List of new jack swing artists

This list contains singers and groups who performed in the new jack swing (or swingbeat)^[1]^[2] style, a hybrid style popular from the mid-1980s into the early 1990s.^[3] It developed as many previous music genres did, by combining elements of jazz, R&B, funk and hip hop.^[4] The sound of new jack swing comes from the hip hop "swing" beats created by drum machine and hardware samplers^[5]

Artists[]

Paula Abdul^[1]^[6]
Babyface^[1]^[7]^[8]
Ricky Bell^[6]^[9]
Michael Bivins^[6]^[9]
Mary J. Blige^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]
Toni Braxton^[1]
Bobby Brown^[7]^[8]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]
Tevin Campbell^[6]^[21]
Jane Child^[7]
Ronnie DeVoe^[6]^[9]
Father MC^[22]
Aretha Franklin (What You See Is What You Sweat era)^[23]
Dr. Freeze^[8]
Doug E. Fresh^[14]
Debbie Gibson^[7]
Johnny Gill^[7]^[11]^[16]
Aaron Hall^[18]^[24]
Heavy D^[25]^[26]
Whitney Houston^[1]^[7]^[8]
Janet Jackson^[7]^[8]
Michael Jackson^[1]^[6]^[8]^[16]^[27]^[28]
Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis^[8]
Montell Jordan^[17]
R. Kelly (early work)^[10]^[29]^[30]
Johnny Kemp^[6]^[8]^[15]
Tara Kemp^[31]
Kool Moe Dee^[14]
Joey Lawrence^[7]
Gerald Levert^[32]^[33]
MC Hammer^[34]^[35]
Epic Mazur (90s work)^[36]
Brian McKnight (early work)^[37]
Jeff Redd^[38]
L.A. Reid^[1]^[8]
Teddy Riley^[1]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[10]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[39]
Diana Ross (Workin' Overtime era)^[40]
Raphael Saadiq^[41]^[42]^[43]
Samuelle^[16]
Tracie Spencer^[8]
Donna Summer (90s work)^[44]^[45]
Al B. Sure!^[6]^[8]^[11]^[15]^[16]^[46]^[47]
Keith Sweat^[6]^[7]^[11]^[14]^[15]
Tiffany (New Inside era)^[48]
Ralph Tresvant^[7]
Karyn White^[7]
Alyson Williams^[49]
Christopher Williams^[50]

Groups[]

After 7^[51]
Another Bad Creation^[8]^[52]^[53]
Bell Biv DeVoe^[7]^[8]^[54]^[17]
Blackstreet^[1]
The Boys^[55]
Boyz II Men^[1]^[8]^[17]^[56]
C+C Music Factory^[8]
Color Me Badd^[6]^[8]^[11]
En Vogue^[6]
Guy^[1]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[10]^[14]^[15]^[57]
Heavy D & the Boyz^[8]^[14]^[15]^[58]
Hi-Five^[8]^[14]
Immature (On Our Worst Behavior era)^[59]
Jade^[10]
Jodeci^[7]^[8]^[10]^[60]
Joe Public^[6]^[61]
L.A. Boyz^[62]
LeVert^[63]^[64]
M & M^[65]
Men at Large^[66]
Mint Condition^[7]
New Edition^[7]
New Kids on the Block^[7]
Ol' Skool^[67]
P.M. Dawn^[8]^[68]
Portrait^[69]^[70]
Public Announcement^[71]^[72]
Ready for the World^[7]^[73]
The Rude Boys^[74]
Run–D.M.C. (Back from Hell era)^[75]^[76]
Soul for Real^[77]
SWV^[6]^[10]
Timex Social Club^[78]
TLC^[1]^[6]^[10]
Today^[10]
Tony! Toni! Toné!^[6]^[8]^[79]^[80]
Troop^[7]
The Winans (1990s work)^[14]
Wreckx-n-Effect^[6]^[10]^[81]

References[]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Silverton, Peter. "New jack swing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015.
^ Reynolds, Simon (1 August 1999). "MUSIC; Partners in the Engine Room of Rap". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ Henderson, Alex. "New Jack Swing". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012.
^ Associated Press (20 November 2020). "Taraji P. Henson Tells Story of New Jack Swing in Podcast". Billboard. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
^ Leight, Elias (6 May 2017). "Teddy Riley Talks Honing New Jack Swing, Learning from Michael Jackson". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Heller, Jason (30 September 2010). "New jack swing". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Carter, Kelley L. (10 August 2008). "5 Things You Can Learn About ... New jack swing". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Williams, C.L. (6 October 2011). "New Jack Swing Forever: How a Movement Redefined an Era". PopMatters. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c Daw, Robbie (24 February 2011). "Bell Biv DeVoe Inject 'Jimmy Fallon' With Some "Poison"". Idolator. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Hoffmann 2006, p. 250.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ripani 2006, p. 154.
^ Dimartino, Dave (20 November 1992). "Close-up: Mary J. Blige". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
^ Considine, J.D. (4 September 1992). "Blige doesn't quite play it the way the guys do". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Kot, Greg (4 November 1991). "New Jack Swing Has a Good Friend In Very Likable Guy". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Gonzales, Michael A. (10 November 2011). "Why Heavy D. Matters". Complex. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Mlynar, Phillip (19 July 2011). "The Top 10 New Jack Swing Anthems of All Time". SF Weekly. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Sakamoto, John (13 October 2011). "The Anti-Hit List for Oct. 15". Toronto Star. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c Vincent 1996, p. 284.
^ Hoffmann 2006, pp. 25, 250.
^ Larkin 2006, "Brown, Bobby".
^ Wynn, Ron. "Tevin Campbell – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ Wynn, Ron. "Father MC – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ Unterberger, Richie. "Aretha Franklin – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ Iandoli, Kathy. "Sad Songs of R&B: 20 Tunes to Satisfy the Winter Blues". The Boombox. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
^ Katzoff, Tami (22 December 2011). "In Memoriam: Nate Dogg, Heavy D Among Stars We Lost in 2011". MTV News. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ Fekadu, Mesfin (18 November 2011). "Heavy D Funeral Attracts Family, Stars, a Letter From Obama". Billboard. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Michael Jackson – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ Christgau, Robert (December 2004). "Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection". Blender. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "R. Kelly – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ "Man in the mirror". The Observer. 19 September 2004. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ Farber, Jim (1 February 1991). "Tara Kemp". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ Jones, Steve (14 November 2006). "Gerald Levert dies: Gruff-voiced, ever smooth". USA Today. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ Knopper, Steve (9 September 2015). "The O'Jays continuing their odds-defying longevity". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ Torreano, Bradley. "MC Hammer – The Hits". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ Madden, Sidney (12 February 2015). "Today In Hip-Hop: MC Hammer Drops 'Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em'". XXL. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ Lang, George (20 April 2001). "Staying Crazy Band careful about 'Butterfly' image". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
^ Lytle, Craig. "Brian McKnight – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ Kellman, Andy. "Jeff Redd – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ Ripani 2006, pp. 131–2.
^ Brown, Joe (13 August 1989). "The Divas With the Die-Hard Fans". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ Brown, Ethan (25 October 2004). "Beats, With a Touch of Blues". New York. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
^ Hawking, Tom (4 May 2011). "5 Albums to Stream for Free This Week: Okkervil River, Man Man". Flavorwire. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
^ Blount Danois, Ericka (9 May 2011). "Rollin' with Raphael". Wax Poetics. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
^ Redley, Simon. "Donna Summer Dies of Cancer at 63". Blues & Soul. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ Parker, Suzi (17 May 2012). "RIP Donna Summer, queen of disco and bad girls". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ Larkin 2006, "Sure!, Al B.".
^ Huey, Steve. "Al B. Sure! – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ Jenkins, Mark (10 February 1991). "Barbie Sings! Plus the Latest from Other Living Dolls". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ Wynn, Ron. "Alyson Williams – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ Kellman, Andy. "Christopher Williams – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ Wynn, Ron. "After 7 – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ Kellman, Andy. "Another Bad Creation – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ Pini, Gary (13 May 2011). "Another Bad Creation's "Playground" Is Our Music Video of the Day". Paper. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
^ Ripani 2006, pp. 153–4.
^ Vincent 1996, p. 305.
^ Raymond, Ali. "Boyz II Men: Love Is All You Need". Blues & Soul. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ Larkin 2006, "Guy", "Hall, Aaron".
^ Michaels, Sean (9 November 2011). "Rapper and actor Heavy D dies aged 44". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
^ Bauder, David (6 December 1992). "New group cashes in on youth trend". Lawrence Journal-World. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ Larkin 2006, "Jodeci", "K-Ci And JoJo".
^ Wynn, Ron. "Joe Public – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ Wang, Oliver (19 April 2009). "Jive Token". LA Weekly. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
^ Berger, Arion (13 December 1991). "Private Line". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ Considine, J.D. (18 June 1993). "New jack swingers, Levert, have soul in their blood". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ Kantor, Justin. "M & M – Get Ta Know Ya Betta". AllMusic. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
^ Kellman, Andy. "Men at Large – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Ol Skool – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
^ Meyer, Marianne (30 August 2007). "Live!". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
^ Kellman, Andy. "Portrait – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
^ Iandoli, Kathy. "Reminisce Over You: R&B Acts From the 1990s We Miss". The Boombox. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
^ Wynn, Ron. "R. Kelly / Public Announcement – Born into the '90s". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ Marchese, David (7 January 2016). "The R. Kelly Problem". New York. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
^ Theakston, Rob. "Ready for the World �� Straight Down to Business". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
^ Smith, Robert L. (11 January 2011). "With soulful coffee houses, R&B singer Joe Little III brings a cafe scene to the black community". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
^ Sickels 2013, p. 465, "Run–DMC".
^ Lymangrover, Jason. "Run-D.M.C. – Down with the King". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ Larkin 2006, "Soul IV Real".
^ Eddy, Chuck (March 2011). "Essentials: R&B Rubs Hip-Hop the Right Way and the New Jack Swing Era Is Born". Spin. Vol. 27, no. 3. p. 84. ISSN 0886-3032.
^ Unterberger 1999, p. 435.
^ Larkin 2006, "Tony! Toni! Toné!".
^ Larkin 2006, "Wreckx-N-Effect".

Bibliography[]

Hoffmann, Frank (2006). Rhythm and Blues, Rap, and Hip-hop. Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-5315-4.
Larkin, Colin, ed. (2006). Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-531373-9.
Ripani, Richard J. (2006). The New Blue Music: Changes in Rhythm & Blues, 1950-1999. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-57806-862-3.
Sickels, Robert C., ed. (2013). 100 Entertainers Who Changed America: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries. Vol. 2. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-831-1.
Unterberger, Richie (1999). Music USA: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-421-X.
Vincent, Rickey (1996). Funk: The Music, the People, and the Rhythm of the One. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-13499-1.

[Silverton-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Silverton, Peter. "New jack swing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015.

[2] Reynolds, Simon (1 August 1999). "MUSIC; Partners in the Engine Room of Rap". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[3] Henderson, Alex. "New Jack Swing". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012.

[4] Associated Press (20 November 2020). "Taraji P. Henson Tells Story of New Jack Swing in Podcast". Billboard. Retrieved 22 July 2021.

[5] Leight, Elias (6 May 2017). "Teddy Riley Talks Honing New Jack Swing, Learning from Michael Jackson". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 21 July 2021.

[Heller-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Heller, Jason (30 September 2010). "New jack swing". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

[Carter-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Carter, Kelley L. (10 August 2008). "5 Things You Can Learn About ... New jack swing". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

[Williams-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Williams, C.L. (6 October 2011). "New Jack Swing Forever: How a Movement Redefined an Era". PopMatters. Retrieved 8 August 2016.

[Daw-9] Daw, Robbie (24 February 2011). "Bell Biv DeVoe Inject 'Jimmy Fallon' With Some "Poison"". Idolator. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[FOOTNOTEHoffmann2006250-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Hoffmann 2006, p. 250.

[FOOTNOTERipani2006154-11] Ripani 2006, p. 154.

[12] Dimartino, Dave (20 November 1992). "Close-up: Mary J. Blige". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 4 August 2016.

[13] Considine, J.D. (4 September 1992). "Blige doesn't quite play it the way the guys do". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[Kot-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Kot, Greg (4 November 1991). "New Jack Swing Has a Good Friend In Very Likable Guy". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 5 August 2016.

[Gonzales-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Gonzales, Michael A. (10 November 2011). "Why Heavy D. Matters". Complex. Retrieved 4 August 2016.

[Mlynar-16] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Mlynar, Phillip (19 July 2011). "The Top 10 New Jack Swing Anthems of All Time". SF Weekly. Retrieved 5 August 2016.

[Sakamoto-17] Sakamoto, John (13 October 2011). "The Anti-Hit List for Oct. 15". Toronto Star. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[FOOTNOTEVincent1996284-18] Vincent 1996, p. 284.

[FOOTNOTEHoffmann200625,_250-19] Hoffmann 2006, pp. 25, 250.

[FOOTNOTELarkin2006"Brown,_Bobby"-20] Larkin 2006, "Brown, Bobby".

[21] Wynn, Ron. "Tevin Campbell – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

[22] Wynn, Ron. "Father MC – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[23] Unterberger, Richie. "Aretha Franklin – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[24] Iandoli, Kathy. "Sad Songs of R&B: 20 Tunes to Satisfy the Winter Blues". The Boombox. Retrieved 8 August 2016.

[25] Katzoff, Tami (22 December 2011). "In Memoriam: Nate Dogg, Heavy D Among Stars We Lost in 2011". MTV News. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[26] Fekadu, Mesfin (18 November 2011). "Heavy D Funeral Attracts Family, Stars, a Letter From Obama". Billboard. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[27] Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Michael Jackson – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

[28] Christgau, Robert (December 2004). "Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection". Blender. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

[29] Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "R. Kelly – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[30] "Man in the mirror". The Observer. 19 September 2004. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[31] Farber, Jim (1 February 1991). "Tara Kemp". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

[32] Jones, Steve (14 November 2006). "Gerald Levert dies: Gruff-voiced, ever smooth". USA Today. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[33] Knopper, Steve (9 September 2015). "The O'Jays continuing their odds-defying longevity". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[34] Torreano, Bradley. "MC Hammer – The Hits". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

[35] Madden, Sidney (12 February 2015). "Today In Hip-Hop: MC Hammer Drops 'Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em'". XXL. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

[36] Lang, George (20 April 2001). "Staying Crazy Band careful about 'Butterfly' image". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 8 August 2016.

[37] Lytle, Craig. "Brian McKnight – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[38] Kellman, Andy. "Jeff Redd – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

[FOOTNOTERipani2006131–2-39] Ripani 2006, pp. 131–2.

[40] Brown, Joe (13 August 1989). "The Divas With the Die-Hard Fans". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[41] Brown, Ethan (25 October 2004). "Beats, With a Touch of Blues". New York. Retrieved 4 August 2016.

[42] Hawking, Tom (4 May 2011). "5 Albums to Stream for Free This Week: Okkervil River, Man Man". Flavorwire. Retrieved 4 August 2016.

[43] Blount Danois, Ericka (9 May 2011). "Rollin' with Raphael". Wax Poetics. Retrieved 4 August 2016.

[44] Redley, Simon. "Donna Summer Dies of Cancer at 63". Blues & Soul. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

[45] Parker, Suzi (17 May 2012). "RIP Donna Summer, queen of disco and bad girls". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[FOOTNOTELarkin2006"Sure!,_Al_B."-46] Larkin 2006, "Sure!, Al B.".

[47] Huey, Steve. "Al B. Sure! – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

[48] Jenkins, Mark (10 February 1991). "Barbie Sings! Plus the Latest from Other Living Dolls". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[49] Wynn, Ron. "Alyson Williams – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

[50] Kellman, Andy. "Christopher Williams – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

[51] Wynn, Ron. "After 7 – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

[52] Kellman, Andy. "Another Bad Creation – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

[53] Pini, Gary (13 May 2011). "Another Bad Creation's "Playground" Is Our Music Video of the Day". Paper. Retrieved 4 August 2016.

[FOOTNOTERipani2006153–4-54] Ripani 2006, pp. 153–4.

[FOOTNOTEVincent1996305-55] Vincent 1996, p. 305.

[56] Raymond, Ali. "Boyz II Men: Love Is All You Need". Blues & Soul. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

[FOOTNOTELarkin2006"Guy",_"Hall,_Aaron"-57] Larkin 2006, "Guy", "Hall, Aaron".

[58] Michaels, Sean (9 November 2011). "Rapper and actor Heavy D dies aged 44". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 August 2016.

[59] Bauder, David (6 December 1992). "New group cashes in on youth trend". Lawrence Journal-World. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[FOOTNOTELarkin2006"Jodeci",_"K-Ci_And_JoJo"-60] Larkin 2006, "Jodeci", "K-Ci And JoJo".

[61] Wynn, Ron. "Joe Public – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

[62] Wang, Oliver (19 April 2009). "Jive Token". LA Weekly. Retrieved 5 August 2016.

[63] Berger, Arion (13 December 1991). "Private Line". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

[64] Considine, J.D. (18 June 1993). "New jack swingers, Levert, have soul in their blood". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[65] Kantor, Justin. "M & M – Get Ta Know Ya Betta". AllMusic. Retrieved 8 August 2016.

[66] Kellman, Andy. "Men at Large – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 August 2016.

[67] Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Ol Skool – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 July 2016.

[68] Meyer, Marianne (30 August 2007). "Live!". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 August 2016.

[69] Kellman, Andy. "Portrait – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 July 2016.

[70] Iandoli, Kathy. "Reminisce Over You: R&B Acts From the 1990s We Miss". The Boombox. Retrieved 8 August 2016.

[71] Wynn, Ron. "R. Kelly / Public Announcement – Born into the '90s". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[72] Marchese, David (7 January 2016). "The R. Kelly Problem". New York. Retrieved 4 August 2016.

[73] Theakston, Rob. "Ready for the World �� Straight Down to Business". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 August 2016.

[74] Smith, Robert L. (11 January 2011). "With soulful coffee houses, R&B singer Joe Little III brings a cafe scene to the black community". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 5 August 2016.

[FOOTNOTESickels2013465"Run–DMC"-75] Sickels 2013, p. 465, "Run–DMC".

[76] Lymangrover, Jason. "Run-D.M.C. – Down with the King". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 August 2016.

[FOOTNOTELarkin2006"Soul_IV_Real"-77] Larkin 2006, "Soul IV Real".

[78] Eddy, Chuck (March 2011). "Essentials: R&B Rubs Hip-Hop the Right Way and the New Jack Swing Era Is Born". Spin. Vol. 27, no. 3. p. 84. ISSN 0886-3032.

[FOOTNOTEUnterberger1999435-79] Unterberger 1999, p. 435.

[FOOTNOTELarkin2006"Tony!_Toni!_Toné!"-80] Larkin 2006, "Tony! Toni! Toné!".

[FOOTNOTELarkin2006"Wreckx-N-Effect"-81] Larkin 2006, "Wreckx-N-Effect".

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