List of political parties in the United States
Politics of the United States |
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This is a list of political parties in the United States, both past and present. It does not include independents.
Active parties[]
Major parties[]
Party | Year Founded | Ideology | Membership[1] | Presidential vote [2] |
Senators [3] |
Representatives [4] |
Governors [5] |
State legislators [5] |
Legislatures [5] |
Trifectas [5] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Electoral | Popular | Voting | Nonvoting | |||||||||||
Democratic Party | 1828 | Modern liberalism | 47,106,084 | 306 / 538
|
81,284,778 (51.27%) | 48 / 100 [A]
|
218 / 435
|
4 / 6
|
27 / 55
|
3,439 / 7,383
|
18 / 49
|
15 / 49
| ||
Republican Party | 1854 | Conservatism | 35,041,482 | 232 / 538
|
74,224,501 (46.82%) | 50 / 100
|
212 / 435
|
2 / 6
|
28 / 55
|
3,866 / 7,383
|
29 / 49
|
22 / 49
|
Third parties[]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2019) |
Represented in state legislatures[]
Party | Year Founded | Ideology | Membership[6] | Presidential vote (2020) [2] |
State legislators [5] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Libertarian Party | 1971[7] | Libertarianism[8] | 693,634 | 1,865,917 (1.177%) | 2 / 7,383 [9][10]
| ||
Vermont Progressive Party | 1981 | Progressivism | Unknown | 9 / 7,383
| |||
Alliance Party | 2019 | Centrism[11] | Unknown | 88,238 (0.056%) | 1 / 7,383 [12]
| ||
Independent Party of Oregon | 2007 | Centrism[13] | 124,048 | 1 / 7,383 [14]
| |||
Working Families Party | 1998 | Social democracy[15] | 50,532 | 386,010 (0.243%)[B] | 1 / 7,383
|
Represented in Puerto Rican legislature[]
Party | Year Founded | Ideology | President | Gubernatorial vote | Senators | Representatives | Mayors | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Popular Democratic Party Partido Popular Democrático |
1938 | Pro-Commonwealth Liberalism Social Liberalism |
Aníbal José Torres | 407,817 (31.75%) | 12 / 27
|
26 / 51
|
42 / 78
| ||
New Progressive Party Partido Nuevo Progresista |
1967 | Puerto Rico statehood | Thomas Rivera Schatz | 427,016 (33.24%) | 10 / 27
|
21 / 51
|
35 / 78
| ||
Citizens' Victory Movement Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana |
2019 | Anti-imperialism Anti-neoliberalism Progressivism |
Ana Irma Rivera Lassén | 179,265 (13.95%) | 2 / 27
|
2 / 51
|
0 / 78
| ||
Puerto Rican Independence Party Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño |
1946 | Puerto Rico independence Social democracy |
Rubén Berríos | 175,402 (13.58%) | 1 / 27
|
1 / 51
|
0 / 78
| ||
Project Dignity Proyecto Dignidad |
2019 | Christian democracy Anti-Corruption |
César Váquez Muñiz | 87,379 (6.80%) | 1 / 27
|
1 / 51
|
0 / 78
|
Not represented in Congress, state legislatures, or territorial legislatures[]
Party | Ideology | Year Founded | Membership[16] | Presidential vote (2020)[2] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Green Party | Environmentalism Eco-socialism[17][18] |
2001[19] | 246,377 | 404,090 (0.255%) | ||
Conservative Party of New York State | Conservatism[20] | 1962 | 147,606 | 295,657 (0.186%)[B] | ||
Party for Socialism and Liberation | Marxism–Leninism[21] | 2004[22] | 606 (FL) | 85,488 (0.054%) | ||
American Independent Party | Paleoconservatism[23] | 1967 | 600,220 (CA) | 60,160 (0.038%)[B] | ||
Constitution Party | Paleoconservatism[24] | 1992[22] | 118,088 | 60,066 (0.038%) | ||
Peace and Freedom Party | Socialism[25] | 1967 | 94,016 | 51,037 (0.032%)[B] | ||
American Solidarity Party | Christian democracy[26] | 2011[26] | Unknown | 38,614 (0.024%) | ||
Legal Marijuana Now Party | Marijuana legalization[27] | 1998 | Unknown | 10,033 (0.006%)[B] | ||
Socialist Workers Party | Castroism[28] | 1938 | 298 (DE/KY) | 6,791 (0.004%) | ||
Unity Party | Centrism[29] | 2004 | 1,657 (CO) | 6,647 (0.004%) | ||
Reform Party | Radical centrism[30] | 1995 | 6,665 | 5,966 (0.004%)[B] | ||
Oregon Progressive Party | Progressivism[31] | 2007 | 2,292 | 5,404 (0.003%) | ||
Prohibition Party | Temperance[32] | 1869 | 36[33] | 4,856 (0.003%) | ||
Natural Law Party | Transcendental Meditation[34] | 1992 | 6,657 (NJ) | 2,986 (0.002%)[B] | ||
Approval Voting Party | Electoral reform[35] | 2016 | 1,149 (CO) | 409 (0.0003%) | ||
Socialist Equality Party | Trotskyism[36] | 1966 | Unknown | 351 (0.0002%) | ||
Liberty Union Party | Democratic socialism[37] | 1970 | Unknown | 166 (0.0001%)[B] | ||
Socialist Party USA | Democratic socialism[37] | 1973[22] | 8,215 (ME/MA/NJ) | [C] | ||
Socialist Alternative | Trotskyism[36] | 1986 | Unknown | [C] | ||
Alaskan Independence Party | Alaskan nationalism[38] | 1978[39] | 17,213 | |||
Independent Party of Delaware | 2000 | 7,316 | ||||
Women's Equality Party | Feminism[40] | 2014 | 7,207 | |||
United Utah Party | Centrism[41] | 2017 | 1,690 | |||
Serve America Movement | Big tent[42] | 2017 | 348 (NY) | |||
Workers World Party | Marxism–Leninism[43] | 1959 | Unknown | |||
Transhumanist Party | Transhumanist politics[44] | 2014 | Unknown | |||
Christian Liberty Party | Christian nationalism[45][46] | 2000[47] | Unknown | |||
American Freedom Party | White nationalism[48] | 2009[48] | Unknown | |||
Citizens Party of the United States | Center-left politics[49] | 2004[50] | Unknown | |||
Freedom Socialist Party | Socialist feminism[51] | 1966 | Unknown | |||
Labor Party | Social democracy | 1996 | Unknown | |||
Humane Party | Environmentalism | 2009 | Unknown | |||
Justice Party | Progressivism[52] | 2011 | Unknown | |||
Socialist Action | Trotskyism[36] | 1983 | Unknown | |||
U.S. Marijuana Party | Marijuana legalization[53] | 2002 | Unknown | |||
United States Pirate Party | Pirate politics[54] | 2006 | 3,000 | |||
Grassroots—Legalize Cannabis Party | Marijuana legalization[55] | 1986 | Unknown | |||
Liberal Party of New York | Liberalism[56] | 1944 | Unknown | |||
Rent Is Too Damn High Party | Anti-high rent[57] | 2005 | Unknown | |||
Charter Party | 1924 | Unknown | ||||
Sovereign Union Movement Movimiento Unión Soberanista |
2010 | Unknown | ||||
Moderate Party of Rhode Island | Centrism[58] | 2007 | Unknown | |||
United Citizens Party | 1969 | Unknown | ||||
Independent Citizens Movement | 1968 | Unknown | ||||
Progressive Dane | Progressivism[59] | 1992 | Unknown | |||
Independent Greens of Virginia | 2005 | Unknown | ||||
Working Class Party | 2016 | Unknown | ||||
Aloha ʻĀina Party | Hawaiian sovereignty[60] | 2015 | Unknown | |||
American Party | 1969 | Unknown | 125[61] | |||
Ecology Party of Florida | 2008[62] | 125[62] | ||||
Independent Party of Florida | ||||||
Independent Party of Oregon | Centrism[63] |
Historical parties[]
Party | Other names | Ideology | Year Created | Year Disbanded | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Federalist Party | Classical conservatism[64] | 1789 | 1824 | ||
Anti-Administration party | Anti-Federalism[65] | 1789 | 1792 | ||
Democratic-Republican Party (1792) | Republican Party, Democratic Party | Jeffersonianism[66] | 1792 | 1825 | |
Toleration Party | American Party | Secularism[67] | 1816 | 1828 | |
National Republican Party | Anti-Jacksonian Party | Classical conservatism[68] | 1825 | 1837 | |
Anti-Masonic Party | Anti-Masonry[69] | 1828 | 1838 | ||
Nullifier Party | Nullification[70] | 1828 | 1839 | ||
Working Men's Party | Owenism[71] | 1829 | 1831 | ||
Whig Party | Traditionalist conservatism[72] | 1833 | 1854 | ||
Liberty Party | Abolitionism[73] | 1840 | 1848 | ||
Law and Order Party of Rhode Island | Charterites | Anti-Dorr Rebellion[74] | 1840 | 1848 | |
American Republican Party (1843) | Nativism[75] | 1843 | 1854 | ||
Democratic-Republican Party (1844) | Texas annexation[76] | 1844 | 1844 | ||
Free Soil Party | Abolitionism[77] | 1848 | 1855 | ||
Unionist Party | American unionism[78] | 1852 | 1861 | ||
American Party (1844) | Know Nothings | Nativism[79] | 1854 | 1858 | |
Opposition Party (Northern) | Abolitionism[80] | 1854 | 1858 | ||
Opposition Party (Southern) | Pro-slavery[81] | 1858 | 1860 | ||
Constitutional Union Party | Unionist Party | Southern unionism[82] | 1860 | 1860 | |
Unconditional Union Party | Unionist Party | American unionism[83] | 1861 | 1866 | |
National Union Party | Unionist Party | American unionism[84] | 1864 | 1868 | |
Radical Democracy Party | Abolitionism[85] | 1864 | 1864 | ||
Readjuster Party | Left-wing populism[86] | 1870 | 1885 | ||
People's Party (Utah) | Mormonism[87] | 1870 | 1891 | ||
Liberal Party | Anti-clericalism[88] | 1870 | 1893 | ||
Liberal Republican Party | Classical liberalism[89] | 1872 | 1872 | ||
Greenback Party | Currency reform[90] | 1874 | 1884 | ||
Socialist Labor Party of America | Workingmen's Party of the United States | De Leonism[91] | 1876 | 2011 | |
Anti-Monopoly Party | Progressivism[92] | 1884 | 1884 | ||
People's Party (1892) | Populist Party | Populism[93] | 1892 | 1908 | |
Silver Party | Bimetalism[94] | 1892 | 1902 | ||
National Democratic Party | Gold Democrats | Gold standard[95] | 1896 | 1900 | |
Silver Republican Party | Bimetalism[96] | 1896 | 1900 | ||
Social Democracy of America | Utopian socialism[97] | 1897 | 1900 | ||
Social Democratic Party | Democratic socialism[98] | 1898 | 1901 | ||
Home Rule Party of Hawaii | Hawaiian nationalism[99] | 1900 | 1912 | ||
Socialist Party of America | Democratic socialism[100] | 1901 | 1972 | ||
Independence Party | Independence League | Progressivism[101] | 1906 | 1914 | |
Progressive Party (1912) | Bull Moose Party | Progressivism[102] | 1912 | 1920 | |
National Woman's Party | 1913 | 1930 | |||
Nonpartisan League | Agrarianism[103] | 1915 | 1956 | ||
National Party | 1917 | ||||
Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party | Populism[104] | 1918 | 1944 | ||
Labor Party of the United States | Social democracy[105] | 1919 | 1920 | ||
Farmer–Labor Party | Social democracy[106] | 1920 | 1936 | ||
Proletarian Party of America | Communism[107] | 1920 | 1971 | ||
Workers Party of America | Marxism–Leninism | 1921 | 1929 | ||
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party | Puerto Rican nationalism[108] | 1922 | 1965 | ||
American Party (1924) | Nativism[109] | 1924 | 1924 | ||
Progressive Party (1924) | Progressivism[110] | 1924 | 1924 | ||
Communist League of America | Trotskyism[111] | 1928 | 1934 | ||
American Labor Party (1932) | De Leonism[112] | 1932 | 1935 | ||
American Workers Party | Trotskyism[113] | 1933 | 1934 | ||
Workers Party of the United States | Trotskyism[114] | 1934 | 1938 | ||
Union Party | Distributism[115] | 1936 | 1936 | ||
American Labor Party (1936) | Social democracy[116] | 1936 | 1956 | ||
America First Party | Isolationism[117] | 1944 | 1996 | ||
Progressive Democratic Party | Progressivism[118] | 1944 | 1948 | ||
American Vegetarian Party | 1947 | ||||
States' Rights Democratic Party | Dixiecrats | Segregationism[119] | 1948 | 1948 | |
Progressive Party (1948) | Progressivism[120] | 1948 | 1955 | ||
National Renaissance Party | Neo-Nazism | 1949 | 1981 | ||
Constitution Party (1952) | Christian Nationalist Party | Paleoconservatism[121] | 1952 | 1968? | |
National States' Rights Party | Neo-fascism | 1958 | 1987 | ||
Puerto Rican Socialist Party | Puerto Rican nationalism[122] | 1959 | 1993 | ||
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party | Desegregation[123] | 1964 | 1964 | ||
Black Panther Party | Black nationalism[124] | 1966 | 1982 | ||
Patriot Party | Socialism[125] | 1960 | 1980 | ||
Youth International Party | Yippies | Anarcho-socialism[126] | 1967 | 1967 | |
Marxist–Leninist Party, USA | Marxism–Leninism[127] | 1967 | 1993 | ||
Red Guard Party | Maoism | 1969 | 1973 | ||
Communist Workers Party | Maoism[128] | 1969 | 1985 | ||
American Party (1969) | Paleoconservatism[129] | 1969 | 2008 | ||
National Socialist Party of America | Neo-Nazism | 1970 | 1981 | ||
Raza Unida Party | Chicanismo[130] | 1970 | 2012 | ||
People's Party (1971) | Democratic socialism[131] | 1971 | 1976 | ||
New Union Party | De Leonism[132] | 1974 | 2005 | ||
U.S. Labor Party | LaRouchism[133] | 1975 | 1979 | ||
International Socialist Organization | Trotskyism[134] | 1977 | 2019 | ||
Citizens Party | Progressivism[135] | 1979 | 1984 | ||
New Alliance Party | Left-wing populism[136] | 1979 | 1992 | ||
White Patriot Party | Carolina Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Confederate Knights of the Ku Klux Klan | White supremacy | 1980 | 1987 | |
Labor–Farm Party of Wisconsin | Left-wing populism[137] | 1982 | 1987 | ||
Populist Party (United States, 1984) | White nationalism[138] | 1984 | 1994 | ||
Illinois Solidarity Party | Anti-LaRouchism[139] | 1986 | 2007 | ||
Republican Moderate Party of Alaska | Centrism[140] | 1986 | 2011 | ||
A Connecticut Party | Liberalism[141] | 1990 | 1998 | ||
Greens/Green Party USA | Green Committees of Correspondence | Ecopolitics[142] | 1991 | 2019 | |
New Party | Progressivism[143] | 1992 | 1998 | ||
New Jersey Conservative Party | Conservatism[144] | 1992 | 2009 | ||
Labor Party | Social democracy[145] | 1996 | 2007 | ||
Marijuana Reform Party | Marijuana legalization[146] | 1998 | 2002 | ||
Southern Party | Southern nationalism[147] | 1999 | 2003 | ||
Personal Choice Party | Libertarianism[148] | 2004 | 2006 | ||
Florida Whig Party | Fiscal Conservatism[149] | 2006 | 2012 | ||
Boston Tea Party | Libertarianism[150] | 2006 | 2012 | ||
Connecticut for Lieberman | Centrism[151] | 2006 | 2013 | ||
Independence Party of America | Centrism[152] | 2007 | 2013 | ||
Modern Whig Party | Conservative liberalism[153] | 2007 | 2018 | ||
Taxpayers Party of New York | Conservatism[154] | 2010 | 2011 | ||
Freedom Party of New York | Progressivism[155] | 2010 | 2011 | ||
Working People's Party | Partido del Pueblo Trabajador | 2010 | 2016 | ||
Traditionalist Worker Party | Neo-Nazism[156] | 2013 | 2018 |
Non-electoral organizations[]
These organizations generally do not nominate candidates for election, but some of them have in the past; they otherwise function similarly to political parties.
Political Party | Founded in | Former Titles | International Affiliations |
---|---|---|---|
African People's Socialist Party | 1972 | Uhuru Movement | |
All-African People's Revolutionary Party | 1968 | ||
American Nazi party (remnants) | 1959 | World Union of Free Enterprise National Socialists National Socialist White People's Party |
|
American Party of Labor | 2008 | ||
Black Riders Liberation Party | 1996[157] | ||
Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism | 1991 | ||
Communist Party USA | 1919[158] | International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties | |
Communist Party USA (Provisional) | Unknown | ||
Democratic Socialists of America | 1982 | (merger of Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee + New American Movement) | Formerly Socialist International, not a member as of August 2017. |
Freedom Road Socialist Organization | 1985 | International Communist Seminar | |
International Workers Party | 1974 | ||
Internationalist Group | 1996 | League for the Fourth International | |
Movement for a People's Party | 2017 | ||
National Socialist Movement | 1974 | American Nazi Party | World Union of National Socialists |
New Afrikan Black Panther Party | 2005 | ||
New Black Panther Party | 1989 | ||
News and Letters Committees[citation needed] | 1955 | ||
Our Revolution | 2016 | ||
Progressive Labor Party | 1961 | Progressive Labor Movement | |
Revolutionary Black Panther Party | 1992 | ||
Revolutionary Communist Party, USA | 1975 | Revolutionary Union | |
Social Democrats, USA | 1972 | ||
Solidarity | 1986 | ||
Spartacist League | 1966 | International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist) | |
World Socialist Party of the United States | 1916 | Socialist Party of the United States Socialist Educational Society Workers' Socialist Party |
World Socialist Movement |
See also[]
- Political parties in the United States
- List of frivolous political parties
- List of ruling political parties by country
- List of political parties in Puerto Rico
- List of state parties of the Democratic Party
- List of state Green Parties in the United States
- List of state parties of the Libertarian Party
- List of state parties of the Republican Party
- Party system
- Political party strength in U.S. states
- Politics of the United States
- Third party (United States)
- Two-party system
- Movement for a People's Party
Notes[]
- Notes
- ^ Additionally, the two independent Senators both caucus with the Democratic Party.[3]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Votes counted in a fusion ticket.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Nominated a candidate associated with a different party.
- Footnotes
- ^ Winger, Richard. "March 2020 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "2020 Presidential General Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "U.S. Senate: Party Division". United States Senate. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
- ^ "Party Breakdown". House Press Gallery. House Press Gallery. 29 November 2018. Archived from the original on 14 March 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "State Partisan Composition". National Conference of State Legislatures. April 1, 2019. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
- ^ Winger, Richard. "March 2020 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
- ^ Martin, Douglas (November 22, 2010). "David Nolan, 66, Is Dead; Started Libertarian Party". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ Segal, Cheryl (May 27, 2016). "5 things the Libertarian Party stands for". The Hill. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ "Elected Officials – Marshall Burt". Libertarian Party. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
- ^ Harris, Tyler (14 December 2020). "Maine State Rep. John Andrews Joins the Libertarian Party". Libertarian Party. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
- ^ Winger, Richard (May 6, 2019). "Minnesota Independence Party Becomes State Affiliate of the Alliance Party". Ballot Access News. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ "Elected Officials". The Alliance Party. Alliance Party National Committee. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
- ^ "INDEPENDENT PARTY'S 2009 LEGISLATIVE AGENDA | Independent Party of Oregon". 2009-08-19. Archived from the original on 2009-08-19. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
- ^ "Senator Brian Boquist has left GOP, is now a member of the Independent Party of Oregon". Oregon Catalyst. 2021-01-15.
- ^ Meyerson, Harold (November 11, 2014). "Meet the Working Families Party, Whose Ballot Line is in Play in New York". Prospect. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
- ^ Winger, Richard. "March 2020 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
- ^ "Howie Hawkins will probably be the Green Party's 2020 nominee". The Economist. March 26, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ^ Blake, Evan (May 29, 2020). "Howie Hawkins and the Green Party: Capitalist politics in the guise of "ecosocialism"". World Socialist Website. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ^ "Green Party Founding". www.c-span.org. C-SPAN. July 30, 2001. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ Chiusano, Mark (February 1, 2019). "End of a Long era for NY Conservatives". Newsday. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ "No separate destiny for US workers apart from the workers of the world". International Communist Press. October 1, 2018. Archived from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Feinauer, J.J. (January 16, 2014). "Want to support a third party? Here are your options". Deseret News. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ "Would-be independents joining the American Independent Party could blame California's voter registration card". Los Angeles Times. 2016-04-19. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
- ^ Kleefeld, Eric (July 26, 2010). "Tancredo's New Home In The Constitution Party: A Religious, Paleoconservative Group Without Much Electoral Success". Talking Points Memo. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
- ^ Wojcik, Nik (October 26, 2016). "Peace and Freedom Party candidate talks socialism". Golden Gate XPress. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Cimmino, Jeff (August 7, 2017). "The American Solidarity Party Charts Its Own Path". National Review. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ Brash, Jim (April 20, 2016). "Q & A with the Legal Marijuana Now Party of Minnesota". The North Star. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017.
- ^ "Meet the SWP candidates: Alyson Kennedy & Malcolm Jarrett". The Militant. February 10, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2002.
- ^ "Unity Party Reaches Minor-Party Status in Colorado". Westword. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
- ^ Lind, Michael (1995-12-03). "The Radical Center or the Moderate Middle?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
- ^ "Oregon Peace Party becomes Progressive Party | Oregon Progressive Party". 2009-10-03. Archived from the original on 2009-10-03. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
- ^ Lopez, German (October 28, 2016). "There's a Prohibition Party candidate running for president in 2016". Vox. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ "A sobering alternative? Prohibition party back on the ticket this election" Archived 2016-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, May 11, 2016.
- ^ Thomas, Jeff (February 6, 1996). "Natural Law Party advocates meditation as way to peace". Colorado Springs Gazette - Telegraph. p. B.2.
- ^ Luning, Ernst (October 2, 2019). "Colorado's Approval Voting Party achieves minor party status". Colorado Politics. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Socialist Equality Party Raises its U.S. Profile: With a History as Left Wreckers and a 19th Century Program, a Group to Beware of". Socialism.com. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ Walker, Hunter (September 17, 2014). "American Separatists Are Thrilled About Scotland And Think It Will Lead To A 'Paradigm Shift'". Business Insider. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
- ^ Finnegan, Michael (September 3, 2008). "Sarah Palin's ties to Alaskan Independence Party are played down". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
- ^ Taylor, Kate (2014-07-17). "Cuomo Allies Plan a Political Party Focusing on Women". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
- ^ "New centrist party forms in Utah to attract disaffected Republicans, Democrats". The Salt Lake Tribune. May 22, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
- ^ Abrahams, Tom (June 22, 2021). "SAM, known as the Serve America Movement, hopes to become next political party". ABC13. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
- ^ White, Jerry (October 24, 2013). "Workers World Party: The pseudo-left face of the Democratic Party". World Socialist Website. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
- ^ Istvan, Zoltan; C, ContributorLibertarian; Wager, idate for California Governor 2018; Creator of Immortality Bus; Author of bestselling Philosophy novel The Transhumanist (2014-10-08). "Should a Transhumanist Run for US President?". HuffPost. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
- ^ Green, John C.; Rozell, Mark J.; Wilcox, Clyde (2003). The Christian Right in American Politics: Marching to the Millennium. Georgetown University Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-58901-429-9.
- ^ Hershey, Marjorie Randon (2017). Party Politics in America. Taylor & Francis. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-134-83666-6.
- ^ Day, Alan John (2002). Political Parties of the World. John Harper. p. 508. ISBN 978-0-9536278-7-5.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "American Freedom Party". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
- ^ Cunningham, Geoff (March 13, 2010). "Rye man wants third party on ballots". Seacoast Media Group.
- ^ Cunningham, Geoff (March 13, 2010). "Rye man wants third party on ballots". Seacoast Media Group.
- ^ Love, Barbara J. (2006). Feminists Who Changed America, 1963-1975. University of Illinois Press. p. 158. ISBN 9780252031892.
- ^ "Presidential Hopefuls Meet in Third Party Debate". PBS NewsHour Extra.
- ^ Crapanzano, Christina (2010-03-29). "Top 10 Alternative Political Movements - TIME". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
- ^ Eli, Milchman (June 20, 2006). "The Pirates Hold a Party". Wired. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
- ^ Featherly, Kevin (August 3, 2018). "Weed backer hopes to smoke competition in AG race". Minnesota Lawyer. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
- ^ Fois, Bob (March 8, 2006). "Revisionist Politics". News Copy. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008 – via Wayback machine.
- ^ http://www.rentistoodamnhigh.org/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/campaign_issues_4.jpg[bare URL]
- ^ "Moderate Party | Rhode Island | onPolitix". 2012-11-12. Archived from the original on 2012-11-12. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
- ^ Luce, Stephanie (July 28, 2017). "What Happens If We Win?". Jacobin.
- ^ "Could Hawaii see another political party? Aloha Aina hopes to join the mix". www.kitv.com. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
- ^ Penn, Ivan (30 October 2012). "Ecology Party of Florida to battle over environmental concerns surrounding the Levy County nuclear plant". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Penn, Ivan (30 October 2012). "Ecology Party of Florida to battle over environmental concerns surrounding the Levy County nuclear plant". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
- ^ "Independent Party Announces 2009 legislative agenda". Independent Party of Oregon. Archived from the original on 2009-08-19. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
- ^ Viereck, Peter (1956). Conservative Thinkers: From John Adams to Winston Churchill. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. pp. 87–95.
- ^ Gordon S. Wood (2009). Empire of liberty. Internet Archive. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503914-6.
- ^ "Democratic-Republican Party". Encyclopædia Britannica. July 20, 1998. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
The Republicans contended that the Federalists harboured aristocratic attitudes and that their policies placed too much power in the central government and tended to benefit the affluent at the expense of the common man.
- ^ Fox, Dixon Ryan; Purcell, Richard J. (1963). "Connecticut in Transition, 1775-1818". Political Science Quarterly. 36 (2): 317. doi:10.2307/2142262. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2142262.
- ^ Brown, Thomas (1985). Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 20. ISBN 9780231056021. OCLC 906445960.
- ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (July 20, 1998). "Anti-Masonic Movement". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
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Further reading[]
- Nash, Howard P., Jr.; Schnapper, M. B. (1959). Third Parties in American Politics.
- Ness, Immanuel; Ciment, James (2000). The Encyclopedia of Third Parties in America. Armonk, NY, U.S.A.: Sharpe Reference. ISBN 0-7656-8020-3.
External links[]
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