List of pusher aircraft by configuration and date

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A pusher aircraft is a type of aircraft using propellers placed behind the engines.
Puhers may be classified according to lifting surfaces layout (conventional or 3 surface, canard, joined wing, tailless and rotorcraft) as well as engine/propeller location and drive. For historical interest, pusher aircraft are also classified by date.
Some aircraft have a Push-pull configuration with both tractor and pusher engines. The list includes these even if the pusher engine is just added to a conventional layout (engines inside the wings or above the wing for example).

Conventional and three surface layouts[]

The conventional layout of an aircraft has wings ahead of the empennage.

Direct drive[]

Propeller ahead of tail[]

Between frames (Farman layout)[]
Top to bottom: 1870 helicopter;
1871 'Planophore;
1873 ornithopter
Wright Flyer 1903 pusher
Wright, Curtiss and Farman pushers
Voisin-Farman 1908
Curtiss n°2 (1909
Bristol Boxkite (1910)
Wright Model B (1910)
Curtiss Model E (1911)
Curtiss Model F (1912)
Voisin III (1914)
Airco DH.2 (1915)
Vickers FB.5 (1915)
Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2] (1915)
Grigorovitch M-9 (1916)
FBA Type H (1916)
Voisin VIII (1916)
Macchi M.5 (1917)
Supermarine Walrus flying boat (1933)
Bereiev MBR-2 (1935)
Dornier Do 18 (1935)
De Schelde S.21 drawings (1939)
SAAB J 21 fighter (1943).
Experimental fighter Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender (1943)
Kyushu J7W Shinden (1945)
Republic RC-3 Seabee with gear retracted (1945)
Fokker F.25 (1946)
Experimental flying wing bomber Northrop XB-35 (1946)
Convair B-36 Peacemaker (1946)
Alaparma Baldo (1949)
Lake Buccaneer (1950)
SIAI Marchetti FN 333 Riviera (1952)
Piaggio P.166 (1957)
Raab Krähe (1958)
Cessna 337 Skymaster (1962)
Lesher teal (1965)
Bede BD-5 (1971)
Lockspeiser LDA-1 (1971)
Rutan VariEze 1975
Cascade Kasperwing I-80 1976
Rutan Long-EZ pusher configuration homebuilt aircraft.
PZL M-17 (1977)
RFB X-114 (1977)
Edgley Optica (1979)
Quad City Challenger – a mid-engined pusher ultralight aircraft
Grinvalds Orion (1981)
LearAvia Lear Fan (1981)
Sadler Vampire (1982)
Beechcraft Starship (1983)
Spectrum SA-550 (1983)
Dornier Seastar (1984)
RTAF-5 (1984)
Prescott Pusher (1985)
Piaggio P.180 Avanti (1986)
Airkraft Sunny joined wing 1989
Miller-Bohannan JM-2 Special 1989
Seabird seeker (1989)
Rans S12 1990
Embraer-FMA CBA-123 Vector
UAV SAGEM Sperwer B (1990s)
Aeroprakt A-20 Vista (1991
NPO Molniya (1993)
Creative Flight Aerocat (2001)
UCAV General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper (2001)
NAL Saras (2004)
LH Aviation LH-10 Ellipse (2008)
Aeroprakt A-36 (2011)
AHRLAC (2014)
  • Voisin-Farman I 1907, 60 built
  • AEA June Bug 1908 experimental, 1 built
  • Cody British Army Aeroplane No 1 1908, 1 built
  • AEA Silver Dart 1909, first flight in Canada, 1 built
  • Curtiss No. 1 1909 Golden Flyer biplane, 1 built
  • Curtiss No. 2 1909 Reims racer biplane, 1 built
  • Cody Michelin Cup Biplane 1910, 1 built
  • Bristol Boxkite 1910 trainer, 78 built
  • Howard Wright 1910 Biplane 1910, 7 built
  • Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.1 1910 biplane, 1 built
  • Wright Model B 1910 biplane 2 seater, about 100 built
  • Cody Circuit of Britain biplane 1911, 1 built
  • Curtiss Model D 1911 biplane, 1 seat
  • Curtiss Model E 1911 biplane floatplane, 17+ built
  • Baldwin Red Devil 1911 aerobatic biplane, 6 built
  • Farman MF.7 1911 biplane, unk no. built
  • Cody V biplane 1912, 2 built
  • Cody VI biplane/floatplane 1913, 1 built
  • Short S.38 1912, 48 built
  • Farman HF.20 1913 military biplane, unk no. built
  • Farman MF.11 1913 biplane, unk no. built
  • Grahame-White Type X Charabanc 1913 transport, 1 built
  • Short S.80 Nile Pusher Biplane Seaplane 1913, 1 built
  • Grahame-White Type XV 1913 trainer, 135 built
  • Sopwith Bat Boat 1913, 6 built
Between frames or booms (1915 and later)[]
  • Breguet Bre.4 1914 2 seat military biplane, about 100 built
  • Grahame-White Type XI 1914 reconnaissance biplane, 1 built
  • Short S.81 1914, 1 built
  • Sopwith Gunbus 1914, 35 built (including floatplanes)
  • Vickers F.B.5 1914, 224 built
  • Voisin III 1914 bomber, about 3200 built[1]
  • Wight Pusher Seaplane 1914, 11 built
  • Breguet Bre.5 1915 2 seat military biplane, unk no. built
  • AD Scout 1915 interceptor, 4 built
  • AGO C.II 1915 reconnaissance biplane, 15 built
  • Airco DH.1 1915 biplane, 2 seat, 100 built,
  • Airco DH.2 1915 biplane fighter, 453 built
  • Avro 508 1915, 1 built
  • Farman F.30 1915 military biplane, unk no. built
  • Farman F.40 1915 military biplane, unk no. built
  • Otto C.I 1915 reconnaissance biplane, unk no. built
  • Pemberton-Billing P.B.25 1915 scout, 20 built
  • Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2 1915 military biplane, 1939 built
  • Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.8 1915 biplane fighter, 295 built
  • Voisin IV
  • Voisin V 1915 bomber, about 350 built
  • Breguet Bre.12 1916 2 seat military biplane, unk no. built
  • Friedrichshafen FF.34 1916 patrol seaplane, 1 built
  • Häfeli DH-1 1916 reconnaissance biplane, 6 built
  • Vickers F.B.12 1916 fighter, about 22 built
  • Voisin VII 1916 reconnaissance biplane, about 100 built
  • Voisin VIII 1916 bomber, about 1,100 built
  • Blackburn Triplane 1917 fighter, 1 built
  • Curtiss Autoplane 1917 (hops only) roadable aircraft, 1 built
  • Port Victoria P.V.4 1917 floatplane, 1 built.
  • Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.9 1917 2 seat fighter, 3 built
  • Royal Aircraft Factory N.E.1 1917 night fighter, 6 built
  • Savoia-Pomilio SP.3 1917 reconnaissance biplane about 350 built
  • Vickers F.B.26 Vampire 1917, 4 built
  • Voisin IX 1917 reconnaissance biplane, 1 built
  • Voisin X 1917 bomber, about 900 built
  • Vickers VIM 1920, 35 built
Between booms[]
  • Henderson H.S.F.1 1929 transport, 1 built[2]
  • Hanriot H.110 1933 fighter, 1 built
  • Stearman-Hammond Y-1 1934 safety airplane about 20 built
  • de Schelde Scheldemusch 1935 1 seat biplane trainer, 6 built
  • ITS-8 1936 motorglider monoplace, 2 built
  • SCAL FB.30 Avion Bassou 1936 2 seat light aircraft, 2 built
  • Abrams P-1 Explorer 1937, 1 built
  • SAIMAN LB.2 1937 2 seat monoplane, 1 built
  • Alliet-Larivière Allar 4, 1938 experimental 2 seat, 1 built [3]
  • General Aircraft GAL.33 Cagnet 1939 trainer, 1 built
  • WNF Wn 16 1939, Austrian experimental aircraft
  • General Aircraft GAL.47 1940 observation, 1 built
  • de Schelde S.21 1940 fighter mockup (unflown)[3]
  • Fane F.1/40 1941 observation monoplane, 1 built
  • Saab 21 1943 fighter, 298 built
  • Vultee XP-54 1943 fighter, 2 built
  • Skoda-Kauba V6 1944 1 seat, 1 built[4]

1945 and later

  • Convair 106 Skycoach 1946 4 seater, one built
  • Fokker F.25 1946 4 seater, 20 built
  • SECAN Courlis 1946 transport, unk no. built
  • Anderson Greenwood AG-14 1947 2 seat experimental, 6 built [5]
  • Heston JC.6/AOP 1947 2 seat reconnaissance, 2 built
  • Alaparma Baldo 1949 1 seat, about 35 built
  • SNCASO SO.8000 Narval 1949 naval fighter, 2 built
  • Anderson Greenwood AG-14 1950 2 seats, 6 built
  • SIAI-Marchetti FN.333 Riviera 1952 amphibie 4 seater, 29 built
  • Potez 75 1953 reconnaissance, 1 built
  • SIAI-Marchetti FN.333 Riviera 1962 4 seat amphibian, 29 built
  • Akaflieg Stuttgart FS-26 Moseppl 1970 1 seat powered sailplane, unk no. built
  • Cessna XMC 1971 research aircraft, 1 built
  • Akaflieg Stuttgart FS-28 Avispa 1972 2 seat transport, 1 built
  • 1973 Motor glider, 2 built
  • 1973 Utility Prototype
  • PZL M-17 1973 Trainer Prototype
  • Edgley Optica 1979 ducted fan observation aircraft 21 built

1980 and later

  • ADI Condor 1981 2 seat motorglider, unk no. built
  • 1982 homebuilt, 1 built [6]
  • Applebay Zia 1982 1 seat ultralight motorglider, 4 built
  • Sadler Vampire 1982 Ultralight
  • Spectrum SA-550 1983 Utility prototype, 2 built
  • RTAF-5 1984 Trainer prototype
  • 1984 Experimental 2 seater [7]
  • NPO Molniya 1993 transport 6 seater, 2 built
  • Yakovlev Yak-58 1993 Utility, 7 built
  • 1996 1 seat ultralight motorglider[8]
  • NPP Aerorik Dingo 1997 multi-role amphibian (air cushion), 6 built[9]
  • Toucan PJ-1B 1998 experimental 1 seat, one built[10]
  • Creative Flight Aerocat 2001 Transport Prototype
  • Airsport Song 2009 ultralight
  • Northrop Grumman Firebird 2010 Reconnaissance Prototype
  • Ion Aircraft Ion 2007 prototype 2 seater tandem, 1 built
  • Terrafugia Transition 2009 roadable airplane 2 seater, 2 built
  • WLT Sparrow 2010 Ultralight, 13 built
  • Synergy Aircraft Synergy 2011 Double boxtail demonstrator electric powered 1/4 scale model, in development
  • AHRLAC Holdings Ahrlac 2014 reconnaissance attack, 1 built
  • Commuter Craft Innovator 2016 prototype 2 seater, 1 built [11] [12]
  • ISA 180 Seeker 2019 prototype monoplace [13]
Between booms / UAV's[]
  • IAI Scout 1977 UAV drone
  • AAI RQ-2 Pioneer1986 UAV drone
  • EADS Harfang 2008 UAV drone
Between outboard tail booms[]
  • 1944 fighter project [14]
  • Skoda-Kauba SK SL6 1944 research one seat project
Coaxially in rear fuselage[]
Nacelle above fuselage[]

WW1 or Before

  • Curtiss Model F 1912 flying boat, 150+ built
  • Benoist XIV 1913 transport flying boat, 2 built
  • FBA Type A, B, C 1913 patrol flying boat, unk no. built
  • Lohner E 1913, about 40 built
  • Donnet-Denhaut flying boat 1915 patrol flying boat, about 1,085 built
  • FBA Type H 1915 patrol flying boat, ~2000 built
  • Grigorovich M-5 1915 patrol flying boat, about 300 built
  • Lohner L, R and S 1915, 100+ built
  • AD Flying Boat, Supermarine Channel & Sea Eagle 1916 patrol and airline flying boat, 27 built.
  • Grigorovich M-9 1916 patrol flying boat, about 500 built
  • Grigorovich M-11 1916 fighter flying boat, about 60 built
  • Hansa-Brandenburg CC 1916 flying boat fighter, 73 built
  • Macchi L.2 1916, reconnaissance flying boat, 17 built
  • Macchi M.3 1916, reconnaissance flying boat, 200 built
  • Norman Thompson N.T.4 1916 patrol flying boat, 72 built
  • Oeffag-Mickl G 1916 trimotor patrol flying boat, 12 built
  • Curtiss HS 1917 patrol flying boat, about 1,178 built
  • Grigorovich M-15 1917 patrol flying boat, unk no. built
  • Macchi M.5 1917, flying boat fighter, 244 built
  • Norman Thompson N.T.2B 1917 flying boat trainer, 100+ built
  • Tellier T.3 and Tc.6 1917 patrol flying boat, about 155 built
  • Hansa-Brandenburg W.20 1918 U-boat flying boat, 3 built
  • Macchi M.7 1918 flying boat fighter, 100+ built
  • Macchi M.9 1918 flying boat bomber, 30 built
  • Macchi M.12 1918 flying boat bomber, about 10 built
  • Royal Aircraft Factory C.E.1 1918 flying boat, 2 built
  • SIAI S.9 1918 flying boat, unk no. built
  • SIAI S.12 1918 flying boat, 1 built
  • Sperry Land and Sea Triplane 1918 patrol flying boat, 2 built
  • Supermarine Baby 1918 flying boat fighter, 1 built

1920s

  • Aeromarine 40 1919 flying boat trainer, 50 built
  • Aeromarine 50 1919 transport flying boat, unk no. built
  • Boeing B-1 1919 transport flying boat, 1 built
  • SIAI S.13 1919 reconnaissance flying boat, unk no. built
  • SIAI S.16 1919 flying boat, 100+ built
  • Supermarine Sea Lion I & II 1919 racing flying boats, 2 built
  • Vickers Viking, Vulture and Vanellus 1919 amphibious flying boats, 34 built.
  • 1919 navy flying boat, 1 built
  • Macchi M.18 1920 flying boat, 90+ built
  • Supermarine Commercial Amphibian 1920, 1 built
  • Supermarine Scarab 1923, 12 built
  • Supermarine Seal 1921, 4+ built
  • Supermarine Seagull 1921, 34 built
  • CAMS 30 1922 flying boat trainer, 31 built
  • CAMS 31 1922 flying boat fighter, 2 built
  • Fokker B.I & III 1922 biplane reconnaissance flying boat, 2 built
  • SIAI S.51 1922 racing flying boat, 1 built
  • CAMS 38 1923 racing flying boat, 1 built
  • FBA 17 1923 flying boat trainer, 300+ built
  • Savoia-Marchetti S.57 1923 reconnaissance flying boat, 20 built
  • Supermarine Sea Eagle 1923, 3 built
  • Canadian Vickers Vedette 1924 forestry patrol flying boat, 60 built
  • CANT 7 1924 flying boat trainer, 34 built
  • Ikarus ŠM 1924 flying boat trainer, 42 built
  • Macchi M.26 1924 flying boat fighter, 2 built
  • CANT 10 1925 flying boat airliner, 18 built
  • Rohrbach Ro VII Robbe 1925 flying boat, 3 built
  • Savoia-Marchetti S.59 1925 reconnaissance flying boat, 240+ built
  • CAMS 37 1926 reconnaissance flying boat, 332 built
  • CAMS 46 1926 flying boat trainer, unk. no built
  • CANT 18 1926 flying boat trainer, 29 built
  • Savoia-Marchetti S.62 1926 reconnaissance flying boat, 175+ built
  • CANT 25 1927 flying boat fighter, unk no. built
  • Canadian Vickers Vista 1927 1 seat monoplane flying boat, 1 built
  • Boeing Model 204 Thunderbird 1929 flying boat, 7 built
  • Macchi M.41 1927 flying boat fighter, 42 built
  • Supermarine Sheldrake 1927, 1 built
  • Fokker F.11/B.IV 1928 monoplane transport flying boat, 7 built
  • Rohrbach Ro X Romar 1928 flying boat, 3 built
  • Savoia-Marchetti S.64 1928 distance record monoplane, 2 built

1930s

  • FBA 310 1930 amphibious flying boat transport, 9 built
  • SIAI S.67 1930 flying boat fighter, 3 built
  • FBA 290 1931, amphibious flying boat trainer, 10 built
  • Fizir AF-2 1931 amphibious flying boat trainer, 1 built
  • Amiot 110-S 1931 patrol flying boat, 2 built
  • Loening XSL 1931 submarine airplane, 1 built
  • Beriev MBR-2 1931 flying boat, 1365 built
  • Savoia-Marchetti S.66 1931 airliner flying boat, 24 built
  • Tupolev MDR-2 1931 flying boat, 1 built
  • Aichi AB-4 1932 flying boat, 6 built
  • Boeing-Canada A-213 Totem 1932 flying boat, 1 built[17]
  • Dornier Do 12 1932 amphibian, 4 seats, 1 built
  • Savoia-Marchetti SM.78 1932 patrol flying boat, 49 built
  • General Aviation PJ 1933 monoplane flying boat, 5 built
  • Loire 50 1933 training amphibian, 7 built
  • Savoia-Marchetti SM.80bis 1933 transport amphibian, 1+ built
  • Supermarine Seagull/Walrus 1933 military flying boat, 740 built
  • Aichi E10A 1934 reconnaissance flying boat, 15 built
  • Loire 130 1934 reconnaissance flying boat, 125 built
  • Beriev MBR-2 1935 flying boat, 1365 built
  • Curtiss-Wright CA-1 1935 amphibious flying boat, 3 built
  • Dornier Do 18 1935 monoplane flying boat, 170 built
  • Aichi E11A 1937 reconnaissance flying boat, 17 built
  • Kawanishi E11K 1937 monoplane flying boat, 2 built
  • SNCAO 30 1938 flying boat trainer, 2 built
  • Nikol A-2 1939 amphibious flying boat trainer, 1 built

Post War II

  • SCAN 20 1945 flying boat trainer, 24 built
  • 1947 2 seat light aircraft, unk no. built
  • Volmer VJ-22 Sportsman 1958 2 seat homebuilt amphibian, (not all are pushers), 100+ built
  • Lake Buccaneer 1959 amphibian, 4 seats, 1000+ built
  • Aerosport Woody Pusher 1967 tandem 2 seater, parasol wing, 27 ex.
  • Taylor Coot 1969 2 seat homebuilt amphibian, 70 built
  • Aerosport Rail 1970 single seat ultralight, twin engine, 1 built
  • Osprey Osprey 2 1973 2 seat homebuilt, unk no. built
  • 3I Sky Arrow (now marketed by Magnaghi Aeronautica) 1982 maiden flight,[18] ULM/LSA/GA tandem two-seater high wing, some 50 built
  • RFB X-114 1977 ground-effect craft prototype 6/7 seat, 1 built
  • Freedom Master FM-2 flying boat homebuilt prototype 2 seat, 1 built
  • 3I Sky Arrow (Magnaghi Aeronautica) 1982,[19] ULM/LSA/GA 2 seater tandem, about 50 built
  • Tisserand Hydroplum and SMAN Pétrel 1983 homebuilt amphibian, about 63 built
  • Microleve Corsario 1988 ultralight amphibious homebuilt, unk no. built
  • Creative Flight Aerocat 2001 amphibious 4 seater prototype, 1 built
  • Airmax Sea Max 2005 2 seat biplane amphibian, unk no. built
  • CZAW Mermaid 2005 2 seat amphibious biplane, unk no. built
Below tail boom[]
Between up and down tail booms[]
  • Raab Krähe 1958 motorglider 1 seat, 30 built
  • Brditschka HB-3, HB-21, HB-23 1971- 1982 motorgliders 2 seater[note 1]
  • HB-204 TornadoHB Flugtechnik 2013 prototype 2 seater[note 2]
Above tailboom[]
  • Loening Model 23 Air Yacht 1921 transport flying boat, 16 built
  • Koolhoven F.K.30 Toerist 1927 2 seat monoplane, 1 built
  • Curtiss-Wright Junior 1930 2 seat ultralight, 270 built
  • Curtiss-Wright CW-3 Duckling 1931 ultralight amphibious flying boat, 3 built
  • British Aircraft Company Drone 1932 1 seat ultralight, 33 built
  • Siebel Si 201 1938 reconnaissance 2 built
  • Republic RC-3 Seabee 1945 4 seat amphibian, 1,060 built
  • Fokker F.25 Promotor 1946 transport, 20 built
  • 1949 roadable aircraft, 1 built
  • Janowski Don Kichot/J-1 1970 1 seat homebuilt, unk no. built[20]
  • Spencer Air Car 1970 4 seat homebuilt amphibian, 51 built
  • SZD-45 Ogar 1973 2 seat motorglider, 65 built
  • Neukom AN-20 1978 motorglider experimental 1 seat
  • Taylor Bird 1980 2 seat homebuilt, unk no. built[21]
  • Strojnik S-2 1980 motorglider 1 seater, 8+ built.
  • Aérostructure Lutin 80 1983 1 seat ultralight motorglider, 2 built[22]
  • Birdman Chinook 1982 ultralight homebuilt, 1100+ built
  • Alpha J-5 Marco 1983 1 seat ultralight motorglider, unk no. built[20]
  • Quad City Challenger 1983 2 seat ultralight, 3,000+ built
  • Spectrum Beaver 1983 ultralight homebuilt, 2080+ built
  • 1985 1 seat ultralight motorglider, unk no. built[23]
  • Advanced Aeromarine Buccaneer 1988 2 seat amphibious biplane, unk no. built
  • D-8 Moby Dick 1988 2 seater, 37 built
  • Seabird Seeker 1989 observation aircraft 2 seater, 31 built
  • Technoflug Piccolo 1989 1 seat ultralight motorglider, unk no. built[24]
  • 1990 2 seater, 1100+ built
  • Aeroprakt A-20 Vista 1991 2 seater [25]
  • Engeneering Albatros 1991 UL biplace [26]
  • Partenair Mystere 1996 2 seater, 3 built
  • AAC SeaStar 1998 2 seat amphibious biplane, 91 built
  • Alpaero Exel 1998 motoplaneur monoplace en kit, 9 ex.
  • Sea Storm Z2, 1998 hydravion biplace, 12 built
  • AAC SeaStar 2002 amphibious 2 seater, 91 built
  • Ekolot JK 01A Elf 2006 motorglider monoplace
  • Bagalini Bagaliante circa 2010 motorglider 1 seat
  • ICON Aircraft A5 2013 2 seat amphibious light sport, in production
  • Vickers Aircraft Wave 2 seat carbon fiber amphibious light sport aircraft, in final development

Propeller behind the tail[]

  • Pénaud Planophore 1871 first aerodynamically stable fixed-wing aeroplane, rubber powered model, 1 built
  • Convair 111 Air Car 1945 roadable airplane, 1 built
  • Prescott Pusher 1985 4 seat homebuilt, about 30 built
  • 1992 2 seat homebuilt, unk no. built[27]
  • Eviation Alice 2019 transport electric plane prototype in development 10/11 seats [28][29]

Lateral behind wing[]

  • Curtiss H-1 America 1914 transatlantic biplane, 2 built
  • Friedrichshafen G.I 1915 bomber, 1 built
  • LFG Roland G.I 1915 bomber, 1 built
  • Rumpler G.I, II and III 1915 bomber c.220 built
  • Schutte-Lanz G.I 1915 bomber 1 built (behind wing)
  • Airco DH.3 1916 bomber, 2 built
  • Avro 523 Pike 1916 bomber, 2 built
  • Friedrichshafen G.II 1916 bomber, 35 built
  • Gotha G.II 1916 bomber, 11 built
  • Gotha G.III 1916 bomber, 25 built
  • Gotha G.IV 1916 bomber, 230 built
  • Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.4 1916 bomber, 2 built
  • Friedrichshafen G.III 1917 bomber, 338 built
  • Gotha G.V 1917 bomber, 205 built
  • Boeing GA-1 1920 bomber 10 built
  • Udet U 11 Kondor 1926 airliner, 1 built

1930 and later

  • Praga E-210 and E-211 1936 transport, 2 built[30]
  • Bell YFM-1 Airacuda 1937 interceptor, 13 built
  • Convair B-36 Peacemaker 1946 bomber, 384 built
  • Baumann Brigadier 1947 transport, 2 built
  • Nord 2100 Norazur 1947 transport, 1 built
  • 1948 airliner, 1 built
  • Piaggio P.136 1948 amphibious transport, 63 built
  • Querandi 1957 5/6 seater, 2 built
  • Piaggio P.166 1957 transport, 145 built
  • AAC Angel, 1984 transport, 4 built
  • Piaggio P.180 Avanti 1986 executive transport, 216+ built
  • Mc Donnel Douglas MD-80 1987 Liner experimental Propfan
  • EM-11 Orka 2003 4 seat transport, 5 built
  • Burevestnik-24 2004 ground-effect aircraft 24 seats, 6 built
  • OMA SUD Skycar 2007 transport, 1 built
  • Aeroprakt A-36 Vulcan 2011 2 seater

Lateral nacelles[]

  • Custer Channel Wing 1942 experimental aircraft, 4 built
  • Embraer/FMA CBA 123 Vector 1990 airliner, 2 built[31]
  • NAL Saras 2004 airliner, 2 built

Remote drive[]

Propeller ahead of tail[]

Within airframe[]
  • 1913 2 seat, 1 built[32]
  • 1954 1 seat motorglider, 1 built[33]
  • Rhein Flugzeugbau RW 3 Multoplan 1955 RFB Fantrainer prototype, 27 built[34]
  • Kuffner WK-1 1970 motorglider 1 seat, 1 built[35]
  • 1972 2 seat motorglider, unk no. built[15]
  • C 1983 1 seat ultralight homebuilt motorglider, 1 built
  • PJ-II Dreamer 2016 jet fighter style 2 seater, 1 built [36]
Behind wing[]
  • 1913 patrol floatplane, 1 built
  • Mann & Grimmer M.1 1915, 1 built
  • Carden-Baynes Bee 1937 2 seat tourer, 1 built
  • Raab Krähe 1958 1 seat motorglider, 30 built
  • Eipper Quicksilver 1974 1 seat ultralight
  • Theseus Aircraft 1996 NASA research aircraft, no pilot, 1 built

Inside tail[]

  • Bede XBD-2/BD-3 1961 ducted fan boundary layer control aircraft, 1 built [37]
  • Mississippi State University XAZ-1 Marvelette 1962 experimental aircraft to test ideas XV-11 Marvel, 1 built
  • Mississippi State University XV-11 Marvel 1965 boundary layer control test aircraft, 1 built

Behind tail[]

  • Antoinette I, 1906, 2 seats experimental, project[38]
  • Paulhan-Tatin Aéro-Torpille No.1 1911 monoplane, 1 built [39]
  • 1917 experimental biplane, 1 built[40][41][42]
  • Göppingen Gö 9 1941 experimental propulsion aircraft, 1 built
  • Dornier Do 212 1942 experimental amphibian, 1 built[43]
  • Douglas XB-42 Mixmaster 1944, bomber, 2 built
  • Douglas DC-8 (piston airliner) 1945, transport project, not built
  • Lockheed Big Dipper 1945 transport, 1 built [44]
  • Douglas Cloudster II 1947 transport, 1 built
  • Waco Aristocraft 1947 transport, 1 built
  • Acme Sierra 1948 1 seat experimental, 1 built
  • Allenbaugh Grey Ghost, 1948 1 seat experimental, 1 built[45]
  • Parks Alumni Racer, 1949 1 seat experimental, 1 built [46]
  • Planet Satellite 1949 4 seat transport, 1 built
  • Taylor Aerocar 1949 2 seat roadable aircraft, 6 built
  • SR-57 1958 experimental 2 seater, 90 hp, 1 built [47]

1960 and later

  • HMPAC Puffin 1961 human powered aircraft, 2 built
  • Lesher Nomad 1961 experimental 2 seater homebuilt, one built
  • Aerocar Aero-Plane 1964 four seater 1 built
  • Lesher Teal 1965 experimental 1 seat homebuilt, one built
  • HPA Toucan 1972 human powered aircraft, 1 built[48]
  • Ryson STP-1 Swallow 1972 2 seat homebuilt motorglider, 1 built
  • Bede BD-5 1973 1 seat homebuilt, about 150 built
  • Aerocar Mini-IMP 1974 1 seat homebuilt, 250+ built[49]
  • AmEagle American Eaglet 1975 1 seat self-launching ultralight sailplane, 12 built
  • Landray GL.02 1978 tandem layout (Pou du Ciel) 1 seat, 1 built
  • Grinvalds Orion 1981 4 seat homebuilt, about 17 built
  • LearAvia Lear Fan 1981 transport, 3 built[50]
  • Cirrus VK-30 1988 5 seat homebuilt, about 13 built
  • Miller JM-2 and Pushy Galore 1989 racer, 3 built[51]
  • 1990 solar aircraft 1 seater, 1 ex.
  • Grob GF 200 1991 transport, 1 built
  • Myasishchev Mayal 1992 multi-purpose amphibian, 1 built[52] [53]
  • NASA Perseus 1994 research aircraft, 1 built
  • 1997 homebuilt racer, 1 built[54]
  • Ameur Aviation Balbuzard/Baljims/Altania 1995 2 seater prototypes, 5 built
  • Bede BD-12 1998 2 seat homebuilt, 1 built
  • Aceair AERIKS 200 2002 2 seat kitplane, 1 built
  • Chudzik CC-02 Rafale 2007 prototype three surface 2 seater tandem, 1ex.[55]
  • LH Aviation LH-10 Ellipse 2007 2 seat homebuilt, 3 built

Propeller above fuselage or wing[]

  • Schleicher ASH 26 1995 1 seat glider with retractable propeller, 234 built
  • Airfish-3 WIG 1990 Wing In Ground Effect demonstrator one seat, 1 built
  • Airfish-8 WIG 2007 Wing In Ground Effect transport prototype 8/10 seats, 2 built

Canard and tandem layouts[]

A canard is an aircraft with a smaller wing ahead of the main wing. A tandem layout has both front and rear wings of similar dimensions.

Direct drive[]

  • Santos-Dumont 14-bis 1906 first public controlled sustained flight, 1 built
  • Fabre Hydravion 1910, first successful floatplane, 1 built
  • Paulhan biplane 1910, 3 built
  • Voisin Canard 1911 biplane, 10+ built
  • 1931 experimental, 1 built
  • & 3 1935 experimental aircraft, 2 built[note 3]
  • Ambrosini SS.4 1939 prototype fighter, 1 built
  • Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender 1943 prototype fighter, 3 built
  • Miles M.35 Libellula 1942, experimental tandem wing carrier-based fighter, 1 built
  • Miles M.39B Libellula 1943, experimental (5/8 scale) tandem wing carrier-based bomber, 1 built
  • Skoda-Kauba V7 1944 1 seat, project[56]

1945 and later In this section Rutan pushers are more than 1000 built.

  • Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8 Utka 1945 swept wing demonstrator prototype, 1 built
  • Lockspeiser LDA-01 1971 experimental scale development aircraft, 1 built
  • Rutan VariViggen 1972 homebuilt, about 20 built
  • Rutan VariEze 1975 2 seat homebuilt, about 400 built
  • Rutan Long-EZ 1979 2 seat homebuilt, about 800 built
  • 1981 amphibian UL 1 seat
  • OMAC Laser 300 1981, transport, 3 built
  • Cozy III 1982 3 seater amateur built
  • Avtek 400 1984 transport, 1 built
  • Cozy Mk IV 1988 four seater amateur built, ~ 350 built
  • Beechcraft Starship 1989 airliner, 53 built
  • Berkut 360 1988 2 seater tandem, 31 built
  • AASI Jetcruzer 1989 transport, 3 built
  • Velocity SE 1995 4 seater, ~ 268 built
  • Steve Wright Stagger-Ez 2003 modified Cozy homebuilt, 1 built
  • RMT Bateleur 115 T 2007 2 seater [57]
  • E-Go Aeroplanes e-Go 2013 ultralight and light-sport aircraft, 1 built
  • 2015 prototype 4 seater, 1 built

Remote engine mounting[]

  • Langley Aerodrome Number 5 1896 experimental model[48]
  • Wright Flyer 1903 experimental airplane, first recognized powered, sustained flight, 1 built
  • Wright Model A 1906 biplane, about 60 built
  • Deperdussin-de Feure model 2, 1910, experimental, 1 built [58]
  • De Bruyere C1 1917 fighter prototype 1 seater, 1 ex. [59]
  • Kyūshū J7W, prototype fighter, 1 seat, 2130 hp, 1945, 2 built
  • AeroVironment Gossamer Condor 1977 human powered aircraft won Kremer prize, 1 built
  • AeroVironment Gossamer Albatross 1979 human powered aircraft, 2 built
  • Dickey E-Racer 1986 homebuilt, unk no. built[60][61]
  • British Aerospace P.1233-1 Saba 1988 anti-helicopter and close air support attack aircraft, project[62]

Joined wings[]

A tandem (or three-surface) configuration whose wingtips are joined is a Closed wing.

  • c. 1932, experimental joined wing, 1 built[63]
  • 1985 1 seat homebuilt, 2 built[64]
  • Airkraft Sunny 1989 2 seater, 250 built

Tailless aircraft, Flying wings[]

Tailless aircraft[]

Tailless aircraft lack a horizontal stabilizer.

  • Dunne D.4 1908, 1 built
  • Dunne D.5 1910, 1 built
  • Dunne D.6 & D.7 1911 monoplane, 2 built
  • Dunne D.8 1912, 5 built
  • Westland-Hill Pterodactyl series 1928, several built
  • 1931, experimental tailless monoplane, 1 built[65]
  • Waterman Whatsit 1932 roadable aircraft, 1 built
  • Waterman Arrowplane 1935 roadable aircraft, 1 built
  • Waterman Arrowbile 1937 roadable aircraft, 5 built
  • Kayaba Ku-4 1941 (not flown) research aircraft, 1 built
  • Handley Page Manx 1943 experimental tailless aircraft, 1 built
  • Northrop XP-56 Black Bullet 1943 tailless fighter, 2 built
  • Sud-Est SE-2100, prototype tourer, 2 seats, 140 hp, 1945 [66]
  • M.L. Aviation Utility 1953 inflatable wing, 4 built
  • DINFIA IA 38 1960 transport, 1 built
  • Fauvel AV.45 1960 1 seat motor glider, unk no. built
  • 1974 2 seat roadable aircraft, 1 built[67][68]
  • Cascade Kasperwing I-80 1976 UL 1 seater
  • Pterodactyl Ascender 1979 1 seat ultralight, 1396 built
  • 1980 1 seat ultralight
  • Facet Opal, 1988, 1 seat, experimental flying wing, 1 built [69]
  • Wingco Atlantica 2002 Blended wing-body demonstrator 5 seats, 1 built [70]
  • Aériane Swift Light PAS 2007 monoplace
  • Horten Aircraft HX-2 2019 2 seat prototype[71]

Tailless, fabric wing, no fuselage[]

  • Ultralight trike or Flexwing
  • Paramotor or Powered paraglider
  • Powered parachute

Flying wings[]

Flying wings lack a distinct fuselage, with crew, engines, and payload contained within the wing structure.

  • 1938 powered testbed, 3 built[72]
  • Northrop N-1M 1940 experimental flying wing, 1 built
  • Northrop N-9M 1942 experimental flying wing, 4 built
  • Horten H.VII 1944 2 seat prototype
  • Northrop B-35 1946 bomber, 4 built
  • Davis Flying Wing 1987 [73] [74]
  • Horten PUL-10 1992 2 seater [75]

Push-pull aircraft[]

Sides of fuselage[]

  • Zeppelin-Staaken R.V 1917 bomber, 3 built
  • Bristol Braemar 1918 bomber, 2 built
  • Handley Page V/1500 1918 bomber, 63 built
  • Farman F.121 Jabiru 1923 airliner, 9 built
  • Dornier Do K 1929 airliner, 3 built
  • Fokker F.32 1929 airliner, 7 built
  • Farman F.220 1932 airliner and bomber, about 80 built

Above fuselage[]

  • Felixstowe Porte Baby 1915 patrol flying boat, 11 built
  • Curtiss NC 1918 patrol flying boat, 10 built
  • Johns Multiplane 1919 bomber, 1 built
  • Bristol Pullman 1920 airliner, 1 built
  • Naval Aircraft Factory TF 1920 fighter flying boat, 4 built
  • SIAI S.22 1921 racing flying boat, 1 built
  • Dornier Wal 1922 flying boat, about 300 built
  • CAMS 33 1923 patrol flying boat, 21 built
  • Macchi M.24 1924 flying boat, unk. no built
  • Savoia-Marchetti S.55 1924 flying boat, 243+ built
  • Boeing XPB 1925 patrol flying boat, 1 built
  • Caproni Ca.73 1925 bomber unk. no. built
  • NVI F.K.33 1925 airliner, 1 built
  • CAMS 51 1926 flying boat, 3 built
  • Dornier Do R Superwal 1926 airliner flying boat, 19 built
  • Kawasaki Ka 87 1926 bomber, 28 built
  • Latécoère 21 1926 airliner flying boat, 7 built
  • Latécoère 23 1927 transport flying boat, 1 built
  • Latécoère 24 1927 mailplane flying boat, 1 built
  • Farman F.180 1927 airliner, 3 built
  • Savoia-Marchetti S.63 1927 flying boat, 1 built[76]
  • CAMS 53 1928 transport flying boat, 30 built
  • CAMS 55 1928 patrol flying boat, 112 built
  • Latécoère 32 1928 mailplane flying boat, 8 built
  • Latham 47 1928 patrol flying boat, 16 built
  • Dornier X 1929 airliner flying boat, 3 built
  • Comte AC-3 1930 bomber, 1 built
  • Dornier Do P 1930 bomber, 1 built
  • Dornier Do S 1930 flying boat, 1 built[77]
  • Hinkler Ibis 1930 2 seat monoplane, 1 built
  • Latécoère 340 1930 airliner flying boat, 1 built
  • Latécoère 380 1930 flying boat, 5 built
  • Blériot 125 1931 airliner, 1 built
  • Bratu 220 1932 airliner, 1 built
  • Latécoère 500 1932 transport flying boat, 2 built
  • Caproni Ca.90 1929 bomber, 1 built
  • Sikorsky XP2S 1932 patrol flying boat, 1 built[78]
  • CAMS 58 1933 airliner flying boat, 4 built
  • Lioré et Olivier LeO H-27 1933 mailplane flying boat 1 built
  • Loire 70 1933 patrol flying boat, 8 built
  • Tupolev ANT-16 1933 bomber 1 built
  • Tupolev ANT-20 1934 transport, 2 built
  • Tupolev MTB-1 1934 patrol flying boat, 25 built
  • Dornier Do 18 1935 patrol flying boat, 170 built
  • Bartini DAR 1936 patrol flying boat, 1 built
  • Chyetverikov ARK-3 1936 flying boat, 7 built
  • Dornier Do 26 1939 push-pull flying boat, 6 built
  • Dornier Seastar 1984 push-pull amphibious 12 seats, 2 built

Extremities[]

  • Caproni Ca.60 1921 airliner flying boat, 1 built
  • Dornier Do 335 1943 push-pull fighter, 38 built
  • Moynet Jupiter 1963 push-pull transport, 2 built
  • Aero Design DG-1 1977 push-pull racer, 1 built
  • Rutan Defiant 1978 transport, 19+ built
  • Rutan Voyager 1984 endurance record aircraft, 1 built[note 4]*
  • 1994 push-pull transport,[79]
  • Aeronix Airelle 2002 tandem wing 2 seater, 5 built

On nose and between booms[]

  • Siemens-Schuckert DDr.I 1917 fighter, 1 built
  • Thomas-Morse MB-4 1920 mailplane, 2+ built
  • Bellanca TES 1929, distance record aircraft, 1 built
  • Savoia-Marchetti S.65 1929 racing floatplane 1 built
  • Tupolev I-12 1931 Fighter prototype
  • Fokker D.XXIII 1939 fighter, 1 built
  • Moskalyev SAM-13 1940 (unflown) push-pull fighter, 0 built[80]
  • 1944 (unflown) fighter, 1 destroyed before completion
  • Cessna Skymaster 1963 push-pull transport, 2993 built
  • Canaero Toucan 1986 ultralight, 16+ built
  • Schweizer RU-38 Twin Condor 1995 push-pull reconnaissance aircraft, 5 built
  • Adam A500 2002 push-pull transport, 7 built

On wings and between booms[]

  • Caproni Ca.1 1914 bomber, 162 built
  • Caproni Ca.2 1915 bomber, 9 built
  • AD Seaplane Type 1000 1916 bomber, 1 built
  • Anatra DE 1916 bomber, 1 built
  • Caproni Ca.3 1916 bomber, about 300 built
  • Caproni Ca.4 1917 triplane bomber, 44-53 built
  • Caproni Ca.5 1917 bomber, 662 built
  • Gotha G.VI 1918 bomber, 2 built
  • Grahame-White Ganymede 1919 bomber/airliner, 1 built

Rotorcraft[]

  • Bensen autogyros 1953
  • Fairey Jet Gyrodyne 1954, experimental gyrodyne
  • McDonnell XV-1 1954, experimental compound helicopter, 550 hp
  • Avian Gyroplane 1960, 2 seats, about 6 built
  • Wallis autogyros 1961
  • CarterCopter / Carter PAV 1998
  • Sikorsky X2 2008, experimental compound helicopter
  • Sikorsky S-97 Raider 2015, experimental compound helicopter

See also[]

  • List of pusher aircraft by configuration - in alphabetical order
  • Pusher configuration
  • Push-pull configuration
  • Tractor configuration

Bibliography[]

  • Extension-Shaft Pusher Type Aircraft, Sport aviation[81]

References[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ the propeller revolves on the upper boom
  2. ^ the propeller revolves on the upper boom
  3. ^ see Ambrosini SS.4#Development
  4. ^ Extension shaft on aft engine. The tractor engine only used during take-off, climb and some part of the course. It was actually used to cope with aft engine trouble

Citations[]

  1. ^ French Voisin III bomber
  2. ^ Ord-Hume, Arthur (August 1975). "(article)". Aeroplane Monthly. pp. 415–419.
  3. ^ "English: Alliet-Larivière Allar 4 3-view drawing from l'Aerophile February 1938". February 1938.
  4. ^ Les étranges créations d'Otto Skauba, Le Fanatique de l'Aviation, pages 14 & 22, July 1992
  5. ^ Baby twin-boomer, Sport Aviation, May 1988
  6. ^ Aircraft N455CB, ACAPELLA
  7. ^ Air-Britain:Aero Dynamics Sparrow Hawk Mk.II
  8. ^ Photos & History: HFL Flugzeugbau Stratos 300
  9. ^ "'Dingo' amphibian by NPP "AeroRIK"".
  10. ^ Le Toucan de Jose Pocino, Experimental n°53, septembre 2000
  11. ^ AOPA https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2016/january/21/innovator-makes-maiden-flight
  12. ^ Kitplanes https://www.kitplanes.com/commuter-craft-innovator-aircraft-goes-alpha-in-2016/
  13. ^ Yvan Shaw 180 Seeker [1]
  14. ^ Analysis of a semi-tailless aircraft design, https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a402729.pdf
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b RFB Rhein Flugzeugbau
  16. ^ Propeller spins with motor around tail boom
  17. ^ http://1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/4043.htm Boeing Canada A-213 Totem
  18. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwGG6AyHei0
  19. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwGG6AyHei0
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b Janowski Aircraft
  21. ^ Gallager, Sheldon M.; Levy, Howard (January 1980). "7 exciting new sports planes you can build". Popular Mechanics. p. 124. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  22. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-04-15. Retrieved 2011-10-19.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  23. ^ "Fk History". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  24. ^ Technoflug Piccolo GOQ
  25. ^ http://aeroprakt.kiev.ua/airplanes/about/id/1
  26. ^ "Aviasud Industries AE-209 Albatross / Micronef ULM Albatros".
  27. ^ Air Quest Nova 21
  28. ^ https://www.israelhayom.com/2019/06/23/israel-presents-first-electric-powered-passenger-plane/
  29. ^ "Cape Air to lead the charge on all-electric air travel". 21 June 2019.
  30. ^ Google search
  31. ^ CBA 123 Vector photos on Airliners.net
  32. ^ Megone biplane
  33. ^ J2mcL Planeurs - Fiche planeur n° 3047
  34. ^ Rhein Flugzeugbau RW 3 - Sportflugzeug
  35. ^ The prop revolves on the tail boom https://www.j2mcl-planeurs.net/dbj2mcl/planeurs-machines/planeur-fiche_0int.php?code=4064
  36. ^ https://www.flightlineweekly.com/single-post/2018/07/10/PJ-II-Dreamer--Ducted-fan-Jet-Replica
  37. ^ Airliners.net
  38. ^ "L'Aérophile". January 1907.
  39. ^ Paulhan, Tatin Aero-Torpille
  40. ^ "Les avions de chasse russes et soviétiques 1915-1950", Herbert Léonard, Editions Heimdal 1995, page 31
  41. ^ "The Brothers Kasianenko"
  42. ^ "The history of Russian aviation. Kasyanenko No.5 (KPI-5) | Encyclopedia of safety".
  43. ^ Flight 1941,[page needed]
  44. ^ http://www.aerofiles.com/lock-dipper.jpg
  45. ^ "Magical Journal » Blog Archive » Allenbaugh : #66 : Grey Ghost".
  46. ^ "Parks Alumni Racebuilders PAR Special".
  47. ^ "Pützer Bussard".
  48. ^ Jump up to: a b FLYING MACHINES - Langley Aerodrome No. 5
  49. ^ Aerocar mini-IMP
  50. ^ Flashback to 1981: A Look Back at the Lear Fan | Flying Magazine
  51. ^ Miller-Bohannon JM-2 Pushy Galore
  52. ^ "AST MYASISHCHEV YAMAL amphibian mockup". 2015-11-12.
  53. ^ "Aviaspetstrans Yamal amphibian".
  54. ^ VmaxProbe
  55. ^ Info Pilote n° 701 aout 2014
  56. ^ Les étranges créations d'Otto Skauba, Le Fanatique de l'Aviation, pages 14 à 22, juillet 1992
  57. ^ https://www.rmtaviation.com/
  58. ^ "Deperdussin-de Feure Model 2". 2015-12-18.
  59. ^ "De Bruyere C1".
  60. ^ Alternative Engines, Volume1, Mick Myal
  61. ^ E-Racer in Stargazer database Archived 2011-08-10 at the Wayback Machine
  62. ^ Interavia jan 1988
  63. ^ Julian Wolkovitch AC A Industries, Inc., "The Joined Wing: An Overview" (PDF), Journal of Aircraft: 176–177[permanent dead link]
  64. ^ Ligeti Stratos History (archived)
  65. ^ "New Triangle Plane Is Tailless", December 1931, Popular Science article and photo of Delta I at bottom of page 65
  66. ^ Bridgman, Leonard (1952). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1948. London: Sampson, Low, Marston and Co. Ltd. p. 159c-160c.
  67. ^ Rohr 2-175
  68. ^ "Image from nuricom.de". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  69. ^ Scott Winton [2]
  70. ^ "Articles on Wingco".
  71. ^ "Home".
  72. ^ Horten Nurflugels
  73. ^ "Popular Mechanics". Hearst Magazines. January 1987.
  74. ^ "DavisWing".
  75. ^ "PUL-10".
  76. ^ Giorgio Bignozzi e Roberto Gentilli, AEROPLANI S.I.A.I. 1915-1935" - Edizioni Aeronautiche Italiane S.r.l.
  77. ^ url=http://www.histaviation.com/Dornier_Do_S.html accessdate=Feb 2016
  78. ^ url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_sik.html accessdate=Feb 2016
  79. ^ Star Kraft SK-700
  80. ^ "Moskalev SAM-13 : Other".
  81. ^ "Extension-Shaft Pusher Type Aircraft".

Bibliography[]

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