986 |
Vancouver Club | British Columbia | Vancouver | 1889 | 1993 | none | |
Waterloo Club | Ontario | Waterloo | 1913 | 2015[22] | none | |
Windsor Club | Ontario | Windsor | 1903 | 1985[23] | none | |
York Club | Ontario | Toronto | 1909 | 1992 | none |
See also[]
- Gentlemen's Club
- List of gentlemen's clubs in India
- List of gentlemen's clubs in London
- List of gentlemen's clubs in Sri Lanka
- List of gentlemen's clubs in the United States
References[]
- ^ Clement, Wallace. The Canadian Corporate Elite: An Analysis of Economic Power. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1975: p. 247.
- ^ See, Christian P. Champion, The Strange Demise of British Canada: The Liberals and Canadian Nationalism, 1964-68, Toronto: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010.
- ^ Palmer, Bryan D. Canada's 1960: The Ironies of Identity in a Rebellious Era. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009, p. 5.
- ^ Epstein, Barbara. "Anarchism and the Anti-Globalization Movement." Monthly Review, vol. 43 no. 4, pp. 1-14.
- ^ Newman, Peter C. The Canadian Establishment, Volume 1. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1975: p. 364.
- ^ Marotte, Bertrand. "Montreal's old clubs see new life with hip set; Anglo havens widen membership reach." Globe and Mail, 19 February 2007.
- ^ Stanley, Adam. "Private clubs let go of old rules to attract new clientele." Globe and Mail, 1 October 2019, p. B6.
- ^ Scotton, Geoffrey. "Calgary's 400 Club likely faces receivership." Calgary Herald, 4 September 2002, p. D1.
- ^ Johnstone, Bruce. "Regina institution to close Dec. 31." Regina Leader-Post, 19 December 2007, p. D1.
- ^ Ferguson, Eva. "Petroleum Club caves in; women everywhere, almost." Calgary Herald, 30 May 1989, p. A1.
- ^ "La fin d'une époque." Radio-Canada, 17 July 2009.
- ^ Cook, Dustin. "Petroleum Club moves Downtown under new name." Edmonton Sun, 19 February 2020, p. A8,
- ^ "Male bastion gives ground." Globe and Mail, 31 January 1986, p. A5.
- ^ Kenny, Amy. "The Hamilton Club: not an 'old boys' club' anymore." Hamilton Spectator, 9 September 2015, p. HB8.
- ^ Stikeman, H. Heward. The Mount Royal Club, 1899-1999. Montreal: Price-Patterson, 1999: pp. 96-97.
- ^ Lampert, Allison. "Mount Stephen Club to close." The Gazette, 19 October 2011, p. B1.
- ^ Cherry, Zena. "Diplomats join club." Globe and Mail, 26 January 1978, W2.
- ^ Crawford, Anne. "Club open to women - finally." Calgary Herald, 18 February 1993, p. B6.
- ^ "Men's club relents." Financial Post, 4 June 1991, p. 6.
- ^ Kastner, Susan. "Men's clubby inner sanctum creaks open to admit women." Toronto Star, 27 June 1993, p. A1.
- ^ Cameron, Stevie. "Well, at least the bar will remain sacrosanct at the University Club." Globe and Mail, 4 August 1988, p. A2.
- ^ Thompson, Catherine. "A new era: Waterloo club admits first female member." Waterloo Region Record, 2 October 2015, p. A1.
- ^ Severn, Ken A. The Windsor Club: An Historical Perspective. Windsor: Walkerville Publishing, 2012: p. 43.
- Lists of organizations based in Canada
- History of Canada
- Lists of gentlemen's clubs