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This is a list of important publications in philosophy , organized by field. The publications on this list are regarded as important because they have served or are serving as one or more of the following roles:
Foundation – A publication whose ideas would go on to be the foundation of a topic or field within philosophy .Breakthrough – A publication that changed or added to philosophical knowledge significantly.Influence – A publication that has had a significant impact on the academic study of philosophy or the world.Historical philosophical texts [ ] European and Islamic philosophy [ ] Ancient philosophy [ ] Heraclitus (c. early 5th century ), Fragments Parmenides (c. early 5th century ), On Nature [1] Plato (early period, c. 399 – c. 387 BC [2] Apology Plato (early period), Crito
Plato (early period), Euthyphro
Plato (early period), Gorgias
Plato (early period), Protagoras
Plato (early transitional period, c. 387 – c. 380 BC ), Cratylus
Plato (early transitional period), Meno
Plato (middle period, c. 380 – c. 360 BC ), Phaedo
Plato (middle period), Symposium
Plato (late transitional period, c. 360 – c. 355 BC ), Parmenides
Plato (late transitional period), Theaetetus
Plato (late transitional period), Phaedrus
Plato (late period, c. 355 – c. 347 BC ), Laws
Plato (late period), Timaeus
Plato (Bk. 1, early period. Bks. 2–10, late period), The Republic
Aristotle (fl. 384 – 322 BC ), Organon Aristotle, Physics
Aristotle, Metaphysics
Aristotle, On the Soul
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics
Aristotle, Politics
Aristotle, Rhetoric
Aristotle, Poetics
Epicurus , (341 – 270 BC), On Nature Lucretius (fl. 99 – 55 BC ), On the Nature of Things Cicero , (106 – 43 BC), On the Commonwealth Cicero, On the Laws
Lucius Annaeus Seneca Letters from a Stoic Marcus Aurelius (161 – 180 AD), Meditations Epictetus (108 AD), Discourses Epictetus (125 AD), Enchiridion
Sextus Empiricus (c. 160 – 210 AD), Outlines of Pyrrhonism Plotinus (270 AD), Enneads Porphyry (c. 234 – 305 AD), Isagoge Hermes Trismegistus , Corpus Hermeticum [3] Medieval philosophy [ ] Augustine of Hippo , Confessions Augustine of Hippo, The City of God
Proclus , The Elements of Theology Damascius , Difficulties and Solutions of First Principles Boethius , Consolation of Philosophy Eriugena , Periphyseon Avicenna , The Book of Healing Avicenna, Proof of the Truthful
Maimonides , Guide for the Perplexed Maimonides, Mishneh Torah
Yehuda Halevi , Kuzari Saadia Gaon , Emunoth ve-Deoth Al-Ghazali , The Incoherence of the Philosophers Averroes , The Incoherence of the Incoherence Anselm , Proslogion Thomas Aquinas , Summa contra Gentiles Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae
Duns Scotus , Ordinatio (aka Opus Oxoniense) [4] William of Ockham , Summa Logicae Early modern philosophy [ ]
Title page of
Advancement of Learning by Francis Bacon
Desiderius Erasmus , The Praise of Folly Niccolò Machiavelli , The Prince Niccolò Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy
Michel de Montaigne , Essays Sir Francis Bacon , Novum Organum Hugo Grotius , De jure belli ac pacis René Descartes , Rules for the Direction of the Mind René Descartes, Discourse on the Method
René Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy
René Descartes, Principles of Philosophy
René Descartes, Passions of the Soul
Thomas Hobbes , Leviathan Blaise Pascal , Pensées Baruch Spinoza , Ethics Baruch Spinoza , Tractatus Theologico-Politicus Gottfried Leibniz , Discourse on Metaphysics Nicolas Malebranche , Dialogues on Metaphysics , 1688John Locke , Two Treatises of Government John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Anne Conway , The Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophy , 1690Gottfried Leibniz, New Essays on Human Understanding
George Berkeley , Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge Gottfried Leibniz, Théodicée
Gottfried Leibniz, Monadology
Francis Hutcheson , An Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue , 1725David Hume , A Treatise of Human Nature Julien Offray de La Mettrie , Man a Machine David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
Montesquieu , The Spirit of the Laws Jean-Jacques Rousseau , Discourse on the Arts and Sciences Jean le Rond d'Alembert , Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopédie of Diderot , 1751David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men
Adam Smith , The Theory of Moral Sentiments Voltaire , Candide Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile, or On Education
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract
Voltaire, Treatise on Tolerance
Thomas Reid , Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Immanuel Kant , Critique of Pure Reason Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals
Thomas Reid, Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man , 1785
Immanuel Kant, Critique of Practical Reason
Jeremy Bentham , An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Edmund Burke , Reflections on the Revolution in France Immanuel Kant, Critique of Judgement
Marquis de Condorcet , Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind Joseph de Maistre , Considerations on France , 1797Sophie de Condorcet , Letters on Sympathy , 1798Thomas Paine , Rights of Man Mary Wollstonecraft , A Vindication of the Rights of Women Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Foundations of the Science of Knowledge Nineteenth-century philosophy [ ] Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Phenomenology of Spirit Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Science of Logic
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, The Philosophy of Right
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, The Philosophy of History
Arthur Schopenhauer , The World as Will and Representation Auguste Comte , Course of Positive Philosophy Søren Kierkegaard , Either/Or Søren Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling
Søren Kierkegaard, The Concept of Anxiety
Søren Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
Max Stirner , The Ego and Its Own Karl Marx , The Communist Manifesto Karl Marx, Das Kapital
John Stuart Mill , On Liberty John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism
John Stuart Mill, Harriet Taylor Mill , The Subjection of Women
Herbert Spencer , System of Synthetic Philosophy , 1862–1892Henry Sidgwick , The Methods of Ethics Friedrich Nietzsche , Thus Spoke Zarathustra Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil
Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals
Henri Bergson , Time and Free Will Henri Bergson, Matter and Memory Asian philosophy [ ] Indian philosophy [ ] The Upanishads The Bhagavad Gita ("The Song of God")Samkhya school
Isvarakrsna , Sankhya Karika Nyaya school
Aksapada Gautama , Nyaya Sutras Vaisheshika school
Kanada , Vaisheshika Sutra Yoga school
Vedanta school
Mīmāṃsā school
Jainism / Jain literature
Buddhism / Buddhist texts
Tamil
Thiruvalluvar , Thirukkural Chinese philosophy [ ] Zhou Dynasty [ ] Kongzi , Analects Kongzi, Five Classics
Sun tzu , Art of War Laozi , Dao De Jing Warring States [ ] Mengzi , [The] Mengzi Mo Tzu , Mozi Zhuangzi , Chuang Tzu Han Fei , [The] Han Feizi Song Dynasty [ ] The Record of Linji Zhou Dunyi , The Taiji Tushuo Zhu Xi , Four Books Zhu Xi, Reflections on Things at Hand , 1175 Japanese philosophy [ ] Pre-Meiji Buddhism [ ] Early modern [ ] Zeami Motokiyo , Style and Flower , approx. 1400 ADMiyamoto Musashi , The Book of Five Rings Contemporary philosophical texts [ ] Epistemology [ ] Bertrand Russell , The Problems of Philosophy G. E. Moore , "A Defence of Common Sense ", 1925Jacques Maritain , The Degrees of Knowledge Olaf Helmer and Nicholas Rescher , "On the Epistemology of the Inexact Sciences", 1959Edmund Gettier , "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?", 1963Roderick Chisholm , Theory of Knowledge , 1966/1989W. V. O. Quine , "Epistemology Naturalized", 1971Peter Unger , Ignorance: A Case for Scepticism , 1975Richard Rorty , Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature Stanley Cavell , The Claim of Reason: Wittgenstein, Skepticism, Morality, and Tragedy , 1979Alvin Goldman , "What is Justified Belief?", 1979Ernest Sosa , "The Raft and the Pyramid: Coherence versus Foundations in the Theory of Knowledge", 1980Laurence Bonjour , The Structure of Empirical Knowledge , 1985John Hardwig , "Epistemic Dependence", 1985Alvin Goldman, Epistemology and Cognition , 1986
Stephen Stich , The Fragmentation of Reason: Preface to a Pragmatic Theory of Cognitive Evaluation , 1990Susan Haack , Evidence and Inquiry: Towards Reconstruction in Epistemology , 1993/2009John McDowell , Mind and World , 1994David K. Lewis , "Elusive Knowledge", 1996Alvin Goldman, Knowledge in a Social World , 1999
Jürgen Habermas , "Truth and Justification", 1999Timothy Williamson , Knowledge and its Limits Donald Davidson , Subjective, Intersubjective, Objective , 2001Hilary Kornblith , Knowledge and its Place in Nature , 2002Jonathan Kvanvig , The Value of Knowledge and the Pursuit of Understanding , 2003Michael A. Bishop and J. D. Trout , Epistemology and the Psychology of Human Judgment , 2005
Jason Stanley , Knowledge and Practical Interests , 2005Miranda Fricker , Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing , 2007Keith DeRose , The Case for Contextualism: Knowledge, Skepticism, and Context , 2009Metaphysics [ ] Henri Bergson , "Introduction to Metaphysics ", 1903G. E. Moore , "The Refutation of Idealism", 1903Henri Bergson, Creative Evolution
William James , Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking , 1907John Dewey , Experience and Nature , 1925/1929Alfred North Whitehead , Process and Reality R. G. Collingwood , An Essay on Metaphysics , 1940W. V. O. Quine , "On What There Is", 1948Rudolf Carnap , Meaning and Necessity: A Study in Semantics and Modal Logic , 1947/1956Rudolf Carnap, "Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology", 1950
W. V. O. Quine, "Two Dogmas of Empiricism ", 1951
Errol Harris , The Foundations of Metaphysics in Science , 1965Saul Kripke , Naming and Necessity D. M. Armstrong , Universals and Scientific Realism , 1978W. V. O. Quine, Theories and Things , 1981
Derek Parfit , Reasons and Persons David K. Lewis , On the Plurality of Worlds Peter van Inwagen , Metaphysics , 1993/2015Nicholas Rescher , Process Metaphysics: An Introduction to Process Philosophy , 1996E. J. Lowe , The Possibility of Metaphysics: Substance, Identity, and Time , 1998Stephen Mumford , Dispositions , 1998Amie Thomasson , Fiction and Metaphysics , 1999Theodore Sider , Writing the Book of the World , 2011David Chalmers , Constructing the World , 2012Timothy Williamson , Modal Logic as Metaphysics , 2013Philosophy of mind [ ] Gilbert Ryle , The Concept of Mind Wilfrid Sellars , "Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind", 1956Herbert Feigl , "The 'Mental' and the 'Physical'", 1958David K. Lewis , "An Argument for the Identity Theory", 1966Thomas Nagel , "What Is it Like to Be a Bat? ", 1974Jerry Fodor , The Language of Thought , 1975Hilary Putnam , "The Meaning of 'Meaning'", 1975Tyler Burge , "Individualism and the Mental", 1979Paul Churchland , "Eliminative Materialism and Propositional Attitudes", 1981Jerry Fodor, The Modularity of Mind: An Essay on Faculty Psychology , 1983
John Searle , Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind , 1983Stephen Stich , From Folk Psychology to Cognitive Science: The Case Against Belief , 1983Ruth Garrett Millikan , Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories: New Foundations for Realism , 1984Patricia Churchland , Neurophilosophy: Toward a Unified Science of the Mind-Brain , 1986Thomas Nagel, The View from Nowhere
Mark Johnson , The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason , 1987Roger Penrose , The Emperor's New Mind : Concerning Computers, Minds and The Laws of PhysicsDaniel Dennett , Consciousness Explained Francisco J. Varela , Evan Thompson , and Eleanor Rosch , The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience , 1991David Chalmers , The Conscious Mind Andy Clark , Being There: Putting Brain, Body and World Together Again , 1997Andy Clark & David Chalmers, The Extended Mind , 1998
Shaun Gallagher , How the Body Shapes the Mind , 2005Andy Clark, Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension , 2008
David Chalmers, The Character of Consciousness , 2010
Cordelia Fine , Delusions of Gender : How Our Minds, Society, and Neurosexism Create DifferenceEvan Thompson, Mind in Life , 2010
Andy Clark, Surfing Uncertainty: Prediction, Action, and the Embodied Mind , 2015 Philosophy of religion [ ] William James , "The Will to Believe ", 1896William James , The Varieties of Religious Experience : A Study in Human NatureAldous Huxley , The Perennial Philosophy Frithjof Schuon , The Transcendent Unity of Religions , 1948Alvin Plantinga , God and Other Minds : A Study of the Rational Justification of Belief in GodDewi Zephaniah Phillips , Religion Without Explanation , 1976Richard Swinburne , The Existence of God , 1979William Lane Craig , The Kalam Cosmological Argument , 1979Alvin Plantinga, "Is Belief in God Properly Basic?", 1981
Jean-Luc Marion , God Without Being , 1982J. L. Mackie , The Miracle of Theism: Arguments for and against the Existence of God , 1982John Hick , An Interpretation of Religion: Human Responses to the Transcendent , 1989/2004William Alston , Perceiving God : The Epistemology of Religious ExperienceJ. L. Schellenberg , Divine Hiddenness and Human Reason , 1993William L. Rowe , "The Evidential Argument from Evil: A Second Look", 1996Jay L. Garfield , Empty Words: Buddhist Philosophy and Cross-Cultural Interpretation , 2001Keith Yandell , Philosophy of Religion: A Contemporary Introduction , 2002Logic and philosophy of logic [ ] Charles Sanders Peirce , "How to Make Our Ideas Clear ", 1878Gottlob Frege , Begriffsschrift Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead , Principia Mathematica Kurt Gödel , "On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems ", 1931Frank P. Ramsey , Foundations of Mathematics and other Logical Essays , 1931Alfred Tarski , "The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages", 1933/1956Alfred Tarski, Introduction to Logic and to the Methodology of the Deductive Sciences , 1941/1994
Wilfrid Sellars , "Inference and Meaning", 1953Alfred Tarski, Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics: Papers from 1923 to 1938 , 1956/1983
William Kneale and Martha Kneale , The Development of Logic , 1962Saul Kripke , "Semantical Considerations on Modal Logic", 1963Donald Davidson , "Truth and Meaning", 1967Willard Van Orman Quine , Philosophy of Logic , 1970/1986David K. Lewis , Counterfactuals , 1973Susan Haack , Philosophy of Logics , 1978Peter Spirtes, Clark Glymour , and Richard Scheines, Causation, Prediction, and Search , 1993
Robert Brandom , Articulating Reasons: An Introduction to Inferentialism , 2000Philosophy of language [ ] Gottlob Frege , "On Sense and Reference ", 1892Bertrand Russell , "On Denoting ", 1905Ludwig Wittgenstein , Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus The Tractatus ), 1921A. J. Ayer , Language, Truth, and Logic Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations
J. L. Austin , How To Do Things With Words J. L. Austin, "A Plea for Excuses", 1956
Willard Van Orman Quine , Word and Object H. Paul Grice , "Logic and Conversation ", 1967/1987Stanley Cavell , Must We Mean What We Say? A Book of Essays , 1969/1976John Searle , Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language , 1969Saul Kripke , Naming and Necessity David K. Lewis , "General Semantics", 1972Donald Davidson , "Radical Interpretation", 1973Donald Davidson, "On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme", 1973
Michael Dummett , Frege: Philosophy of Language Michael Devitt and Kim Sterelny , Language and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language , 1987/1999Cora Diamond , The Realistic Spirit: Wittgenstein, Philosophy, and the Mind , 1991Robert Brandom , Making it Explicit: Reasoning, Representing, and Discursive Commitment , 1994John McDowell , Meaning, Knowledge and Reality , 1998General philosophy of science [ ] William Whewell , The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences: Founded upon their History , 1840John Stuart Mill , A System of Logic , Ratiocinative and InductiveWilliam Stanley Jevons , The Principles of Science: A Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method , 1874Charles Sanders Peirce , Illustrations of the Logic of Science , 1877–1878Karl Pearson , The Grammar of Science Henri Poincaré , Science and Hypothesis , 1902, and The Value of Science , 1905Hermann Weyl , Philosophy of Mathematics and Natural Science , 1927/1949Otto Neurath , "Physicalism: The Philosophy of the Viennese Circle", 1931Karl Popper , The Logic of Scientific Discovery John Dewey , Logic: The Theory of Inquiry , 1938Rudolf Carnap , Logical Foundations of Probability , 1950/1962Hans Reichenbach , The Rise of Scientific Philosophy , 1951Stephen Toulmin , The Philosophy of Science: An Introduction , 1953Nelson Goodman , Fact, Fiction, and Forecast Michael Polanyi , Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-critical Philosophy , 1958Ernest Nagel , The Structure of Science : Problems in the Logic of Scientific ExplanationThomas Kuhn , The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Carl Gustav Hempel , Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in the Philosophy of ScienceMario Bunge , Scientific Research: Strategy and Philosophy (republished in 1998 as Philosophy of Science ), 1967Stephen Toulmin, Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts , 1972
Mario Bunge, Treatise on Basic Philosophy , 8 volumes, 1974–1989
Michael Friedman , "Explanation and Scientific Understanding", 1974Roy Bhaskar , A Realist Theory of Science , 1975Paul Feyerabend , Against Method : Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of KnowledgeLarry Laudan , Progress and its Problems: Towards a Theory of Scientific Growth , 1978David K. Lewis , "How to Define Theoretical Terms", 1979Marx W. Wartofsky , Models: Representation and the Scientific Understanding , 1979Bas C. van Fraassen , The Scientific Image Carolyn Merchant , The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution , 1980Wesley C. Salmon , Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World , 1984Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer , Leviathan and the Air-Pump : Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental LifeRonald Giere , Explaining Science: A Cognitive Approach , 1988David Hull , Science as a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science , 1988Paul Thagard , Computational Philosophy of Science , 1988Helen Longino , Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry , 1990Peter Achinstein , Particles and Waves: Historical Essays in the Philosophy of Science , 1991Lorraine Code , What Can She Know? Feminist Theory and the Construction of Knowledge , 1991Sandra Harding , Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking from Women's Lives , 1991Paul Thagard, Conceptual Revolutions , 1992
John Dupré , The Disorder of Things: Metaphysical Foundations of the Disunity of Science , 1993Deborah Mayo , Error and the Growth of Experimental Knowledge , 1996E. O. Wilson , Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge John Ziman , Real Science: What it Is, and What it Means , 2000Patrick Suppes , Representation and Invariance of Scientific Structures , 2002Hasok Chang , Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress , 2004William C. Wimsatt , Re-Engineering Philosophy for Limited Beings: Piecewise Approximations to Reality , 2007Nancy J. Nersessian , Creating Scientific Concepts , 2008Heather Douglas , Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal , 2009Peter Godfrey-Smith , Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science , 2009William Bechtel and Robert C. Richardson, Discovering Complexity: Decomposition and Localization as Strategies in Scientific Research , 2010Philosophy of particular sciences [ ] Philosophy of mathematics [ ] Gottlob Frege , The Foundations of Arithmetic Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell , Principia Mathematica Bertrand Russell , Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy , 1919Eugene Wigner , "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences ", 1960Paul Benacerraf and Hilary Putnam , Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings , 1964/1983Paul Benacerraf, "What Numbers Could not Be", 1965
Paul Benacerraf, "Mathematical Truth", 1973
Ian Hacking , The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference , 1975Imre Lakatos , Proofs and Refutations Hartry Field , Science without Numbers: A Defence of Nominalism , 1980/2016Penelope Maddy , Realism in Mathematics , 1990George Boolos , Logic, Logic and Logic , 1998Mark Colyvan , The Indispensability of Mathematics Penelope Maddy, Second Philosophy: A Naturalistic Method , 2007 Philosophy of physics [ ] Pierre Duhem , The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory , 1906Albert Einstein , The Meaning of Relativity Hans Reichenbach , The Philosophy of Space and Time , 1928/1957Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky , Nathan Rosen , "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete? ", 1935
Arthur Eddington , Philosophy of Physical Science , 1939Werner Heisenberg , Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science , 1958Adolf Grünbaum , Philosophical Problems of Space and Time John Stewart Bell , "On the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen Paradox", 1964Rudolf Carnap , Philosophical Foundations of Physics , 1966Lawrence Sklar , Space, Time, and Spacetime , 1974Nancy Cartwright , How the Laws of Physics Lie , 1983Michael Friedman , Foundations of Space-Time Theories: Relativistic Physics and the Philosophy of Science , 1983John Stewart Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics: Collected Papers on Quantum Philosophy , 1987/2004
Lawrence Sklar, Philosophy of Physics , 1992
Lawrence Sklar, Physics and Chance: Philosophical Issues in the Foundations of Statistical Mechanics , 1993
Roland Omnès , Quantum Philosophy : Understanding and Interpreting Contemporary ScienceJeffrey Bub , Interpreting the Quantum World , 1997Roberto Torretti , The Philosophy of Physics , 1999Craig Callender and Nick Huggett, Physics Meets Philosophy at the Planck Scale: Contemporary Theories in Quantum Gravity , 2001Harvey Brown , Physical Relativity: Space-time Structure from a Dynamical Perspective , 2005Laura Ruetsche , Interpreting Quantum Theories: The Art of the Possible , 2011Philosophy of biology [ ] Erwin Schrödinger , What is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living CellDavid Hull , Philosophy of Biological Science , 1974Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin , "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm : A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme", 1979Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man
Richard Dawkins , The Extended Phenotype Ernst Mayr , The Growth of Biological Thought : Diversity, Evolution, and InheritanceElliott Sober , The Nature of Selection: Evolutionary Theory in Philosophical Focus , 1984Michael Ruse , Taking Darwin Seriously: A Naturalistic Approach to Philosophy , 1986Kristin Shrader-Frechette and Earl D. McCoy, Method in Ecology: Strategies for Conservation , 1993Elliott Sober, Philosophy of Biology , 1993/2000
Daniel C. Dennett , Darwin's Dangerous Idea : Evolution and the Meanings of LifeMartin Mahner and Mario Bunge , Foundations of Biophilosophy , 1997
Kim Sterelny and Paul E. Griffiths , Sex and Death: An Introduction to Philosophy of Biology , 1999Sandra Mitchell , Biological Complexity and Integrative Pluralism , 2003Denis Noble , The Music of Life: Biology Beyond the Genome , 2006Samir Okasha , Evolution and the Levels of Selection , 2006Elliott Sober, Evidence and Evolution: The Logic Behind the Science , 2008
Michael Ruse, The Philosophy of Human Evolution , 2010 Philosophy of chemistry [ ] Eric Scerri and Lee C. McIntyre , "The Case for the Philosophy of Chemistry", 1997Davis Baird, Eric Scerri, and Lee C. McIntyre (eds.), Philosophy of Chemistry: Synthesis of a New Discipline , 2006 Philosophy of psychology [ ] William James , The Principles of Psychology B. F. Skinner , Science and Human Behavior , 1953Abraham Kaplan , The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioral Science , 1964Paul E. Meehl , "Theory-Testing in Psychology and Physics: A Methodological Paradox", 1967Roy Bhaskar , The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences , 1979/2015John Robert Anderson , Cognitive Psychology and its Implications , 1980/2019Ned Block (ed.), Readings in Philosophy of Psychology , 1981Mario Bunge and Rubén Ardilla, Philosophy of Psychology , 1987Paul E. Meehl, "Theoretical Risks and Tabular Asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, and the Slow Progress of Soft Psychology", 1992
George Botterill and Peter Carruthers , The Philosophy of Psychology , 1999Steven Pinker , The Blank Slate : The Modern Denial of Human NatureJesse Prinz , Gut Reactions: A Perceptual Theory of Emotion , 2004Philosophy of economics [ ] Lionel Robbins , An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science Kenneth Arrow , Social Choice and Individual Values Ludwig von Mises , The Ultimate Foundation of Economic Science , 1962Joan Robinson , Economic Philosophy , 1962Kenneth E. Boulding , "Economics as a Moral Science", 1969Amartya Sen , On Economic Inequality , 1973Elizabeth S. Anderson , Value in Ethics and Economics , 1993Paul Ormerod , The Death of Economics Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom
Steve Keen , Debunking Economics : The Naked Emperor of the Social SciencesEthics and value theory [ ] Ethics [ ] G. E. Moore , Principia Ethica W. D. Ross , The Right and the Good , 1930G. E. M. Anscombe , "Modern Moral Philosophy ", 1958C. H. Waddington , The Ethical Animal , 1960Peter Singer , "Famine, Affluence, and Morality ", 1972J. L. Mackie , Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong Sissela Bok , Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life Philippa Foot , Virtues and Vices: And Other Essays in Moral Philosophy , 1978Alan Gewirth , Reason and Morality Peter Singer, Practical Ethics
Alasdair MacIntyre , After Virtue Samuel Scheffler , The Rejection of Consequentialism , 1982/1994Derek Parfit , Reasons and Persons Bernard Williams , Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy David Gauthier , Morals by Agreement Peter Railton , "Moral Realism", 1986Martha Nussbaum , The Fragility of Goodness : Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and PhilosophyPaul W. Taylor , Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics , 1986Holmes Rolston III , Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the Natural World , 1988Susan Hurley , Natural Reasons: Personality and Polity , 1989Shelly Kagan , The Limits of Morality , 1989Allan Gibbard , Wise Choices, Apt Feelings: A Theory Of Normative Judgment , 1990Joan Tronto , Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care , 1993Annette Baier , Moral Prejudices: Essays on Ethics , 1994Michael A. Smith , The Moral Problem , 1994Christine Korsgaard , The Sources of Normativity , 1996Peter Unger , Living High and Letting Die : Our Illusion of InnocenceThomas M. Scanlon , What We Owe to Each Other Rosalind Hursthouse , On Virtue Ethics , 1999Philippa Foot, Natural Goodness , 2001
Allan Gibbard, Thinking How to Live , 2003
Michael Huemer , Ethical Intuitionism Virginia Held , The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global , 2006Derek Parfit, On What Matters Meta-ethics [ ] P. F. Strawson , "Freedom and Resentment", 1962John McDowell , "Virtue and Reason", 1972John McDowell, "Non-Cognitivism and Rule-Following", 1981
Jürgen Habermas , Justification and Application: Remarks on Discourse Ethics , 1993Bioethics [ ] Paul Ramsey , Fabricated Man: The Ethics of Genetic Control , 1970Paul Ramsey, The Patient as Person: Explorations in Medical Ethics , 1970
Judith Jarvis Thomson , "A Defense of Abortion ", 1971Don Marquis , "Why Abortion is Immoral", 1989Identity [ ] Edward Said , Orientalism Judith Butler , "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution", 1988Judith Butler, Gender Trouble
Kwame Anthony Appiah , The Ethics of Identity , 2005Sara Ahmed , On Being Included: Racism and Diversity in Institutional Life , 2012Sally Haslanger , Resisting Reality: Social Construction and Social Critique , 2012Aesthetics [ ] Benedetto Croce , Aesthetic: As Science of Expression and General Linguistic , 1902Jacques Maritain , Art and Scholasticism John Dewey , Art as Experience R. G. Collingwood , The Principles of Art , 1938Susanne Langer , Problems of Art: Ten Philosophical Lectures , 1957Monroe Beardsley , Aesthetics: Problems in the Philosophy of Criticism , 1958George Kubler , The Shape of Time: Remarks on the History of Things , 1962Virgil Aldrich , Philosophy of Art , 1963Nelson Goodman , Languages of Art : An Approach to a Theory of SymbolsRichard Wollheim , Art and Its Objects , 1968Rudolf Arnheim , Visual Thinking , 1969Theodor Adorno , Aesthetic Theory Richard Schechner , Essays on Performance Theory , 1976/2004Arthur Danto , The Transfiguration of the Commonplace: A Philosophy of Art , 1981Noël Carroll , The Philosophy of Horror, or Paradoxes of the Heart , 1990Kendall Walton , Mimesis as Make-Believe: On The Foundations of the Representational Arts , 1990Richard Shusterman , Pragmatist Aesthetics: Living Beauty, Rethinking Art , 1992/2000Arthur Danto, After the End of Art: Contemporary Art and the Pale of History , 1997
Berys Gaut , Art, Emotion and Ethics , 2007Social philosophy [ ] Philosophy of education [ ] John Dewey , Democracy and Education B.F. Skinner , Walden Two Paulo Freire , Pedagogy of the Oppressed Philosophy of history [ ] Maurice Mandelbaum , The Problem of Historical Knowledge: An Answer to Relativism , 1938R. G. Collingwood , The Idea of History Karl Löwith , Meaning in History: The Theological Implications of the Philosophy of History , 1949Patrick Gardiner , The Nature of Historical Explanation , 1952Muhsin Mahdi , Ibn Khaldun's Philosophy of History: A Study in the Philosophic Foundation of the Science of Culture , 1957E. H. Carr , What Is History? Arthur Danto , Analytical Philosophy of History , 1965Philosophy of law [ ] Roscoe Pound , An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law , 1954H. L. A. Hart , The Concept of Law Lon L. Fuller , The Morality of Law , 1964/1969Ronald Dworkin , Taking Rights Seriously John Finnis , Natural Law and Natural Rights David Lyons , Ethics and the Rule of Law , 1984Ronald Dworkin, Law's Empire Political philosophy [ ] Jacques Maritain , Integral Humanism: Temporal and Spiritual Problems of a New Christendom , 1936John Dewey , Freedom and Culture Jacques Maritain, The Rights of Man and Natural Law , 1942
Friedrich Hayek , The Road to Serfdom Karl Popper , The Open Society and Its Enemies Hannah Arendt , The Origins of Totalitarianism Isaiah Berlin , "Two Concepts of Liberty ", 1958Bruno Leoni , Freedom and the Law John Rawls , A Theory of Justice Robert Nozick , Anarchy, State, and Utopia Michael J. Sandel , Liberalism and the Limits of Justice Michael Walzer , Spheres of Justice : A Defense of Pluralism and EqualityJoseph Raz , The Morality of Freedom , 1986Paul Ricœur , Lectures on Ideology and Utopia , 1986Jürgen Habermas , Between Facts and Norms Axel Honneth , The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts , 1992John Rawls, Political Liberalism
Will Kymlicka , Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights , 1995Nancy Fraser , Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the "Postsocialist" Condition , 1997Roberto Mangabeira Unger , Democracy Realized : The Progressive AlternativeAmartya Sen , The Idea of Justice , 2009Alan Thomas , Republic of Equals : Predistribution and Property-Owning DemocracyContinental philosophy [ ] Phenomenology and existentialism [ ] Edmund Husserl , Logical Investigations Edmund Husserl, Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy , 1913
Max Scheler , Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values , 1913/1916Martin Buber , I and Thou Martin Heidegger , Being and Time Edmund Husserl, Cartesian Meditations
Alfred Schütz , The Phenomenology of the Social World , 1932Albert Camus , Myth of Sisyphus Jean-Paul Sartre , Being and Nothingness Maurice Merleau-Ponty , Phenomenology of Perception Jacques Maritain , Existence and the Existent , 1947Simone de Beauvoir , The Second Sex Emmanuel Levinas , Totality and Infinity Emmanuel Levinas, Otherwise than Being , or Beyond Essence
Jean-Luc Marion , Being Given , 1997Hermeneutics and deconstruction [ ] Hans-Georg Gadamer , Truth and Method Paul Ricœur , Freud and Philosophy : An Essay on InterpretationJacques Derrida , Of Grammatology Hans-Georg Gadamer, Philosophical Hermeneutics , 1976
Paul Ricœur, Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning , 1976
Paul Ricœur, Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences: Essays on Language, Action, and Interpretation , 1981
John McDowell , "Gadamer and Davidson on Understanding and Relativism", 2002Structuralism and post-structuralism [ ] Georges Bataille , The Accursed Share Michel Foucault , The Order of Things Gilles Deleuze , Difference and Repetition Gilles Deleuze, The Logic of Sense
Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari , Capitalism and Schizophrenia
Jean Baudrillard , The Mirror of Production Luce Irigaray , Speculum of the Other Woman , 1974Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish
Jean Baudrillard, Simulacra and Simulation Critical theory and Marxism [ ] György Lukács , History and Class Consciousness : Studies in Marxist DialecticsKarl Korsch . Marxism and Philosophy Herbert Marcuse , Reason and Revolution : Hegel and the Rise of Social TheoryMax Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno , Dialectic of Enlightenment Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization
Henri Lefebvre , Critique of Everyday Life , 1947, 1961, 1981Jean-Paul Sartre , Critique of Dialectical Reason Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man
Louis Althusser , Reading Capital Theodor Adorno, Negative Dialectics
Cornelius Castoriadis , The Imaginary Institution of Society , 1975G. A. Cohen , Karl Marx's Theory of History : A DefenseJürgen Habermas , The Theory of Communicative Action Marshall Berman , All That Is Solid Melts into Air : The Experience of ModernityAlain Badiou , Being and Event , 1988Chinese and Japanese thought [ ] Kitaro Nishida , An Inquiry into the Good Kitaro Nishida, From the Acting to the Seeing , 1923–27
Suzuki Daisetsu Teitaro , An Introduction to Zen Buddhism Feng Youlan , A History of Chinese Philosophy , 1934Feng Youlan, New Rational Philosophy , 1939
"A Manifesto for a Re-appraisal of Sinology and Reconstruction of Chinese Culture ",[5]
Keiji Nishitani , Religion and Nothingness See also [ ] Notes [ ] External links [ ]
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