List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines

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Maginoo, Wangs, Rajahs, Lakans, Datus and Sultans of the Philippines
Naturales 5.png
A couple belonging in the maginoo (noble class)
Details
StyleMaginoo
Kamahalan Kapunuan
First monarchJayadewa (and other various rulers from the archipelago)
Last monarchMohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram (and other various rulers from the archipelago)
Formationc. 900 (according to LCI)
Abolition1986 (after last officially recognized Sultan dies)
ResidenceTorogan (Luzon and Visayas area), (Mindanao area) and Astanah Putih (in sultanate of Sulu)
AppointerBabaylan, Brahmin or Bhikkhu (in Hindu/Buddhist-influenced polities)
Pretender(s)various

The types of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines have varied throughout the country's history, from heads of ancient chiefdoms, kingdoms and sultanates in the pre-colonial period, to the leaders of Spanish, American, and Japanese colonial governments, until the directly elected president of the modern sovereign state of the Philippines.

Archaic (pre-hispanic) Era[]

Before the nation of the Philippines was formed, the area of what was now the Philippines during the pre-colonial times was sets of divided nations ruled by Kings, Chieftains, Datus, Lakans, Rajahs and Sultans in Southeast Asia. It was when the Spaniards arrived that they named the collections of areas they conquered and unite in Southeast Asia as "Las Islas Filipinas" or The Islands of the Philippines.

Legendary rulers[]

  • Legendary rulers can be found in the oral tradition in Philippine Mythology, which having an uncertain historical/archeological evidence of their reign.
Image Name Title held From Until
Like most of the male Filipino mythological heroes, he is described as an attractive well-built man who exemplifies great strength. Ama-ron is unique among other Filipino legends due to the lack of having a story on how he was born which was common with Filipino epic heroes. Uncertain possibly Iron Age.
Gat Pangil Gat Pangil was a chieftain in the area now known as Laguna Province, He is mentioned in the origin legends of Bay, Laguna,Pangil, Laguna, Pakil, Laguna and Mauban, Quezon, all of which are thought to have once been under his domain. Uncertain possibly Iron Age.

Archaic rulers[]

Wang of Ma-i

Name Image Title held From Until
Unnamed Chinese General in Philippines.jpg "王" (King) according to Chinese records 1225? ?
Unnamed "王" (King) 1339? ?

Huangdom of Pangasinan (Luyag na Kaboloan)

Ruler Image Event From Until
Urduja Pangasinan enjoys prosperity. before 1368 ?
Kamayin (細馬銀) Tribute of silver and horses to China. 1406 1408
Taymey Embassy to China was formally established. 1408 1409
Yongle Emperor
(Honorary)
明太宗(成祖).jpg Chinese Emperor holds a banquet in honor of Pangasinan December 11, 1411 ?
Chinese Warlord Limahong Pangasinan is sacked and a pirate-enclave is established. 1575

Historical rulers of Tondo

Image Name Title held From Until
Unnamed Senapati (Admiral)
(Known only in the LCI as the ruler who give the pardon to Lord and his wife and their daughter named Bukah for their excessive debts in 900 AD.)
900? ?
Lontok (Gat and later Rajah) Lontok, ruler of Tondo husband of Dayang Kalangitan. 1430? 1450?
Lakan Dula Banaw Lakandula, Ruler of Tondo 1558? 1571
Agustin de Legazpi The last ruler of Tondo. He was appointed to the position after the death of Lakandula. The monarchy is dissolved by the Spanish authorities after he leads the Tondo conspiracy 1575 1589

Recorded rulers of Namayan[]

Title Name Notes Documented Period of Rule Primary Sources
Lakan[1] Tagkan[1] Named "Lacantagcan" by Huerta and described as the ruler to whom the "original residents" of Namayan trace their origin[1] exact years not documented; three generations prior to Calamayin Huerta
(title not documented by Huerta[1]) Palaba Noted by Huerta[1] as the "Principal Son" of Lakan Tagkan. exact years not documented; two generations prior to Calamayin[1] Huerta
(title not documented by Huerta[1]) Laboy Noted by Franciscan genealogical records to be the son of Lakan Palaba, and the father of Lakan Kalamayin.[1] exact years not documented; one generation prior to Calamayin[1] Huerta
Rajah[2] Kalamayin Named only "Calamayin" (without title) by Huerta,[1] referred to by Scott (1984) as Rajah Kalamayin.[2]
Described by Scott (1984)[2] as the paramount ruler of Namayan at the time of colonial contact.
immediately prior to and after Spanish colonial contact (ca. 1571–1575)[2] Huerta
(no title documented by Huerta[1]) Martin* *Huerta[1] does not mention if Kalamayin's son, baptized "Martin", held a government position during the early Spanish colonial period early Spanish colonial period Huerta
Legendary rulers of Namayan
Aside from the records of Huerta, a number of names of rulers are associated with Namayan by folk/oral traditions, as recounted in documents such as the will of Fernando Malang (1589) and documented by academics such as Grace Odal-Devora[3] and writers such as Nick Joaquin.[4]
Title Name Notes Period of Rule Primary Sources
Gat[attribution needed] Lontok In Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] husband of Kalangitan, serving as "rulers of Pasig" together.[3]: 51  Legendary antiquity[3] Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[3])
Dayang[attribution needed] or Sultana[3][note 1] Kalangitan[3] Legendary "Lady of the Pasig"[3] in Batangueño Folk Tradition and "Ruler of Sapa" in Kapampangan Folk Tradition (as documented by Odal-Devora[3]).

Either the mother in law (Batangueño Tradition) or grandmother (Kapampangan Tradition) of the ruler known as "Prinsipe Balagtas"[3]
Legendary antiquity[3] Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[3])
"Princess" or "Lady"
(term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[3])
Sasaban In oral Tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, a "lady of Namayan" who went to the Madjapahit court to marry Emperor Soledan, eventually giving birth to Balagtas, who then returned to Namayan/Pasig in 1300.[3]: 51  prior to 1300
(according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio)[3]
Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[3]), and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3])
Prince[3]
(term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[3])
Bagtas or Balagtas In Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] the King of Balayan and Taal who married Panginoan, daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig.: 51 

In Kapampangan[3] Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] the "grandson of Kalangitan" and a "Prince of Madjapahit" who married the "Princess Panginoan of Pampanga": 47, 51 

Either the son in law (Batangueño Tradition) or grandson (Kapampangan Tradition) of Kalangitan[3]

In oral tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, the Son of Emperor Soledan of Madjapahit who married Sasaban of Sapa/Namayan. Married Princess Panginoan of Pasig at about the year 1300 in order to consolidate his family line and rule of Namayan[3]: 47, 51 
ca. 1300 A.D. according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3] Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3])
"Princess" or "Lady"
(term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[3])
Panginoan In Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] the daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig, who eventually married Balagtas, King of Balayan and Taal.: 51 

In Kapampangan[3] Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] who eventually married Bagtas, the "grandson of Kalangitan.": 47, 51 

In oral tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, "Princess Panginoan of Pasig" who was married by Balagtas, the Son of Emperor Soledan of Madjapahit in 1300 AD in an effort consolidate rule of Namayan[3]: 47, 51 
ca. 1300 A.D. according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3] Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3])

The Datus of Madja-as[]

Commander-In-Chief Image Capital From Until
Datu Puti Aklan 13th century 1212
Datu Sumakwel Malandong (today in Antique) 1213 ?
Datu Bangkaya Aklan ? ?
Datu Paiburong Irong-Irong ? ?
Datu Balengkaka Aklan ? ?
Datu Kalantiaw Batan 1365 1437
Datu Manduyog Batkcan 1437 ?
Datu Padojinog Irong-Irong ? ?
Datu Kabnayag Kalibo ? 1565
Datu Lubay San Joaquín ? ?

The Datus of Katugasan[]

The Reigning Datu Events From Until
Kihod last reigning monarch of the Kedatuan of Katugasan[5] ? 1565

The Datus of Dapitan[]

The Reigning Datu Events From Until
Sumanga Datu Sumanga raids China to win the hand of Dayang-dayang (Princess) Bugbung Humasanum ? ?
Dailisan The Kedatuan was destroyed by the Sultanate of Ternate 1563 ?
Pagbuaya The Kedatuan is re-established in Mindanao ? 1564
Manooc The Kedatuan is incorporated to the Spanish Empire ? ?

Rulers of Maynila[]

Name Image Events From Until
Salalila Rajah Salalila or Rajah Sulayman I
By this time, Manila was already under the influence of Brunei.
1500 1515?
Matanda Rajah Matanda or Rajah Ache 1521 1571
Sulayman Rajah Sulayman III, Rajah of Manila 1571 1575
Legendary rulers of Maynila
Title Name Specifics Dates Primary source(/s) Academic notes on primary source(/s)
Rajah Avirjirkaya According to Henson (1955),[6] he was a "Majapahit Suzerain" who ruled Maynila[6] before he was defeated in 1258[6] by a Bruneian naval commander named Rajah Ahmad,[6] who then established Manila as a Muslim principality.[6] before 1258[7] Genealogy proposed by Mariano A. Henson in 1955[6] Cited in César Adib Majul's 1973 book "Muslims in the Philippines",[7] published by the UP Asian Center and in turn referenced widely in semitechnical and popular texts.
The veracity of "quasi-historical" (meaning not physically original)[8] genealogical documents remains subject to scholarly peer review.[9][10]
Rajah Ahmad According to Henson (1955),[6] he established Manila as a Muslim[6] principality in 1258[6] by defeating the Majapahit Suzerain Rajah Avirjirkaya.[6] c. 1258[7] Genealogy proposed by Mariano A. Henson in 1955[6] Cited in César Adib Majul's 1973 book "Muslims in the Philippines",[7] published by the UP Asian Center and in turn referenced widely in semi-technical and popular texts.
The veracity of "quasi-historical" (meaning not physically original)[8] genealogical documents remains subject to scholarly peer review.[9][10]

Monarchs of the Butuan Rajahnate[]

The Royal Title of the Reigning Rajah Image Events From Until
Rajah Kiling The Embassy of I-shu-han (李竾罕) 989 1009
Sri Bata Shaja Mission by Likanhsieh (李于燮) 1011 ?
Rajah Siagu Annexation by Ferdinand Magellan ? 1521

Rajahs of Cebu[]

The Royal Title of the Reigning Rajah Image Events From Until
Sri Lumay Founded the rajahnate, he is a minor prince of the Chola dynasty which occupied Sumatra. He was sent by the Maharajah to establish a base for expeditionary forces but he rebelled and established his own independent rajahnate. c. 1200 ?
Rajah Humabon The Rajah of Cebu at the time Ferdinand Magellan arrived at Cebu and is the first Filipino chieftain to embrace Christianity. ? ?
Rajah Tupas Last Rajah of Cebu, he ceded the Rajahnate to the Spanish Empire when he is defeated by Miguel López de Legazpi's forces in 1565. ? 1565

Sultans of Maguindanao[]

Reign Sultan Other name(s)
1520–1543 Shariff Kabungsuwan A Johore (Singapore) Makdum Prince who fled to Malabang, Lanao del Sur and seated as Sharif Kabungsuwan. Married the daughter of Chieftain Aliwya of the Maguindanao family clan at Dulawan, Cotabato. Took over the father inlaw's political powers establishing the Sultanate of Maguindanao later called by the Spanish as Mindanao. He is the second Makdum known as Karim Ul-Makdum who reinforced Islam and His brother Sulu Sultan Shariful Hashim promulgated Kor'anic studies or Madrassahs.

The said Sharif is buried at Simunul Island Tamppat.

1543–1574 Sultan Maka-alang Saripada
1574–1578 Sultan Bangkaya
1578–1585 Sultan Dimasangcay Adel
1585–1597 Sultan Gugu Sarikula Datu Salikala
1597–1619 Sultan Laut Buisan Datu Katchil
1619–1671? Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat Datu Qudratullah Katchil
1671?–1678? Sultan Dundang Tidulay Sultan Saif ud-Din (Saifud Din)
1678?–1699 Sultan Barahaman Sultan Muhammad Shah Minulu-sa-Rahmatullah
1699–1702 Sultan Kahar ud-Din Kuda Maulana Amir ul-Umara Jamal ul-Azam
1702–1736 Sultan Bayan ul-Anwar { Maruhom Batua } Dipatuan Jalal ud-Din
Mupat Batua (posthumously)
1710–1736
(in Tamontaka)
Sultan Amir ud-Din Paduka Sri Sultan Muhammad Jafar Sadiq Manamir
Shahid Mupat (posthumously)
1736–1748
(in Sibugay, Buayan, Malabang)
Sultan Muhammad Tahir ud-Din Dipatuan Malinug
Muhammad Shah Amir ud-Din
1733–1755
(paramount chief of Maguindanao by 1748)
Sultan Rajah Muda Muhammad Khair ud-Din Pakir Maulana Kamsa
Amir ud-Din Itamza
Azim ud-Din Amir ul-M'umimin
1755–1780? Sultan Pahar ud-Din Datu Panglu/Pongloc
Mupat Hidayat (posthumously)
1780?–1805? Sultan Kibad Sahriyal Muhammad Azim ud-Din Amir ul-Umara
1805?–1830? Sultan Kawasa Anwar ud-Din Muhammad Amir ul-Umara Iskandar Jukarnain
1830–1854 Sultan Qudratullah Untung Iskandar Qudratullah Muhammad Jamal ul-Azam
Iskandar Qudarat Pahar ud-Din. Properly place, his name was Ullah Untong and seated as Sultan Ashrf Samalan Farid Quadratullah or better known as Sultan Qudarat. www.royalsultanate.weebly.com
1854–1884 Sultan Muhammad Makakwa
1884–1888 Sultan Wata Sultan Muhammad Jalal ud-Din Pablu
1888–1896 No sultan
Sultan Anwar ud-Din contested Datu Mamaku (son of Sultan Qudratullah Untung) of Buayan for the throne versus the then sultan Datu Mangigin of Sibugay.
1896–1898 Sultan Taha Colo Sultan Rabago sa Tiguma
1908–1933 Sultan Mastura Kudarat Sultan Muhammad Hijaban Iskandar Mastura Kudarat, Sultan Mastura

The Sultans of Sulu (1405–present)[]

Succeeded by kinship Maharaja Adinda Taup upon the loss of the Sultanate, then usurped by Sultan Jamalul Agdam granting the leased treaty to the British in 1878, then later succeeded by Sultan Badar'uddin-II then by the Spanish proclaimed Sultan Harun Ar-Rashid then by the 1884–1915 Amirul Kiram Awal-II (Sultan Jamalul Kiram-II), the latter who surrendered his temporal powers to the Americans in exchange for a lifetime pension. Succeeded 21 years later by the 1957 Sultan Ismael Kiram to the present Kirams.
Sultans Image From Until
Sharif ul-Hāshim 18th Century Flag of Sulu.svg 1480 1505
Kamal ud-Din 18th Century Flag of Sulu.svg 1505 1527
Sultan Amir ul-Umara Late 19th Century Flag of Sulu.svg 1893 1899
Jamal ul-Kiram I War Flag of Sulu Sultanate.svg 1825 1839, the progeny of the 1752 Kiram Sinsuat, Kiram Misuari and Kiram Sorronga.
Mahakuttah Kiram Suluflag.jpg 1974 1986
Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram Suluflag.jpg 1986

Philippines Era[]

The collection of islands conquered by the Spaniards was named Las islas Filipinas; a name given by Ruy López de Villalobos. It's the exact geographical location on which the modern day Republic of the Philippines based its territory.

Rulers during the Spanish colonization[]

During the Spanish colonization, Remaining monarchs reign until their kingdoms was absorbed to the new colonial nation of the Philippines through Spanish conquest. Many of these territories are absorbed much later.

  • Rajah Colambu – King of Limasawa in 1521, brother of Rajah Siagu of Butuan. He befriended Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and guided him to Cebu on April 7, 1521.
  • Rajah Humabon – King of Cebu who became an ally of Ferdinand Magellan and the Spaniards. Rival of Datu Lapu-Lapu. In 1521, he and his wife were baptized as Christians and given Christian names Carlos and Juana after the Spanish royalty, King Carlos and Queen Juana.
  • Sultan KudaratSultan of Maguindanao.
  • Lakan Dula or Lakandula – King of Tondo, one of the last princes of Manila.
  • Datu Lapu-Lapu – King of Mactan Island. He defeated the Spaniards on April 27, 1521.
  • Datu Sikatuna – King of Bohol in 1565. He made a blood compact with Spanish explorer, Miguel López de Legazpi.
  • Datu Pagbuaya – King of Bohol. He governed with his brother Datu Dailisan, a settlement along the shorelines between Mansasa, Tagbilaran and Dauis, which was abandoned years before the Spanish colonization due to Portuguese and Ternatean attacks. He founded Dapitan in the northern shore of Mindanao.
  • Datu Dailisan – King of Mansasa, Tagbilaran and Dauis and governed their kingdom along with his brother Datu Pagbuaya. His death during one of the Portuguese raids caused the abandonment of the settlement.
  • Datu Manooc – Christian name – Pedro Manuel Manooc, son of Datu Pagbuaya who converted to Christianity, defeated the Higaonon tribe in Iligan, Mindanao. He established one of the first Christian settlements in the country.
  • Datu Macabulos – King of Pampanga in 1571.
  • Rajah Siagu – King of the Manobo in 1521.
  • Apo Noan – Chieftain of Mandani (present day Mandaue) in 1521.
  • Apo Macarere – Famous Chieftain of the Tagbanwa warrior tribe in Corong Island (Calis).
  • Rajah Sulaiman III – One of the last King of Manila, was defeated by Martín de Goiti, a Spanish soldier commissioned by López de Legazpi to Manila.
  • Rajah Tupas – King of Cebu, conquered by Miguel López de Legazpi.
  • Datu Urduja – Female Leader in Pangasinan.
  • Datu Zula – Chieftain of Mactan, Cebu. Rival of Lapu-lapu
  • Datu Kalun – Ruler of the Island of the Basilan and the Yakans in Mindanao, converted his line to Christianity
  • Datu Sanday – Ruler of Marawi City
  • Datu Saiden Borero – King of Antique
  • unnamed Datu – King of Taytay Palawan. Mentioned by Pigafetta, chronicler of Magellan. The king, together with his wife were kidnapped by the remnant troops from Magellan's fleet after fleeing Cebu to secure provisions for their crossing to the Moluccas.
  • Datu Cabaylo (Cabailo) – The last king of the Kingdom of Taytay

Captaincy-General of the Philippines (1565–1761)[]

From 1565 to 1898, the Philippines was under Spanish rule. From 1565 to 1821, The governor and captain-general was appointed by the Viceroy of New Spain upon recommendation of the Spanish Cortes and governed on behalf of the Monarch of Spain. When there was a vacancy (e.g. death, or during the transitional period between governors), the Real Audiencia in Manila appoints a temporary governor from among its members.

Kings of Spain
Monarch Image From Until House
Philip II Portrait of Philip II of Spain by Sofonisba Anguissola - 002b.jpg April 27, 1565 September 13, 1598 Habsburg
Philip III Philip III of Spain (1578 – 1621) - Google Art Project.jpg September 13, 1598 March 31, 1621
Philip IV Philip IV of Spain.jpg March 31, 1621 September 17, 1665
Charles II Rey Carlos II.jpg September 17, 1665 November 1, 1700
Philip V Felipe V de España.jpg November 16, 1700 January 14, 1724 Bourbon
Louis I Luis I, príncipe de Asturias2.jpg January 14, 1724 August 31, 1724
Philip V Felipe V de España.jpg September 6, 1724 July 9, 1746
Ferdinand VI Rey Fernando VI.jpg July 9, 1746 August 10, 1759
Charles III Charles III of Spain high resolution.jpg August 10, 1759 December 14, 1788

During Revolts against Spain (1660–1661)[]

Free Pampanga
Name Image From Until Notes
LM FRANCISCO MANIAGO.jpg 1660 1661 a Filipino revolutionary leader who conspired to overthrow Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and establish an independent Kapampangan nation in Pampanga, with him as "King of Pampanga."
Free Pangasinan
Name Image From Until Notes
Andres Malong 1660 1661 a Filipino revolutionary leader who conspired to overthrow Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and establish an independent Pangasinense nation in Pangasinan, with him as "King of Pangasinan."
Free Ilocos
Name Image From Until Notes
Pedro Almazán 1661 1661 a Filipino revolutionary leader who conspired to overthrow Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and establish an independent Ilocano nation in Ilocos, with him as "King of Ilocos."

British Occupation of Manila (1761–1764)[]

Great Britain occupied Manila and the naval port of Cavite as part of the Seven Years' War.

Monarch Image From Until House
George III Allan Ramsay - King George III in coronation robes - Google Art Project.jpg November 2, 1762 May 31, 1764 Hanover

Independent Ilocos (1762–1763)[]

Free Ilocos
Name Image From Until Notes
Diego Silang LM DIEGO SILANG.jpg 1762 1763 a Filipino revolutionary leader who conspired with British forces to overthrow Spanish rule in the northern Philippines and establish an independent Ilocano nation.

Under New Spain (1764–1821)[]

Monarch Image From Until House
Charles III Charles III of Spain high resolution.jpg August 10, 1759 December 14, 1788 Bourbon
Charles IV Charles IV of Spain.jpg December 14, 1788 March 19, 1808
Ferdinand VII Ferdinand VII of Spain (1814) by Goya.jpg March 19, 1808 May 6, 1808
Joseph I Fernando VII, by López.jpg December 11, 1813 September 29, 1833 Bonaparte

Emperor[]

Philippines
Name Image From Until Notes
Andrés Novales 1823 1823 His discontentment with the treatment of creole soldiers led him to start a revolt in 1823 that inspired even the ranks of José Rizal. He successfully captured Intramuros and was proclaimed Emperor of the Philippines by his followers. However, he was defeated within the day by Spanish reinforcements from Pampanga.[11]

Spanish East Indies (1821–1898)[]

After the 1821 Mexican War of Independence, Mexico became independent and was no longer part of the Spanish Empire. The Viceroyalty of New Spain ceased to exist. The Philippines, as a result, was directly governed from Madrid, under the Crown.

Monarch Image From Until House
Joseph I Fernando VII, by López.jpg December 11, 1813 September 29, 1833 Bonaparte
Ferdinand VII Ferdinand VII of Spain (1814) by Goya.jpg December 11, 1813 September 29, 1833 Bourbon
Isabella II Isabel II reina de España.jpg September 29, 1833 September 30, 1868
Amadeo I Amadeo de Saboya, rey de España.jpg December 4, 1870 February 11, 1873 Savoy
President Image From Until Party
Estanislao Figueras Estanislao Figueras, político.png February 12, 1873 June 11, 1873 Federal Democratic Republican Party
Francesc Pi i Margall Francisco Pi y Margall.jpg June 11, 1873 July 18, 1873
Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso Nicolás Salmerón 1908 (cropped).jpg July 18, 1873 September 7, 1873
Emilio Castelar y Ripoll Emilio Castelar (cropped).jpg September 7, 1873 January 3, 1874
Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre Francisco Serrano (cropped).jpg January 3, 1874 December 30, 1874 Conservative
Monarch Image From Until House
Alfonso XII Alfonso XII a caballo (version).jpg December 30, 1874 November 25, 1885 Bourbon
Alfonso XIII Alfonso XIII, cadete, de Manuel García Hispaleto.jpg May 17, 1886 December 10, 1898

Revolutionary Republics and States[]

The Ruling Leaders during Philippine Revolution[]

Tagalog Republic
President Image From Until
Andres Bonifacio Andrés Bonifacio.jpg 1896 1897
Biak-na-Bato – 1897
President Image From Until
Emilio Aguinaldo Emilio Aguinaldo (ca. 1898).jpg 1897 December 15, 1897
First Philippine Republic – Continuation 1901–1902
President Image From Until
Emilio Aguinaldo Emilio Aguinaldo (ca. 1898).jpg 1897 1901
Miguel Malvar Miguel malvar PG.jpg 1901 1902
Tagalog Republic – Continuation 1902–1906
President Image From Until
Macario Sakay Macario Sacay.jpg 1902 1906
Republic of Zamboanga – 1899–1903
President Image From Until
Vicente Alvarez 1899 1899
1899 1901
Mariano Arquiza 1901 1903
Negros Republic – 1898–1901
President Image From Until
Aniceto Lacson Aniceto Lacson.gif 1898 1899
Melecio Severino 1899 1901

United States Military Government (1898–1901)[]

The American military government was established following the defeat of Spain in the Spanish–American War. During the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised by the military governor.

President Image From Until Party
William McKinley Mckinley.jpg December 10, 1898 September 14, 1901 Republican

Insular Government (1901–1935)[]

On July 4, 1901, executive authority over the islands was transferred to the president of the Second Philippine Commission who had the title of Civil Governor, a position appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the United States Senate. For the first year, a Military Governor, Adna Chaffee, ruled parts of the country still resisting the American rule, concurrent with civil governor, William Howard Taft.[12] Disagreements between the two were not uncommon.[13] The following year, on July 4, 1902, Taft became the sole executive authority.[14] Chaffee remained as commander of Philippine Division until September 30, 1902.[15]

The title was changed to Governor General in 1905 by an act of Congress (Public 43 – February 6, 1905).[14] The term "insular" (from insulam, the Latin word for island)[16] refers to U.S. island territories that are not incorporated into either a state or a federal district. All insular areas was under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs, a division of the US War Department.[17][18]

President Image From Until Party
William McKinley Mckinley.jpg December 10, 1898 September 14, 1901 Republican
Theodore Roosevelt President Roosevelt - Pach Bros.jpg September 14, 1901 March 4, 1909
William Howard Taft William Howard Taft - Harris and Ewing.jpg March 4, 1909 March 4, 1913
Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson, Harris & Ewing bw photo portrait, 1919.jpg March 4, 1913 March 4, 1921 Democratic
Warren G. Harding Warren G Harding-Harris & Ewing.jpg March 4, 1921 August 2, 1923 Republican
Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge cph.3g10777 (cropped).jpg August 2, 1923 March 4, 1929
Herbert Hoover President Hoover portrait.jpg March 4, 1929 March 4, 1933
Franklin D. Roosevelt FDR 1944 Color Portrait.jpg March 4, 1933 April 12, 1945 Democratic
Harry S. Truman TRUMAN 58-766-06 CROPPED.jpg April 12, 1945 July 4, 1946

Philippine Commonwealth (1935–1946)[]

On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence. The office of President of the Philippine Commonwealth replaced the Governor-General as the country's chief executive. The Governor-General became the High Commissioner of the Philippines with Frank Murphy, the last governor-general, as the first high commissioner. The High Commissioner exercised no executive power but rather represented the colonial power, the United States Government, in the Philippines. The high commissioner moved from Malacañang Palace to the newly built High Commissioner's Residence, now the Embassy of the United States in Manila.

After the Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, the last High Commissioner, Paul McNutt, became the first United States Ambassador to the Philippines.

President Image From Until Party
Manuel L. Quezon Manuel L. Quezon November 15, 1935 August 1, 1944 Nacionalista
Sergio Osmeña Sergio Osmeña August 1, 1944 May 28, 1946
Manuel Roxas Manuel Roxas May 28, 1946 April 15, 1948 Liberal

Japanese Military Governors (1942–1945)[]

In December 1941, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was invaded by Japan as part of World War II. The next year, the Empire of Japan sent a military governor to control the country during wartime, followed by the formal establishment of the puppet second republic.[19]

Emperor Image From Until House
Hirohito Hirohito in dress uniform.jpg January 3, 1942 September 2, 1945 Imperial House of Japan

Second Philippine Republic (1943–1945)[]

The Second Republic was inaugurated on October 14, 1943, in Manila, and ended when President Jose P. Laurel dissolved the republic on August 17, 1945, in Tokyo.

President Image From Until Party
Jose P. Laurel José P. Laurel October 14, 1943 August 17, 1945 KALIBAPI

Third Philippine Republic (1946–1972)[]

The Third Republic started when independence was granted by the Americans on July 4, 1946, and ended upon the imposition of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos on September 21, 1972.

President Image From Until Party
Manuel Roxas Manuel Roxas May 28, 1946 April 15, 1948 Liberal
Elpidio Quirino Elpidio Quirino April 17, 1948 December 30, 1953
Ramon Magsaysay Ramon Magsaysay December 30, 1953 March 17, 1957 Nacionalista
Carlos P. Garcia Carlos P. Garcia March 18, 1957 December 30, 1961
Diosdado Macapagal Diosdado Macapagal December 30, 1961 December 30, 1965 Liberal
Ferdinand Marcos Ferdinand Marcos December 30, 1965 February 25, 1986 Nacionalista

Martial law, New Society, and the Fourth Philippine Republic (1972–1987)[]

President Ferdinand Marcos ruled by decree when he declared martial law on September 21, 1972. He inaugurated the "New Society" after a new constitution was ratified on January 17, 1973. He declared the Fourth Republic on January 17, 1981, after martial law was lifted.

President Image From Until Party
Ferdinand Marcos Ferdinand Marcos December 30, 1965 February 25, 1986 Nacionalista, later KBL
Corazon Aquino Corazon Aquino February 25, 1986 June 30, 1992 UNIDO

Provisional Government and Fifth Philippine Republic (1987–Present)[]

President Corazon Aquino, after ascending into office, issued Proclamation No. 3, the Freedom Constitution, ending the Fourth Republic and ushering in the Provisional Government. This called for the adoption of certain provisions of the 1973 constitution, but called for a constitutional commission that shall write a new one. She inaugurated the Fifth Republic after the present constitution was ratified. The plebiscite took place on February 2, 1987.

President Image From Until Party
Corazon Aquino Corazon Aquino February 25, 1986 June 30, 1992 UNIDO, later independent
Fidel V. Ramos Fidel Ramos June 30, 1992 June 30, 1998 Lakas
Joseph Estrada Joseph Estrada June 30, 1998 January 20, 2001 LAMMP
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Gloria Macapagal Arroyo WEF 2009-crop.jpg January 20, 2001 June 30, 2010 Lakas, later Lakas–Kampi
Benigno Aquino III Benigno Aquino III June 30, 2010 June 30, 2016 Liberal
Rodrigo Duterte Rodrigo Duterte June 30, 2016 Present PDP–Laban

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ The term "Sultana" is used by Odal-Devora in her essay The River Dwellers (2000, page 47), saying "This Prince Bagtas, a grandson of Sultana Kalangitan, the Lady of Pasig, was also said to have ruled the Kingdom of Namayan or Sapa, in the present Sta Ana-Mandaluyong-San Juan- Makati Area. This would explain the Pasig-Sta Ana-Tondo-Bulacan-Pampanga-Batangas interconnections of the Tagalog ruling elites."

Subnotes[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Huerta, Felix, de (1865). Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, Historico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Compañia.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Odal-Devora, Grace P. (2000). "The River Dwellers". In Alejandro, Reynaldo Gamboa (ed.). Pasig: River of Life. Water Series Trilogy. Unilever Philippines. ISBN 978-9719227205.
  4. ^ Joaquin, Nick (1990). Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young. City of Manila: Anvil Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-971-569-313-4.
  5. ^ http://www.luzpalma.com/Information%20gather%20from%20the%20island%20of%20Siquijor.html
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Henson, Mariano A (1955). The Province of Pampanga and its towns (A.D. 1300–1955) with the genealogy of the rulers of central Luzon. Manila: Villanueva Books.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Majul, César Adib (1973). Muslims in the Philippines. Diliman: University of the Philippines Asian Center.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b Scott, William Henry (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 978-9711002268.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b Dery, Luis Camara (2001). A History of the Inarticulate. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 978-971-10-1069-0.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b Junker, Laura Lee (1998). "Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms". International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 2 (4): 291–320. doi:10.1023/A:1022611908759.
  11. ^ Joaquin, Nick (1990). Manila,My Manila. Vera-Reyes, Inc.
  12. ^ Elliott (1917), p. 4
  13. ^ Tanner (1901), p. 383
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b Elliott (1917), p. 509
  15. ^ Philippine Academy of Social Sciences (1967). Philippine social sciences and humanities review. pp. 40.
  16. ^ "Island – from English to Latin". Google Translate. Retrieved on August 7, 2013.
  17. ^ "Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations" Archived September 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Department of the Interior.
  18. ^ "Insular". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved on August 7, 2013.
  19. ^ Cahoon (2000)

Works cited[]

External links[]

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