List of new religious movements
A new religious movement (NRM) is a religious, ethical, or spiritual group or community with practices of relatively modern origins. NRMs may be novel in origin or they may exist on the fringes of a wider religion, in which case they will be distinct from pre-existing denominations. Academics identify a variety of characteristics which they employ in categorizing groups as new religious movements. The term is broad and inclusive, rather than sharply defined. New religious movements are generally seen as syncretic, employing human and material assets to disseminate their ideas and worldviews, deviating in some degree from a society's traditional forms or doctrines, focused especially upon the self, and having a peripheral relationship that exists in a state of tension with established societal conventions.[1]: 29 [2][3]
A NRM may be one of a wide range of movements ranging from those with loose affiliations based on novel approaches to spirituality or religion to communitarian enterprises that demand a considerable amount of group conformity and a social identity that separates their adherents from mainstream society. Use of the term NRM is not universally accepted among the groups to which it is applied.[4] Scholars have estimated that NRMs now number in the tens of thousands worldwide, with most in Asia and Africa. Most have only a few members, some have thousands, and very few have more than a million.[5]: 17 Academics occasionally propose amendments to technical definitions and continue to add new groups.[1]: vii–xv
List[]
Name | Founder | Year founded | Type |
---|---|---|---|
3HO[6]: 131 | Harbhajan Singh Khalsa[7]: 162 | 1969[7]: 162 | Sikh[7]: 162 |
Adidam, previously Free Daist Communion, Dawn Horse Fellowship, etc.[7]: 146 [8]: 25–28 [9]: 2–3 | Adi Da[7]: 146 | 1972[7]: 146 | Neo-Hindu-inspired[7]: 146 |
Adonai-Shomo[8]: 28 | Frederick T. Howland[10]: 707 | 1861[10]: 707 | Adventist Communal[10]: 707 |
Adonism[11] | Franz Sättler[11] | 1925[11] | Neo-pagan[11] |
Adventures in Enlightenment, A Foundation[8]: 28–29 | Terry Cole-Whittaker | 1985 | Religious Science |
Aetherius Society[7]: 3 [8]: 29–31 [12]: 25–26 | George King[7]: 3 | 1954[7]: 3 | UFO-Christian[7]: 3 |
The African Church[12]: 26 | Jacob Kehinde Coker[13] | 1901[13] | Anglican |
African initiated churches[12]: 26–27 | Multiple | Sincretistic Christian-Indigenous | |
African Theological Archministry, previously Order of Damballah Hwedo Ancestor Priests, Shango Temple, and Yoruba Temple[8]: 31 | Walter Eugene King[10]: 934 | 1973[10]: 934 | Voodoo[10]: 934 |
Agasha Temple of Wisdom[8]: 32 | Richard Zenor[10]: 764 | 1943[10]: 764 | Spiritualism[10]: 764 |
Agni Yoga (Roerichism)[6]: 6 [8]: 32 | Helena Roerich, Nicholas Roerich[10]: 876 | mid-1920s[10]: 876 | Neo-Theosophical[10]: 876 |
Ahmadiyya[6]: 6 [8]: 32–33 [12]: 27–28 | Mirza Ghulam Ahmad[10]: 985 | 1889[10]: 985 | Indian Islam[10]: 985 |
Aladura[6]: 7 [12]: 28–29 | Josiah Ositelu[10] | 1930[10]: 517 | Pentecostal[10]: 517 |
Alamo Christian Foundation, a.k.a. Alamo Christian Church, Consecrated, Alamo Christian Ministries, and Music Square Church[6]: 7 [8]: 33–34 [12]: 29 | Tony Alamo; Susan Alamo[7]: 13 | 1969[7]: 13 | Fundamentalist
Communal[7]: 13 |
Altruria[8]: 34–35 | Edward Biron Payne[10]: 707 | 1894[10]: 707 | Christian
Communal[10]: 707 |
American Buddhist Movement[8]: 35–36 | 1980[10]: 1116 | Western Buddhism[10]: 1116 | |
American Buddhist Society and Fellowship, Inc.[8]: 36 | Robert Ernest Dickhoff[10]: 1102 | 1945[10]: 1102 | Tibetan Buddhism[10]: 1102 |
American World Patriarchs[8]: 37–38 | Uladyslau Ryzy-Ryski[10]: 309 | 1972[10]: 309 | Eastern Orthodox[10]: 309 |
Amica Temple of Radiance[8]: 38 | Ivah Berg Whitten[10]: 876 | 1932[10]: 876 | Neo-Theosophical[10]: 876 |
Ananda Marga[6]: 11 [8]: 41 [12]: 30–31 [14]: 370 | Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar[10]: 1001 | 1955[10]: 1001 | Neo-Hindu[10]: 1001
Tantric |
Ancient British Church in North America[8]: 43 | Jonathan V. Zotique[10]: 1142 | Homosexually Oriented[10]: 1142 | |
Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis[6]: 11 [8]: 42–43 [12]: 31 | H. Spencer Lewis[10]: 841 | 1915[10]: 841 | neo-Rosicrucianism[10]: 841 |
Ancient Teachings of the Masters, a.k.a. ATOM[8]: 43 | Darwin Gross[10]: 1054 | 1983[10]: 1054 | Sant Mat[10]: 1054 |
Anglo-Saxon Federation of America[6]: 13 [8]: 43–44 | Howard B. Rand[10]: 651 | 1928[10]: 651 | British Israelism[10]: 651 |
Ansaaru Allah Community[8]: 44 | As Siddid Al Imaan Al Haahi Al Mahdi[10]: 986–987 | late 1960s[10]: 986–987" | Black Islam[10]: 986–987 |
Anthroposophy (Anthroposophical Society)[8]: 44–47 [12]: 33–34 | Rudolf Steiner[7]: 20 | 1912[7]: 20 | Western esotericism[15]: 41 |
Antiochian Catholic Church in America[8]: 47 | Gordon Mar Peter[10]: 241 | 1980s[10]: 241 | Independent Catholic
Monophysite[10]: 241 |
Antoinism[6] | Louis-Joseph Antoine[6] | 1910[6] | Christian Healing[6] |
Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarean)[8]: 47–48 | Samuel Heinrich Froehlich[10]: 548 | 1906[10]: 548 | European Free-Church[10]: 548 |
Apostolic Christian Church of America[8]: 47–48 | Samuel Heinrich Froehlich[10]: 548 | 1830[10]: 548 | European Free-Church[10]: 548 |
Apostolic Church[6]: 15 | Daniel Powell Williams[7]: 23 | 1916[7]: 23 | Pentecostal[7]: 23 |
Apostolic Church of Christ (Pentecostal)[8]: 48 | Johnnie Draft; Wallace Snow[10]: 464 | 1969[10]: 464 | Apostolic Pentecostal[10]: 464 |
Apostolic Overcoming Holy Church of God[6]: 16 | William Thomas Phillips[10]: 465 | 1920[10]: 465 | Apostolic Pentecostal[10]: 465 |
Arcane School[12]: 38 | Alice and Foster Bailey[10]: 857 | 1937[10]: 857 | Neo-Theosophical[10]: 857 |
Arica School[6]: 17 [12]: 38–39 | Oscar Ichazo[10]: 971 | 1968[10]: 971 | Sufism[10]: 971 |
Arkeon[16] | Vito Carlo Moccia[17] | 1999[17] | Reiki
Roman Catholicism[16] |
Art of Living Foundation, a.k.a. Association for Inner Growth and Ved Vignan Maha Vidya Preeth[10]: 1004 | Ravi Shankar[10]: 1004 | 1981[10]: 1004 | Neo-Hindu[10]: 1004 |
Arya Samaj[6]: 18 [12]: 40–41 | Mul Shankara[10]: 1004 | 1875[10]: 1004 | Neo-Hindu[10]: 1004 |
Aryan Nations, a.k.a. Church of Jesus Christ Christian, Aryan Nations[12]: 91 | Wesley Swift[10]: 654 | late 1940s[10]: 654 | British Israelism[10]: 654 |
Ásatrú Folk Assembly[18] | Stephen McNallen[18] | 1970s[18] | Neo-pagan[18]
Polytheistic reconstructionism |
Assemblies of God[12]: 41–42 | merger[19]: 106 | 1914[19]: 106 | Pentecostal[19]: 106 |
Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ[6]: 18 | merger[10]: 466 | 1952[10]: 466 | Apostolic Pentecostal[10]: 466 |
Assembly of Christian Soldiers[6]: 21 | Jessie L. Thrift[10]: 1131 | 1971[10]: 1131 | Ku Klux Klan[10]: 1131 |
Association for Research and Enlightenment[6]: 21 [12]: 42–43 | Edgar Cayce[7]: 31 | 1931[7]: 31 | Occult[7]: 31 |
Association of Vineyard Churches[6]: 316 | John Wimber[10]: 446 | 1982[10]: 446 | Trinitarian Pentecostal[10]: 446 |
Aum Shinrikyo, also known as Aleph[6]: 23 [12]: 44–45 [20][21] | Shoko Asahara[10]: 1073 | 1987[10]: 1073 | Japanese Buddhism[10]: 1073 |
Ausar Auset Society[6]: 24 | R.A. Straughn[10]: 842 | mid-1970s[10]: 842 | neo-Rosicrucianism[10]: 842 |
Azali or Azali Babi[22]: 246 | Subh-i-Azal | 1863 | Babism |
Bábism[23]: 180 [24][8]: 58 | Báb (Ali Muhammad Shirazi)[24] | 1844[24] | Shia Islam-Millenarian[24] |
Baháʼí Faith[6]: 25–26 [25]: 243–248 [12]: 48–49 [9]: 58–56 | Bahá'u'lláh (Mírzá Ḥusayn-'Alí Nuri)[10]: 992 | 1863[10]: 992 | Bábism[26] |
Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship[12]: 50–51 | Bawa Muhaiyaddeen[10]: 972 | 1971[10]: 972 | Sufism[10]: 972 |
Bethel Ministerial Association[6]: 32 | Albert Franklin Varnell[10]: 466 | 1934[10]: 466 | Apostolic Pentecostal[10]: 466 |
Bible Presbyterian Church[6]: 33 | Carl McIntire[10]: 370 | 1938[10]: 370 | Reformed Presbyterian[10]: 370 |
Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ[6]: 34 [8]: 77 | schism[10]: 466 | 1957[10]: 466 | Apostolic Pentecostal[10]: 466 |
The Blackburn Cult, also known as the Divine Order of the Royal Arms of the Great Eleven[27]: 35 | May Otis Blackburn[27]: 1 | 1922[27]: 1 | Neo-pagan
New Thought[27]: 1 |
Brahma Kumaris[6]: 37 [12]: 56–57 [28] | Dada Lekhraj[10]: 1006 | 1936[10]: 1006 | Neo-Hindu[10]: 1006 |
Brahmo Samaj, also known as the religion Adi Dharm[29][30]: 1028–1030 | Ram Mohan Roy | 1828 | Neo-Hindu |
Brahmoism (Brahmo Dharma)[29]: 43–57 | Debendranath Tagore | 1848/1850 | Neo-Hindu |
Branch Davidians[6]: 38 [12]: 59 | Benjamin Roden[10]: 617 | 1930[10]: 617 | Seventh Day Adventist[10]: 617 |
Branhamism[31]: 37–40 | William M. Branham[31]: 37–40 | 1951[31]: 37–40 | Pentecostal[31]: 37–40 |
Breatharians also known as Inedia[12]: 60–61 | Wiley Brooks[32]: 30 | 1970s[32]: 30 | Hinduism-influenced[32]: 30 |
The Brethren (Jim Roberts group), also known as The Body of Christ and The Garbage Eaters[10]: 1131–1132 | Jimmie T. Roberts[10]: 1131–1132 | c. 1970[10]: 1131–1132 | Unclassified Christian Churches[10]: 1131–1132 |
British Israelism, also called Anglo-Israelism[6]: 39–40 [12]: 61–62 | |||
Bruderhof, also known as the Hutterian Brethren and Hutterian Society of Brothers[12]: 63–64 | Eberhard Arnold[33]: 709 | c. 1920[10]: 709 | Communal[10]: 709 |
Brunstad Christian Church[6]: 269–270 | Johan Oscar Smith[34] | 1905[34] | Evangelical
Non-denominational Christian |
Builders of the Adytum[6]: 41–42 [12]: 67–68 | Paul Foster Case[10]: 891 | 1922[10]: 891 | Ritual magic[10]: 891 |
Candomblé[6]: 43–44 [12]: 68–69 | 19th century[7]: 61 | Sincretistic
neo-African Divination[7]: 61 | |
Cao Dai, also known as Dai Dao Tam Ky Pho Do[6]: 44 [12]: 69–70 | Ngô Văn Chiêu
Lê Văn Trung[7]: 61 |
1919[7]: 61 | Sincretistic
Vietnamese Millenarian[7]: 61 |
Cargo cults[6]: 45 [12]: 70 | Sincretistic
Millenarian-Indigenist[7]: 62 | ||
Celestial Church of Christ[12]: 73 | Samuel Oshoffa[7]: 64 | 1947[7]: 64 | Indigenist
Pentecostal[7]: 64 |
The Centers Network[12]: 73–74 | |||
Chabad-Lubavitch[6]: 206, 368 [12]: 70 | Shneur Zalman of Liadi. | late 18th century | Chasidic |
Charismatic Movement[12]: 78 | 1950s[31]: 70 | Pentecostal | |
Chen Tao, also called God's Salvation Church and God Saves the Earth Flying Saucer Foundation[12]: 78–79 | Hon-Ming Chen[35] | 1955 | UFO religion |
Cheondoism, also called Chendogyo[12]: 80–81 | Choe Je-u | ||
Cherubim and Seraphim, also known as Sacred Cherubim and Seraphim Society and Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim[12]: 79 | Moses Orimolade Tunolase[7]: 65 | c. 1925[7]: 65 | African Pentecostal[7]: 65 |
Christ Apostolic Church[12]: 82–83 | Joseph Ayo Babalola[10]: 479 | 1941[10]: 479 | Pentecostal[10]: 479 |
Christadelphians, also called Thomasites[6]: 50 [12]: 81–82 | John Thomas[31]: 48 | 1844[10]: 107 | Baptist family[10]: 107
Restorationism |
The Christian Community, also known as the Christian Community Church and Christengemeinschaft[12]: 83 | Rudolf Steiner Friedrich Rittelmeyer[7]: 70 |
1922[7]: 70 | Anthroposophy[7]: 70 |
Christian Identity[6]: 138 [12]: 84 | 1940s[36]: 48 | British Israelism[10]: 652 | |
Christian Reformed Church in North America[12]: 86 | Gijsbert Haan[10]: 365 | 1857[10]: 365 | Reformed Presbyterian[10]: 365 |
Christian Science[10]: 741 [12]: 86–87. | Mary Baker Eddy[10]: 741 | 1876[10]: 741 | Christian
Faith healing New Thought[37] |
Christian World Liberation Front, also known as the Spiritual Counterfeits Project[12]: 87–88 | Jack Sparks
Fred Dyson Pat Matrisciana[7]: 76 |
1969[7]: 76 | Christian Fundamentalist-Millenarian[7]: 76 |
Church of All Worlds[6]: 58 [12]: 88–89 | Tim Zell
Lance Christie[10]: 909 |
1962[10]: 909 | Witchcraft
Neo-pagan[10]: 909 |
Church of Aphrodite (defunct)[6]: 58 | Gleb Botkin[10]: 911 | 1939[10]: 911 | Witchcraft
Neo-Pagan[10]: 911 |
Church of Bible Understanding[6]: 59 [12]: 89–90 | Stewart Traill[7]: 79 | 1971[7]: 79 | Adventist
Fundamentalist[7]: 79 |
Church of Daniel's Band[6]: 61 | 1893[10]: 395 | Non-Episcopal Methodism[10]: 395 | |
Church of Divine Science[25]: 326 | Malinda Cramer | 1888 | New Thought
Faith healing |
Church of God in Christ[6]: 62 | Charles H. Mason[7]: 85 | 1908[7]: 85 | Pentecostal[7]: 85 |
The Church of God (Jerusalem Acres)[6]: 62 | Grady R. Kent[10]: 437 | 1957[10]: 437 | White Trinitarian Holiness Pentecostal[10]: 437 |
Church of God Mountain Assembly[6]: 63, 65 | J.H. Parks, Steve N. Bryant, Tom Moses, and William O. Douglas |
1906[10]: 437 | White Trinitarian Holiness Pentecostal[10]: 437 |
Church of God of Prophecy[6]: 62–63 | Ambrose Tomlinson[10]: 438 | 1903[10]: 438 | White Trinitarian Holiness Pentecostal[10]: 438 |
Church of God with Signs Following[38]: 300–301 | George Went Hensley[10]: 489 | 1920s[10]: 489 | Holiness Pentecostal[10]: 489 |
Church of Israel[6]: 65 | Dan Gayman[10]: 653 | 1974[10]: 653 | British Israelism[10]: 653 |
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | Joseph Smith | 1830 | Latter-day Saint Movement-Millenarian |
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)[39] | Joseph Smith James Strang[39] |
1844[39] | Latter-day Saint Movement |
The Church of Light[8]: 210–211 [40]: 105–106 | C.C. Zain[8]: 210–211 [40]: 105–106 | 1932[8]: 210–211 [40]: 105–106 | neo-Hermetism[8]: 210–211 [40]: 105–106 |
Church of Satan[25]: 401–410 [12]: 91–92 | Anton LaVey[9]: 508–509 | 1966[9]: 508–509 | Satanism[9]: 508–509 |
Church of the SubGenius | J.R. "Bob" Dobbs | 1979 | Parody |
Church of the Creator[10]: 668 | Rev. Dr. Grace Marama URI | 1969 | Liberal family[10]: 668 |
Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster[41][42] or Pastafarianism | Bobby Henderson | 2005 | Parody |
Church of the Living Word, also known as The Walk[12]: 92–93 | John Robert Stevens[7]: 386 | 1954[7]: 386 | Fundamentalist
Occult[7]: 386 |
Church of the Lord (Aladura)[12]: 93 | Josiah Ositelu[10]: 517 | 1930[10]: 517 | Pentecostal Family[10]: 517 |
Church of World Messianity[6]: 94, 371 [12]: 94 | Mokichi Okada[10]: 1120 | 1934[10]: 1120 | Shinto[10]: 1120
Faith healing |
Church Universal and Triumphant[6]: 281 [12]: 94–95 | Mark Prophet
Elizabeth Clare (Wolf) Prophet[7]: 97 |
1958[7]: 97 | Theosophical
Occult[7]: 97 |
Collegiate Association for the Research of Principles, also known as CARP[12]: 71 | Sun Myung Moon[43][44] | 1955[44] | Unification Church[44] |
Commandment Keepers: Holy Church of the Living God[6]: 74 [8]: 180 | Arnold Josiah Ford[10]: 951 | 1924[10]: 951 | Black Judaism[10]: 951 |
Community Chapel and Bible Training Center[6]: 75 | Donald Lee Barnett[10]: 496 | 1967[10]: 496 | Latter Rain
Pentecostal[10]: 496 |
Concerned Christians[12]: 96 | Monte Kim Miller[45] | ||
Conservative Judaism[6]: 76 [12]: 97 | Sabato Morais
Marcus Jastrow H. Pereira Mendes[10]: 943 |
1887[10]: 943 | Mainline Judaism[10]: 943 |
Core Shamanism, The Foundation for Shamanic Studies[9]: 580 [46] | Michael Harner | 1980 | Neoshamanism |
Covenant of the Goddess[6]: 98 [12]: 48–49 | merger[10]: 915 | 1975[10]: 915 | Goddess
Witchcraft Neo-pagan[10]: 915 |
Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans[6]: 99 [12]: 99 | Margot Adler[10]: 915 | 1987[10]: 915 | Witchcraft
Neo-pagan[10]: 915 |
The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord[6]: 78 [12]: 99–100 | James D. Ellison[10]: 654 | mid-1970s[10]: 654 | British Israelism[10]: 654 |
Creativity[47] | Ben Klassen[47] | early-1970's | Pantheism
Agnostic Atheism White Racialism.[47] |
Crossroads Movement[12]: 100 | 1970s[38]: 100 | ||
Cyberchurches[12]: 103 | Non-denominational Christian | ||
Dalit Buddhist Movement, also known as the Neo-Buddhist movement or Navayana Buddhist movement | B. R. Ambedkar | 1956 | Neo-Buddhism (Navayana) |
Dances of Universal Peace[48] | Samuel L. Lewis | ||
Dianic Wicca[6]: 84 | merger[10]: 916 | 1971[10]: 916 | Witchcraft
Neo-pagan[10]: 916 |
Discordianism | Greg Hill, Kerry Wendell Thornley[49] | 1963 | Absurdism, Greek Mythology |
Eckankar[6]: 91 | Paul Twitchell[10]: 1056 | 1971[10]: 1056 | Derived from Sant Mat but denies connection[10]: 1056 |
Elan Vital (formerly Divine Light Mission)[6]: 85–86 [28]: 126 [50]: 156 | Shri Hans Ji Maharaj[10]: 1055 | 1920s[10]: 1055 | Sant Mat[10]: 1055 |
Emin | Raymond Armin | 1971 | New Age |
End Time Survivors Jesus Christians[51] | David McKay[52] | Fundamentalist Millennialism | |
Esoteric Nazism[53]: 17 | Occult | ||
Est (Erhard Seminars Training)[1]: 44 [28]: 126–127 [54] | Werner Erhard[55]: 193 | 1971[31]: 108 [56]: 167, 171–172 | Human Potential Movement[5]: 35 [31]: 107–108 [57] Self religions[58] |
Evangelical Association of the Israelite Mission of the New Universal Covenant[59] | Ezequiel Ataucusi Gamonal | 1968 | Sincretistic Messianic Judaism-Indigenous |
Evangelical Methodist Church[6]: 97 | J.H. Hamblen[10]: 396 | 1946[10]: 396 | Non-Episcopal Methodist[10]: 396 |
Falun Gong[60] | Li Hongzhi[10]: 1126 | 1992[10]: 1126 | Qigong movement |
Family International, previously known as the Children of God, the Family of Love and the Family[7]: 133 [28]: 126 [61] | David Berg[7]: 133 | 1968[7]: 133 | Fundamentalist,[7]: 133 Jesus movement[61]
countercultural evangelical[9]: 185 |
Fellowship of Isis[6]: 103 | Olivia Robertson[10]: 888 | 1976[10]: 888 | Neo-pagan
Goddess[10]: 888 |
Feraferia[62] | Frederick Adams[62] | 1967[62] | Neo-pagan
Goddess[62] |
Findhorn Foundation[6]: 104 | Eileen Caddy
Peter Caddy Alexis Edwards Roger Benson[7]: 138 |
1963[7]: 138 | Christian-Anthroposophistical-neo-Rosicrucian[7]: 138 |
Fire Baptized Holiness Church of God of the Americas[6]: 104 | W.E. Fuller[10]: 482 | 1898[10]: 482 | Black Trinitarian Pentecostal[10]: 482 |
First Satanic Church[63]: 701 | Karla LaVey | 1997 | Satanism |
Followers of Christ[10]: 1137 | Marion Reece (or Riess)[10]: 1137 [64] | late 19th century[10]: 1137 | Unclassified[10]: 1137 Pentecostal[64] |
Fourth Way[25]: 259–266 [15]: 42 | George Gurdjieff | c. 1913 | Esoteric Sufism |
Fraternitas Rosae Crucis[6]: 108 | Paschal Beverly Randolph[10]: 843 | 1858[10]: 843 | neo-Rosicrucianism[10]: 843 |
Fraternity of the Inner Light[9]: 217–219 | Dion Fortune | 1924 | neo-Hermeticism
Esoteric Christianity[9]: 217–219 |
Freedomites[6]: 272 | |||
Friends of the Western Buddhist Order (FWBO)[65] now known as Triratna Buddhist Community | Sangharakshita (Dennis Lingwood) | 1967[65] | Neo-Buddhism |
Fundamentalist Christianity[6]: 113–114 | Christian | ||
General Church of the New Jerusalem[6]: 117 | schism[10]: 763 | 1890[10]: 763 | Swedenborgianism[10]: 763 |
The Genesis II Church of Health and Healing | Jim Humble | 2009 or 2010[66] | UFO-New Age inspired |
Gentle Wind Project[70] | John "Tubby" Miller and Mary "Moe" Miller | 1980 | Spiritualism |
Ghost Dance[6]: 119 | Neo-pagan
Native American religion | ||
Global Peace Foundation[71] | Hyun Jin Moon[72] | 2007[71] | Unification Church[71] |
Godianism, a.k.a. Chiism[9]: 242–43 | K. O. K. Onyioha | 1949 | Afrucan Indigenist Neo-pagan |
Grail Movement[6]: 122–123 | Oskar Ernst Bernhardt[10]: 786 | 1924[10]: 786 | Sincretistic Christian
New Age Channeling[10]: 786 |
Hanuman Foundation[6]: 129 | Richard Alpert (Ram Dass)[31]: 51 | 1980[10]: 1013 | Neo-Hindu[10]: 1013 |
Heaven's Gate[73] | Marshall Herff Applewhite
Bonnie Lu Nettles[73] |
1973[73] | Syncretistic Christian[74]
New Age UFO religion[73] |
Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy[6]: 133 | Swami Rama[10]: 1014 | 1971[10]: 1014 | Hindu[10]: 1014 |
Huna[8]: 406–407 | Max Freedom Long | 1936 | New Thought
New Age Hawaiian religion |
I AM Activity[6]: 138 | Guy Ballard, Edna Anne Wheeler Ballard[10]: 873 | early 1930s | Neo-Theosophical[10]: 873 |
Iglesia ni Cristo[75] | Felix Y. Manalo[76] | 1914[76] | Restorationism
Unitarianism |
Isha Foundation[77] | Jaggi Vasudev | 1992 | Hindu |
Independent Fundamental Churches of America[6]: 142 | R. Lee Kirkland[7]: 179 | 1922[7]: 179 | Unaffiliated Fundamentalist[7]: 179 |
Insight Meditation Society[6]: 143 | Jack Kornfield
Sharon Salzberg Joseph Goldstein[10]: 1067 |
1976[10]: 1067 | Theravada Buddhism[10]: 1067 |
International Society for Krishna Consciousness also known as ISKCON | A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada | 13 July 1966 | Hindu |
International House of Prayer also known as (IHOP or IHOPKC) | Mike Bickle | 1999 | Charismatic Movement
Post-tribulational Historic premillennialism |
International Church of the Foursquare Gospel[6]: 108 | Aimee Semple McPherson[10]: 451 | 1923[10]: 451 | White Trinitarian Pentecostal[10]: 451 |
International Community of Christ also known as Church of the Second Advent (CSA) and Jamilians[31]: 139 | Eugene Douglas Savoy[31]: 139 | 1972[31]: 139 | New Age[31]: 139 |
Ivanovism (the Ivanovites)[78]: 128–145 | Porfiry Ivanov | 1933 | Sincretistic
Neo-pagan Slavic Native Faith |
Jediism[79]: 62 | 2000s[79]: 62 | Star Wars-inspired
New Age[79]: 62 | |
Jehovah's Witnesses[6]: 150, 152–153 | Charles Taze Russell[10]: 637 | 1870[10]: 637 | Adventist
Bible Students[10]: 637 |
Jesus Army, also known as "Jesus Fellowship Church" and "Bugbrooke Jesus Fellowship"[6]: 153 | Noel Stanton[14]: 149–163 | 1977[14]: 149–163 | Fundamentalist
Communal[14]: 149–163 |
Jesus Movement[6]: 153 [80] | late 1960s[7]: 196 | Fundamentalist[7]: 196 | |
Jews for Jesus[6]: 155 | Moishe Rosen[7]: 197 | 1970[7]: 197 | Fundamentalist[7]: 197 |
John Frum[6]: 155 | 1936[7]: 197 | Syncretistic
Millenarian[7]: 197 | |
Joy of Satan Ministries[81]: 448 | Andrea Maxine Dietrich | 2002 | Satanism
Theism |
Kabbalah Centre[9]: 322–323 | Philip Berg[9]: 322–323 | 1970s[9]: 322–323 | New Age[9]: 322–323 |
Karma Triyana Dharmachakra[6]: 157–158. | the 16th Gyalwa Karmapa[10]: 1108 | 1976[10]: 1108 | Tibetan Buddhism[10]: 1108 |
Kemetic Orthodoxy[82] | Tamara Siuda[82] | 1988[82] | Polytheistic reconstructionism
Kemetic[82] |
Kerista[6]: 158 | John Presmont[10]: 730 | 1956[10]: 730 | Communal—After 1960[10]: 730 |
Kofuku-no-Kagaku (The Institute for Research in Human Happiness)[83] | Ryuho Okawa | 1986 | Japanese |
Kopimism | Isak Gerson | 2012 | Internet religion |
Konkokyo[6]: 161 | Bunjiro Kawate[10]: 1122 | 1859[10]: 1122 | Shinto[10]: 1122 |
Krishnamurti Foundations[84] | Jiddu Krishnamurti | 1928 | Neo-Theosophical
Universalism |
Kripalu Center (Kirpalu)[6]: 161 | Amrit Desai[10]: 1019 | 1966[10]: 1019 | Hindu[10]: 1019 |
Lama Foundation[6]: 164 | Steve Durkee[10]: 731 | 1967[10]: 731 | Communal[10]: 731 |
Latter Day Saint movement (Mormonism)[6]: 190, 192 | Joseph Smith[31]: 187 | 1830[31]: 187 | Christian restorationism |
Latter Rain Movement[6]: 165 | George Hawtin
Percy Hunt[7]: 209 |
1946[7]: 209 | Millenarian Pentecostal[7]: 209 |
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement[6]: 165 | Paul S. L. Johnson[10]: 639 | c. 1920[10]: 639 | Adventist
Bible Students[10]: 639 |
Lectorium Rosicrucianum[6]: 165–166 | Jan van Rijckenborgh; Zwier Willem Leene; Catharose de Petri[9]: 338–339 | 1924[10]: 844 | neo-Rosicrucianism[10]: 844 |
The Living Word Fellowship[85] | John Robert Stevens[10]: 506 | 1951[10]: 506 | Latter Rain Pentecostal[10]: 506 |
Local Church movement[6]: 169, 171 | Ni Shu-tsu (Watchman Nee)[10]: 609–610 | 1920s[10]: 609–610 | Independent Fundamentalist
Other Bible Students[10]: 609–610 |
Love Family, also known as the Church of Jesus Christ at Armageddon and Love Israel[12]: 90–91 | Paul Erdman[7]: 216 | 1969[7]: 216 | Communalism[7]: 216 |
Love Has Won[86] | Amy Carlson[86] | c. 2005[87] | New Age[86] |
Lucis Trust[6]: 172–173 | Alice A. Bailey[7]: 217 | 1923[7]: 217 | Neo-Theosophical[7]: 217 |
Madkhalism[88][89] | Rabee Al-Madkhali[90][91] | early 1990s[92][93][94] | Islam[95][96] |
Mahikari[6]: 176 | Kotama Okada[10]: 1123 | 1959[10]: 1123 | Shinto[10]: 1123 |
Makasol (Wind Nation), a.k.a. Paliau movement[9]: 482–85 | Paliau Maloat | c. 1970s | Papuan Indigenist
Millenarian countercultural |
Maranatha Campus Ministries[6]: 178 | Bob Weiner[7]: 223 | 1972[7]: 223 | Pentecosrtal[7]: 223 |
Martinus´ Spiritual Science[97] | Martinus Thomsen[98] | 1932 | Western esotericism[99] |
Mazdaznan[6]: 181 | Otoman Zar-Adusht Ha'nish[10]: 991 | 1902[10]: 991 | Zoroastrianism[10]: 991 |
Meher Baba followers[50] | Merwan Sheriar Irani[10]: 991 | 1921[10]: 991 | Hindu-inspired[10]: 991 |
Messianic Judaism[6]: 184 | Christianity and Judaism[9]: 399 | ||
Million Man March[100] | Louis Farrakhan[100] | 1995[100] | Nation of Islam[100] |
Mita Congregation[6]: 186 | Juanita García Peraza[10]: 462 | 1940[10]: 462 | Deliverance Pentecostal[10]: 462 |
Modekngei (Ngara Modekngei)[101] | Tamadad from Chol | c. 1915 | Syncretistic Christian-Indigenous |
Monastic Order of Avallon[102] | Henri Hillion de Coatmoc'han[102] | 1972[102] | Neo-pagan[102] |
Moody Church[6]: 186 | Dwight L. Moody[10]: 602 | 1864[10]: 602 | Fundamentalist
Evangelical[10]: 602 |
Moorish Science Temple of America[6]: 186, 188 | Timothy Drew[10]: 988 | 1925[10]: 988 | Black Islam[10]: 988 |
Moral Re-Armament[6]: 188, 190 | Frank N. D. Buchman[7]: 233 | 1921[7]: 233 | |
Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness[6]: 194 | John-Roger Hinkins[10]: 1054 | 1971[10]: 1054 | Sant Mat[10]: 1054 |
Namdhari[6]: 196 | Balak Singh[7]: 243 | mid-19th century[7]: 243 | Sikh[7]: 243 |
Nation of Islam[103] | Elijah Muhammad[7]: 245 | mid-1930s[7]: 245 | Black Islam[7]: 245
UFO religion |
Nation of Yahweh[104]: 217 [6]: 200 | Hulon Mitchell, Jr.[10]: 952–953 | 1970s[10]: 952–953 | Black Judaism[10]: 952–953 |
National Spiritualist Association of Churches[6]: 197 | Harrison D Barrett, James M. Peebles, Cora L. Richmond[10]: 772 | 1893[10]: 772 | Spiritualism[10]: 772 |
Native American Church, also known as Peyotism[6]: 202 | 1906[10]: 809 | Native American religion Indigenist Entheogen Groups[10]: 809 | |
Native Ukrainian National Faith, also known as RUNVira or Sylenkoism[78]: 130 | Lev Sylenko | mid-1960s | Neo-pagan
Slavic Native Faith |
New Acropolis (Nouvelle Acropole)[9]: 441–442 [105]: 217 | Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi | 1957 | Neo-Theosophical |
New Apostolic Church[6]: 205 | Heinrich Geyer[10]: 1139 | 1863[10]: 1139 | Catholic Apostolic Church
Unclassified Christian Churches[10]: 1139 |
New Kadampa Tradition[106]: 310–311 | Geshe Kelsang Gyatso[10]: 1112 | mid-1970s[10]: 1112 | Tibetan Buddhism[10]: 1112 |
The New Message from God[107] | Marshall Vian Summers | 1992[108] | UFO religion |
New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn[6]: 207 | 1969[10]: 923 | Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
Witchcraft Neo-pagan[10]: 923 | |
New Thought[6]: 208 [25]: 325–330 | Phineas Parkhurst Quimby[7]: 258 | mid-19th century[7]: 258 | Metaphysical[7]: 258
Faith healing |
Noahidism[109][110] | 1990s | Interpretations within Orthodox Judaism[109][110][111] | |
Oahspe Faithists[112] | John Ballou Newbrough | 1882 | UFO religion |
Odinism[113] | Orestes Brownson[113] | 1848[113] | Neo-pagan[113] |
Oomoto[6]: 216 | Mrs. Nao Deguchi[7]: 266 | 1899[7]: 266 | Shinto-Millenarian[7]: 266 |
Open Bible Standard Churches[6]: 217 | merger[10]: 454 | 1935[10]: 454 | White Trinitarian Pentecostal[10]: 454 |
Opus Dei[28]: 126 [9]: 427–428 [114][115]: 3, 122–123 [116][117][118]: 251 | Saint Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer[9]: 427–428 | 1928[9]: 427–428 | Roman Catholic[9]: 427–428 |
Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.)[7]: 270 | Carl Kellner;[7]: 270 [9]: 430 Theodor Reuss[9]: 430 | 1895;[7]: 270 1906[9]: 430 | Western esotericism
Neo-Hermetism Thelema[9]: 430 |
Pentecostal Church of God[6]: 225 | 1919[19]: 109 | Pentecostal[19]: 109 | |
Pentecostalism[6]: 224–225 | Holiness movement | ||
People Unlimited, also known as Eternal Flame Foundation, People Forever, and CBJ[8]: 95–96 [119] | Charles Paul Brown, Bernadeane Brown, James Russell Strole[8]: 95–96 | 1982[119] | Immortalism, Christianity [8]: 95–96 |
Peoples Temple[6]: 226 [120] | Jim Jones[10]: 832 | 1955[10]: 832 | Psychic-New Age[10]: 832 |
Philosophical Research Society[6]: 228 | Manly Palmer Hall[10]: 849 | 1934[10]: 849 | Occult[10]: 849 |
Pilgrims of Arès[121] | Michel Potay[121] | 1974[121] | |
Plymouth Brethren[6]: 228–229 [12]: 61 | John Nelson Darby[7]: 281 | 1830[7]: 281 | evangelical
Millenarian[7]: 281 |
Potter's House also known as Christian Fellowship Ministries (CFM), The Door, Victory Chapel, Christian Center, Crossroads Chapel, etc.[31]: 51–52 | Wayman Mitchell[31]: 51–52 | 1970[31]: 51–52 | Pentecostal[31]: 51–52 |
Radha Soami Satsang Beas[6]: 234 | Seth Shiv Dayal Singh[10]: 1059 | 1861[10]: 1059 | Sant Mat[10]: 1059 |
Raëlism[6]: 234 | Claude Vorilhon (Rael)[10]: 806 | 1973[10]: 806 | UFO religion[10]: 806 |
Rainbow Family[6]: 234, 236 | Barry Adams[10]: 732 | late-1960s[10]: 732 | Communal[10]: 732 |
Rajneesh movement, a.k.a. Osho movement[6]: 236, 238 | Rajneesh Chandra Mohan[10]: 1051 | 1966[10]: 1051 | Indian religions-inspired[10]: 1051 |
Ramakrishna Mission, also known as Ramakrishna movement or Vedanta Society[122]: 57–58 [6]: 314 | Swami Vivekananda | 1897 | Neo-Hindu
Neo-Vedanta[7]: 382 |
Ramtha[123] | J. Z. Knight[124] | 1977[125] | New Age[123] |
Rastafari[6]: 241, 243 [126] | Leonard Howell, Joseph Hibbert, Archibald Dunkley, Robert Hinds[10]: 954 | 1935[10]: 954 | Jewish and Christian-influenced Afro-centric[10]: 954 |
Reformed Druids of North America[6]: 244 | 1960s[7]: 299 | Neo-pagan[7]: 299 | |
Reiki, also Usui Shiko Ryoho System of Healing[9]: 528–529 | Mikao Usui | 1922 | Energy medicine
Japanese Buddhism |
Religious Science[6]: 245–246 | Ernest Holmes[7]: 301 | 1948[7]: 301 | New Thought[7]: 301 |
Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism[81]: 442 | Vladimir Megre | 1997 | Sincretistic
Neo-pagan Slavic Native Faith |
Risshō Kōsei Kai[6]: 248 | Nikkyo Niwano
Myoko Naganuma[127] |
1938[127] | Nichiren Buddhist[127] |
The Rosicrucian Fellowship[6]: 249 | Carl Louis von Grasshof[10]: 845 | 1909[10]: 845 | neo-Rosicrucianism[10]: 845 |
Sacred Name Movement[6]: 251 | Clarence Orvil Dodd | 1930s | Adventist
Church of God (Seventh-Day) |
Sadharan Brahmo Samaj[29]: 43–57 | Anandamohan Bose, Sivanath Sastri, Umesh Chandra Dutta | 1878 | Brahmoism |
Sahaja Yoga[128] | Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi[10]: 1029 | 1970[10]: 1029 | Neo-Hindu[10]: 1029 |
Saiva Siddhanta Church[6]: 251 | Subramuniy[10]: 1029 | 1957[10]: 1029 | Hindu[10]: 1029 |
The Salvation Army[6]: 252, 254 | William Booth[10]: 419 | 1865[10]: 419 | Holiness movement[10]: 419 |
Saminism Movement, Samin movement[129]: 207–240 | Samin Surosentiko | 1889 | Abrahamic religions
Indigenist |
Sant Nirankari Mission[6]: 210 | Baba Buta Singh Ji | 1929 | Sikh |
Santa Muerte Cult[130] | 2000s | Syncretic Folk Catholic | |
Scientology[25]: 385–392 [28]: 126 [131][132][133] | L. Ron Hubbard[10]: 816 | 1955[10]: 816 | UFO-Psychic
New Age[10]: 816 |
Sekta Niebo[134] | Bogdana Kacmajora | 1990 | Christian |
Seicho-no-Ie[9]: 568–569 [83] | Masaharu Taniguchi, Fenwicke Holmes | 1930 | Religious Science-Shinto |
Self-Realization Fellowship[6]: 261 | Paramahansa Yogananda[10]: 1031 | 1935[10]: 1031 | Neo-Hindu[10]: 1031 |
Semitic Neopaganism[135] | Raphael Patai[135] | 1960s[135] | Neo-pagan
Feminism[135] |
Seventh-day Adventist Church[6]: 262 | Ellen G. White[10]: 621 | 1860[10]: 621 | Adventist[10]: 621 |
Seventh-day Adventist Reform Movement[6]: 262–263 | schism[10]: 622–623 | 1925[10]: 622–623 | Seventh Day Adventists[10]: 622–623 |
Shakers[6]: 263, 265 | Ann Lee[10]: 724 | 1750s[10]: 724 | Communal—Before 1960[10]: 724 |
Shengdao, also Tongshanshe[136] | Peng Tairong (Ruzun) | early 20th century | Chinese salvationist |
Shepherd's Rod, also known as the Davidians, officially, the Davidian Seventh-day Adventist Association[8]: 189 | Victor T. Houteff[10]: 619 | 1935[10]: 619 | Seventh Day Adventists[10]: 619 |
Shiloh Youth Revival Centers[6]: 266 | John J. Higgins, Jr.[10]: 734 | 1969[10]: 734 | Communal—After 1960[10]: 734 |
Shinji Shumeikai, also Shumei[83] | Mihoko Koyama | 1970 | Church of World Messianity
Faith healing |
Shinnyo-en[6]: 266–267 | Shinjo Ito
Tomoji Ito[10]: 1081 |
1936[10]: 1081 | Japanese Buddhism[10]: 1081 |
Shinreikyo[6]: 266 | Kanichi Otsuka[10]: 1123 | post–World War II[10]: 1123 | Shinto[10]: 1123
Syncretistic |
Shri Ram Chandra Mission[137] | Shri Ram Chandraji Maharaj[137] | 1945[137] | Hindu[137] |
Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres[6]: 268–269 | Kuppuswami Iyer[10]: 1035 | 1935[10]: 1035 | Neo-Hindu[10]: 1035 |
Slavic Native Faith, also known as Rodnovery[78]: 112–127 | Władysław Kołodziej, Jan Stachniuk | 1920–30s | Neo-pagan
Polytheistic reconstructionism |
Soka Gakkai International[6]: 271 [138] | Tsunesaburo Makiguchi[10]: 1082 | 1930[10]: 1082 | Nichiren Buddhism[10]: 1082 |
Spiritualism, Spiritism[25]: 331–338 [139]: 248 | Kate and Margaret Fox | 1848 | Psychic-Mediumship
Metaphysical |
Subud (Susila Budhi Dharma)[6]: 279 [25]: 267–274 [9]: 607–608 | Muhammed Subuh[10]: 981 | 1933[10]: 981 | Kejawèn
neo-Sufism[10]: 981 |
Sufi Ruhaniat International[6]: 279 | Samuel L. Lewis[7]: 342 | 1968[7]: 342 | neo-Sufism[7]: 342 |
Sukyo Mahikari[6]: 281 | Sekiguchi Sakae[7]: 344 | 1978[7]: 344 | Mahikari Syncretistic[7]: 344 |
Summum[6]: 281 | Claude Rex Nowell[10]: 1141 | 1975[10]: 1141 | Unclassified Christian Churches[10]: 1141 |
Syntheism[140] | Alexander Bard[140] | 2012[140] | Pantheist
Humanist Netocratic |
The Satanic Temple[141][142][143] | Lucien Greaves
Malcolm Jarry[144] |
2012[145] | Satanism
Nontheistic[142] |
Tenrikyo[6]: 287–288 | Miki Nakayama[10]: 1124 | 1838[10]: 1124 | Shinto[10]: 1124 |
Tensegrity[9]: 581 [46] | Carlos Castaneda | 1995 | Neoshamanism[9]: 581
New Age |
Terasem[146] | Martine Rothblatt | 2004 | Transhumanism |
Thelema, also known as the A∴A∴ order[15]: 41–42 | Aleister Crowley | early 1900s | Occult
neo-Hermetism Western esotericism[15]: 41–42 |
Theosophy or Theosophical Society, a.k.a. 1882 as Theosophical Society Adyar[25]: 315–324 [9]: 624–625 [147] | Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Henry Steel Olcott, William Quan Judge[147] | 1875 | Occult
Eastern and Western esotericism[9]: 624–625 [15]: 40–41 |
Theosophical Society Pasadena[25]: 315–324 [147]: blz. 427 | William Quan Judge | 1895 | Theosophical |
Tolstoyan primitivism[148]: 672 | Leo Tolstoy[148]: 672 | 1901[148]: 672 | Christian anarchism
Pacifism[148]: 672 |
Toronto Blessing[149] | Randy Clark[14]: 122–123 | 1994[14]: 122–123 | Pentecostal[14]: 122–123 |
Transcendental Meditation (TM)[6]: 292–293, 295–296 | Maharishi Mahesh Yogi[10]: 1045 | 1958[10]: 1045 | Neo-Hindu-inspired[10]: 1045 |
Triratna Buddhist Community (formerly FWBO)[65] | Sangharakshita (Dennis Lingwood) | 1967[65] | Neo-Buddhism |
True Buddha School[150] | Lu Sheng-yen[150] | Late 1980s | Tibetan Buddhism
Taoism[150] |
True Gnostic Church[151] | Azrael Ondi-Ahman (Archie D. Wood)[151] | 1979[152] | |
Twelve Tribes[6]: 212, 334–335 | Gene and Marsha Spriggs[10]: 737 | 1972[10]: 737 | Messianic Jewish Communal—After 1960[10]: 737 |
Two by Twos, also known as Cooneyites, Christian Conventions, the Workers and Friends, the Truth, etc.[6]: 298 | William Irvine[12]: 330 | 1897[153] | Independent fundamentalist family[10]: 611 |
Umbanda[6]: 299 | Zélio Fernandino de Moraes[154] | 1920[154] | Spiritism[154] |
Unarius Academy of Science[6]: 300, 302–303 | Ernest Norman, Ruth Norman | 1954 | UFO Religion |
Unification Church, also known as the Moonies[6]: 300, 302–303 | Sun Myung Moon[7]: 365 | 1954[7]: 365 | Syncretistic Christian[7]: 365 |
Unitarian Universalism[38]: 335 | consolidation[31]: 308–310 | 1961[31]: 308–310 | Unitarian Universalism[31]: 308–310 |
United Holy Church of America[6]: 304 | Isaac Cheshier[10]: 487 | 1900[10]: 487 | Black Trinitarian Pentecostal[10]: 487 |
United House of Prayer for All People[6]: 304–305 | Marcelino Manoel de Graca[7]: 371 | 1925[7]: 371 | African American Pentecostal[7]: 371 |
United Israel World Union[6]: 305 | David Horowitz[10]: 959 | 1944[10]: 959 | Other Jewish Groups[10]: 959 |
United Lodge of Theosophists[6]: 305 | Robert Crosbie[10]: 855 | 1909[10]: 855 | Theosophical[10]: 855 |
United Pentecostal Church International[6]: 287–306 | merger[10]: 476 | 1945[10]: 476 | Apostolic Pentecostals[10]: 476 |
Unity Church[6]: 306–307 | Charles Fillmore and Myrtle Fillmore[7]: 373 | 1889/1903[7]: 373 | New Thought-Christian[7]: 373 |
Universal Great Brotherhood[6]: 310 | Serge Raynaud de la Ferriere[10]: 883 | late 1940s[10]: 883 | Other Theosophical Groups[10]: 883 |
Universal Life Church[6]: 311 | Kirby Hensley[10]: 680 | 1962[10]: 680 | Liberal Family[10]: 680 |
Universal White Brotherhood[155] | Peter Deunov[10]: 880 | 1900[10]: 880 | Other Theosophical Groups[10]: 880
Esoteric Christianity |
Urantia Foundation[31]: 319–322 | William S. Sadler[31]: 319–322 | 1934[31]: 319–322 | UFO religion[31]: 319–322 |
Vajradhatu[6]: 313 | Chögyam Trungpa[10]: 1115 | 1973[10]: 1115 | Tibetan Buddhism[10]: 1115 |
Vale do Amanhecer[156] | Tia Neiva[156] | 1959[156] | Spiritualism[156] |
Volunteers of America[6]: 316 | Ballington Booth
Maud Booth[10]: 420 |
1896[10]: 420 | Holiness movement[10]: 420 |
The Way International[6]: 318 | Victor Paul Wierwille[10]: 608 | 1942[10]: 608 | Independent fundamentalist family[10]: 608 |
The Way of the Livingness (Universal Medicine)[157] | Serge Benhayon[157] | 1999[157] | Neo-Theosophical[158] and/or "Socially harmful cult".[159] |
White Eagle Lodge[6]: 319 | Lady Elizabeth Carey[10]: 884 | 1943[10]: 884 | Other Theosophical Groups[10]: 884 |
Wicca[25]: 339–346 [15]: 55 | Gerald Gardner[31]: 338 | c. 1949[31]: 338 | Neo-pagan
Witchcraft[25]: 339–346 Occult[31]: 338 |
Wotansvolk[160] | David Lane | 1990s | neo-völkisch paganism |
The Word Foundation[6]: 320 | Harold W. Percival[10]: 856 | c. 1904[10]: 856 | Theosophical[10]: 856 |
World Peace and Unification Sanctuary Church[161][162] | Hyung Jin Moon
Yeon Ah Lee Moon |
2015 | Unification Church-based
ultra-Orthodox/Fundamentalism |
Yiguandao[9][136]: 702–703 | Wang Jueyi; Chang Thien Ran | late 19th century | Chinese salvationist-Millenarian |
See also[]
- Governmental lists of cults and sects
- Hinduism-oriented new religious movements
- List of Christian denominations
- List of New Thought denominations and independent centers
- List of Neopagan movements
- List of religions and spiritual traditions
- List of sects in the Latter Day Saint movement
References[]
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- ^ "The Religious Movements Homepage: Chen Tao". 2005-10-29. Archived from the original on 2005-10-29. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
- ^ Barkun, Michael (2014). Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement. UNC Press Books. ISBN 9781469611112.
- ^ See:
- Saliba, John A. Understanding New Religious Movements. Rowman Altamira, 2003, p. 26: "The Christian Science-Metaphysical Family. This family, known also as "New Thought" in academic literature, stresses the need to understand the functioning of the human mind in order to achieve the healing of all human ailments."
- Lewis, James R. Legitimating New Religions. Rutgers University Press, 2003, p. 94: "Groups in the metaphysical (Christian Science–New Thought) tradition ... usually claim to have discovered spiritual laws which, if properly understood and applied, transform and improve the lives of ordinary individuals, much as technology has transformed society."
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Chryssides, George D. (17 April 2006). The A to Z of new religious movements (Rev. pbk. ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5588-5.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "About Us". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite). Retrieved 2019-05-27.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Greer, John Michael (8 October 2003). The new encyclopedia of the occult. St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn Publications. ISBN 978-1-56718-336-8.
- ^ Atheist, Friendly. "Thanks to a Technicality, Pastafarianism is Now an Official Religion in Poland!". patheos.com. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ "Pastafarian recognized in Texas ID". nydailynews.com. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ "In 1955, Reverend Moon established the Collegiate Association for the Research of the Principle (CARP). CARP is now active on many campuses in the United States and has expanded to over eighty nations. This association of students promotes intercultural, interracial, and international cooperation through the Unification world view." [1] Archived 2018-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Storey, John Woodrow; Glenn H. Utter (2002). Religion and Politics. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-57607-218-9.
- ^ "The Concerned Christians cult". eligioustolerance.org. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Robert, J. Wallis (2003). Shamans/neo-Shamans: Ecstasy, Alternative Archaeologies and Contemporary Pagans. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-30203-X.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Robinson 2005.
- ^ Van Bruinessen 2007, p. 258.
- ^ "Discordianism". World Religions and Spirituality. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Beckford, James A. (15 September 2003). Social theory and religion. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77336-2.
- ^ Smith, Geraldine. "Conference Program/ New Religious Movements/ The Millenialists Project: A Comparative Study Between the End of Time Survivors and Survivalism in Western Modernity". Australian Association for the Study of Religion. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ Smith, Geraldine. "The Millenialists Project: A Comparative Study Between the End of Time Survivors and Survivalism in Western Modernity". AASR. Australian Association of Study of Religion. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ Clarke, Nicholas (1993). The Occult Roots of Nazism. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3060-7.
- ^ See:
- Lewis 2004, p. 187. "These two opposing strategies of new religious movements for delivering compensators I will term 'compensation delivery systems' (CDS). The gradual CDS can best be described as religion as a multi-level marketing (MLM) tactic – a term I take from the business world [...] Exemplars of new religious movements with a gradual CDS are Scientology and Erhard Seminar Training in its various manifestations."
- Saliba 2003, p. 88. "Many of the new religions attract individuals by the promise of peace of mind, spiritual well-being, gratifying experiences, and material success. In so doing they stress their concern for the individual and highlight one's personal worth and self-development. This is especially so in human growth movements such as Scientology, The Forum (previously known as Erhard Seminar Training [EST]), and qualsi-religious encounter groups."
- ^ Aupers, Stef (2005). "'We Are All Gods': New Age in the Netherlands 1960–2000". In Sengers, Erik (ed.). The Dutch and Their Gods: Secularization and Transformation of Religion in the Netherlands. Studies in Dutch Religious History. 3. Hilversum: Verloren. ISBN 978-90-6550-867-6.
- ^ Clarke, Peter; Sutherland, Stewart, eds. (31 December 1991). The study of religion, traditional and new religions (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-06432-3.
- ^ See"
- Nelson 1987, p. 177. "Finally his study of EST (Erhard Systems Training) provides an insight into the work of the human potential movement which aims at self realisation."
- Puttick 2004, p. 406. "est was one of the most successful manifestations of the human potential movement (HPM) ..."
- ^ See:
- Ramstedt 2007, p. 6. "How can one find a definition of 'New Age' that will serve to bring so many different features together? One major difficulty in defining 'New Age' is that different writers draw different boundaries. Paul Heelas, for example, includes a significant number of what he calls the 'self religions': groups like Landmark Forum (also known simply as The Forum, formerly est or Erhard Seminar Training) and Programmes Limited (formerly Exegesis). Some writers trace the New Age back to William Blake (1757–1827); others see it as originating in the 'hippie' counter-culture in the USA in the 1960s, while the scholar of the New Age, Wouter Hanegraaff, places it later still, regarding it as beginning in the second half of the 1970s."
- ^ "Tropical Promised Land: New Israelites of the Amazon". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
- ^ Lewis 2004, p. 195.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Melton 2009, p. 676.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Ellwood 1971.
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin, eds. (2010). Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices. 6-volume Set (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-203-6.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Peters 2008, pp. 186–187.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Irons 2008, p. 206.
- ^ "Husband Says Fringe Church's 'Miracle Cure' Killed His Wife". ABC News. 29 October 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ about, David Ono, bio (28 October 2016). "'Church of Bleach': ABC News confronts founder of Genesis II Church". abc7.com. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ Zapotosky, Matt (10 March 2016). "This church's cancer-curing elixir is really bleach, federal authorities say". Retrieved 7 February 2018 – via www.washingtonpost.com.
- ^ Macaskill, Grace (27 January 2018). "Desperate parents forcing kids to drink bleach to cure autism in sick cult". mirror.co.uk. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ "New Zealand Cults, Sects, Religions, Christian Organisations, and other groups". www.cults.co.nz. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Philippine Daily Inquirer 2008.
- ^ Global Leadership Council Archived 2011-10-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Partridge, 2004, p. 406.
- ^ Zeller, Benjamin E. (2014). Heaven's gate : America's UFO religion. New York. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4798-2539-4. OCLC 891589634.
- ^ Associated Press (10 October 2011). "Iglesia ni Cristo purchases US town". Archived from the original on 2018-01-28. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "About the Iglesia ni Cristo". Retrieved 23 January 2018.
- ^ "'The Mystic' Is Coming to London". vice.com. 30 January 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Aitamurto, Kaarina; Simpson, Scott, eds. (2013). Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe. Durham: Acumen. ISBN 978-1-84465-662-2.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Bouma, Gary (26 March 2007). Australian soul : religion and spirituality in the twenty-first century. Port Melbourne, Vic.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-67389-1.
- ^ Gallagher 2006, p. 86.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Lewis, James R.; Tøllefsen, Inga Bårdsen, eds. (2015). Handbook of Nordic New Religions. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9004292468.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Krogh 2004, p. 167.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Clarke, Peter B., ed. (2000). Japanese New Religions: In Global Perspective. Surrey, UK: Curzon Press. ISBN 0-7007-1185-6.
- ^ "Jiddu Krishnamurti". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
- ^ Tucker 2004, pp. 360–362.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "What we know about the Love Has Won 'cult' whose leader was found mummified in Colorado". The Independent. 2021-05-04. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
- ^ "Watch Our New Documentary About 'Love Has Won', a Group Former Members Call a Cult". www.vice.com. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
- ^ Omar Ashour, Libyan Islamists Unpacked Archived 2013-06-17 at the Wayback Machine: Rise, Transformation and Future. Brookings Doha Center, 2012.
- ^ Mohammad Pervez Bilgrami, Arab Counter-revolution on Threshold of Plummeting. World Bulletin, Sunday, September 21, 2014.
- ^ ICG Middle East Report N°31. Saudi Arabia Backgrounder: Who Are the Islamists? Amman/Riyadh/Brussels: International Crisis Group, 21 September 2004.
- ^ Roel Meijer, Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement, pg. 49. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
- ^ Notes, Whatever Happened to the Islamists?: Salafis, Heavy Metal Muslims and the Lure of Consumerist Islam, pg. 291. Eds. Amel Boubekeur and Olivier Roy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-231-15426-0
- ^ Hossam Tammam and Patrick Haenni, Islam in the insurrection? Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine Al-Ahram Weekly, 3–9 March 2011, Issue No. 1037.
- ^ Professor Girma Yohannes Iyassu Menelik, The Emergence and Impacts of Islamic Radicalists, pg. 16. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH, 2009.
- ^ Omayma Abdel-Latif, "Trends in Salafism." Taken from Islamist Radicalisation: The Challenge for Euro-Mediterranean Relations, pg. 74. Eds. Michael Emerson, Kristina Kausch and Richard Youngs. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, 2009. ISBN 978-92-9079-865-1
- ^ Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, Sheikh Rabi' Ibn Haadi 'Umayr Al Madkhali Archived 2013-03-22 at the Wayback Machine. The Muslim 500: The World's Most Influential Muslims
- ^ Byskov, Else: Death is an illusion. Paragon House 2002.
- ^ Olav Hammer: Danish Esotericism in the 20th Century. The Case of Martinus. Amsterdam University Press 2009.
- ^ Western Esotericism in Scandinavia. Edited by Henrik Bogdan and Olav Hammer.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Nelson Jr., William E. (1998). "Black Church Politics and The Million Man March". In Best, Felton O. (ed.). Black Religious Leadership from the Slave Community to the Million Man March; flames of fire. Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press. p. 245.
- ^ Machiko, Aoyagi (2002). Modekngei: A New Religion in Belau. Tokio: Shinsensha Press. ISBN 4-7877-0207-6.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Marhic 1996, pp. 25–29.
- ^ Enroth 2005, p. 169.
- ^ Atkins, Stephen E. (30 August 2002). Encyclopedia of modern American extremists and extremist groups. Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31502-2.
- ^ Clarke, Peter B. (2006). New Religions in Global Perspective: A Study of Religious Change in the Modern World. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-50833-5.
- ^ Barrett, David V. (2001). The new believers : a survey of sects, cults and alternative religions (Revised ed.). London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-35592-1.
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- ^ "The Society for the Greater Community Way of Knowledge". Archived from the original on 2008-11-22.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Feldman, Rachel Z. (August 2018). "The Children of Noah: Has Messianic Zionism Created a New World Religion?" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. Berkeley: University of California Press. 22 (1): 115–128. doi:10.1525/nr.2018.22.1.115. Retrieved 31 May 2020 – via Project MUSE.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Kress, Michael (2018). "The Modern Noahide Movement". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
- ^ Singer, Isidore; Greenstone, Julius H. (1906). "Noachian Laws". Jewish Encyclopedia. Kopelman Foundation. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
- ^ "City and Suburban News: New York, Brooklyn, Long Island, Staten Island, New Jersey" (PDF). The New York Times. 1883-11-26. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 257.
- ^ Hayes 2006, pp. 16, 18–19
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- ^ Walsh 2004, pp. 174, 180–182.
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- ^ Buxant, Coralie; Vassilis Saroglou (April 2008). "Joining and leaving a new religious movement: A study of ex-members' mental health". Mental Health, Religion & Culture. 11 (3): 251–271. doi:10.1080/13674670701247528. S2CID 54019773.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Velzer, Ryan Van. "Immortality eludes People Unlimited founder". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
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- ^ Jump up to: a b c Mayer 2004, pp. 123–143.
- ^ Woodhead, Linda; Fletcher, Paul; Kawanami, Hiroko; Smith, David, eds. (2002). Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415217842.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Dawson 2006, p. 3.
- ^ Singer 1995, pp. 45, 120.
- ^ York 2004, p. 105.
- ^ Partridge 2004, pp. 62–64.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Tamura 2001, pp. 203–204.
- ^ INFORM 2001.
- ^ Benda, Harry J.; Castles, Lance (1969). "The Samin Movement". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 125 (2): 207–240. doi:10.1163/22134379-90002844. ISSN 2213-4379.
- ^ Mexico's Top Two Santa Muerte Leaders Finally Meet, Huffington Post
- ^ Partridge 2003, pp. 188, 263–265.
- ^ Lewis 2003, p. 42.
- ^ Reece 2007, pp. 182–186.
- ^ Beźnic Sz., Zbór Leczenia Duchem Świętym „Niebo”, in: E.Barker, Nowe ruchy religijne, Nomos, Kraków 1997, p. 299–301.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Raphael 1998, pp. 198–215.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Ownby, David (2015). "Redemptive Societies in Twentieth Century China". In Goosaert, Vincent; Kiely, Jan; Lagerway, John (eds.). Modern Chinese Religion, 1850–1950. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 685–730.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Mayer 1993, p. 213.
- ^ Wilson 1999, p. 10.
- ^ Carroll, Bret E. (1997). Spiritualism in Antebellum America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-33315-5.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Piesing, Mark (2014-10-07). "Is the internet God? Alexander Bard's Syntheism paves the way for a new elite". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
Bard helped to found Syntheism in 2012. It is based on the idea that if man creates God, then it's about time we created a religion relevant to the 21st century.
- ^ The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements, Volume 2; James R. Lewis, Inga B. Tollefsen; Oxford University Press, 2016; pgs. 441-453
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Why the Satanic Temple Is Opening Its Doors to American Muslims". Esquire. 2015-11-21. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
co-founded the Temple in 2012 ... The Satanic Temple is an openly atheistic religion that Mesner says does not advocate for any supernatural belief. Really, the "Satanic" term is only there because they have the right to use it, as does any other religion.
- ^ "The Satanic Temple to open international headquarters in Salem". Fox 25 News Boston. 2016-09-16.
- ^ Oppenheimer, Mark (2015-07-10). "A Mischievous Thorn in the Side of Conservative Christianity". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
- ^ "Bashir: Satanists hail Florida Gov. Rick Scott". MSNBC. 2013-01-14.
- ^ Roy, Jessica (April 17, 2014). "The Rapture of the Nerds". Newsfeed – Faith. Time Inc. Network. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Ryan, Charles J. (1975). H.P. Blavatsky and the Theosophical Movement. San Diego, CA: Point Loma Publications. ISBN 0-913004-25-1.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Barzun, Jacques (2000). From Dawn to Decadence : 500 years of western cultural life, 1500 to the present. New York: Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-092883-4.
- ^ Lyon 2000, p. 106.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Montreal Religious Sites Project". mrsp.mcgill.ca. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "TRUE GNOSTIC CHURCH". www.thesongofgod.com. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
- ^ "Song of God | by Azrael Ondi-Ahman". www.thesongofgod.com. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
- ^ Johnson, Benton in Klass and Weisgrau 1999, p. 377.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Smith and Prokopy 2003, p. 279–280.
- ^ (Fraternite Blanche Universelle) Mayer 1993, p. 370.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Dawson 2007, pp. 48–49.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Leser, David (2012-08-25). "The Da Vinci Mode". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australia. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
- ^ UK Government (24 August 2011). "The Way of the Livingness, The Religion of the Soul Trust: Charity Commission decision". UK Gov. Charity Commission. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
- ^ Turner, Liana (February 22, 2019). "UM hits back at media". Northern Star. NSW. Lay summary – as printed.
- ^ Gardell 2004, pp. 205–206
- ^ "Two sons of Rev. Moon have split from his church — and their followers are armed".
- ^ "The cultlike church behind a ceremony with AR-15s and bullet crowns, explained". March 2018.
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- Tamura, Yoshiro (2001). Japanese Buddhism: A Cultural History. Kosei Publishing Company. ISBN 978-4-333-01684-6.
- Tucker, Ruth A. (2004). Another Gospel: Cults, Alternative Religions, and the New Age Movement. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-25937-4.
- York, Michael (2004). Historical Dictionary of New Age Movements. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow. ISBN 978-0-8108-4873-3.
External links[]
- AcademicInfo: Religious Movements Gateway – Directory of Online Resources
- Diskus The on-disk journal of international Religious Studies
- Hartford Institute of Religious Research: New religious movements
- Introvigne, Massimo (June 15, 2001). "The Future of Religion and the Future of New Religions". Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- Online texts about NRMs
- SSSR Resolution on New Religious Groups
- Law Encyclopedia
- Hadden, Jeffrey K. and Douglas Cowan The New Religious Movements Homepage @The University of Virginia [2]
- Religious Movements in the United States: An Informal Introduction
- New religious movements
- Religion-related lists