List of survivors of Sobibor

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This is a list of survivors of the Sobibor extermination camp. The list is divided into two groups. The first comprises the 58 known survivors of those selected to perform forced labour for the camp's daily operation. The second comprises those deported to Sobibor but selected there for forced labor in other camps.

Survivors among Sobibor's forced labourers[]

This list is as complete as current records allow. There were 58 known Sobibor survivors: 48 male and 10 female. Except where noted, the survivors were Arbeitshäftlinge, inmates who performed slave-labour for the daily operation of the camp, who escaped during the camp-wide revolt on October 14, 1943.

The vast majority of the people taken to Sobibor did not survive but were shot or gassed immediately upon arrival. Of the Arbeitshäftlinge forced to work as Sonderkommando in Lager III, the camp's extermination area where the gas chambers and most of the mass graves were located, no one survived.

Name Birth Death Age at Death From Ethnicity Arrival Other names/spellings Notes
Schlomo Alster[1] December 1, 1908 Unknown, after 1946 Unknown Chełm, Poland Jewish November 1942 (approximately) Worked as a carpenter, and served on the Bahnhofskommando. Emigrated to Rehovot, Israel.
Moshe Bahir[1] July 19, 1927 2002[2] 75 Płock, Poland Jewish May 24, 1942, from Zamość Changed name from Moshe Szklarek. Worked in provisions barracks, in the Bahnhofskommando, and as a barber. Emigrated to Israel, where he wrote a testimony for the Ghetto Fighter's House and testified at the Eichmann Trial.[2]
Antonius Bardach[1] May 16, 1909 1959 (approximately)[citation needed] 50 Lemberg, Poland Jewish March 30, 1943[citation needed] from Drancy, France. Later settled in Belgium.
Philip Bialowitz[1] November 25, 1929 August 6, 2016[2] Izbica, Poland Jewish January 1943[1] or April 28, 1943[2] Surname also "Białowicz". First name sometimes "Fishel" or "Fiszel".[3][2] Brother of Symcha Bialowitz. Worked in sorting barracks and provisions barracks, and as a barber and Bahnhofskommando member. Emigrated to the US and co-authored the memoir A Promise At Sobibor with his son Joseph.
Symcha Bialowitz[4] December 6, 1912 February 2014[2] 101 Izbica, Poland Jewish April 28, 1943 Brother of Philip Bialowitz. Worked in the Waldkommando and in the camp pharmacy. Participated in the revolt. Married a survivor from Zamość and settled in Israel.
Jakob Biskubicz[4] March 17, 1926 March 2002 75 or 76 Hrubieszów, Poland Jewish May 1942[2] or June 1942[4] Was unloading a truck full of vodka for SS Erich Bauer when the revolt began. Hid in Camp IV and escaped that night. Joined the Parczew partisans[5] and later settled in Israel, where he gave testimony in the Eichmann trial.
Thomas "Toivi" Blatt[4] April 15, 1927 October 31, 2015[6] 88 Izbica, Poland Jewish April 23, 1943 Name also rendered as Toivi Blatt and Tomasz Blatt. Used the Polish name Bolesław Stankiewicz[7] for a short period after the war. Escaped over the fence in the Vorlager. Witness in post-war trials. Wrote Sobibor memoir From the Ashes of Sobibor and history Sobibor: The Forgotten Revolt. Worked as an assistant to Richard Rashke in writing Escape from Sobibor and acted as a consultant on the movie adaptation. Interviewed Karl Frenzel.
Herschel Cukierman[8] April 15, 1893 July 15, 1979[6] 86 Kurów, Poland Jewish May 1942 Hershel Zuckerman, including in Escape from Sobibor. Father of Josef Cukierman. Arrived with wife and daughters who were gassed on arrival. Worked as a gardener before the war, but told the SS that he was a cook in order to be selected for work. Had an excellent memory which helped him identify SS officers in postwar trials.[6]
Josef Cukierman[9] May 26, 1930 June 15, 1963 33 Kurów, Poland Jewish May 1942 from Ghetto Joseph Zuckerman Son of Herschel Cukierman. Worked with his father in the kitchens. After the war, lived in Stuttgart before moving to Karlsruhe.
Josef Duniec[9] December 21, 1912 December 1, 1965 52 Równo, Poland Jewish March 25, 1943 Sent to Sobibor from Drancy, having emigrated to France in 1932 in order to study chemistry. Moved to Israel after the war, where he died of a heart attack the day before he was expected to testify at the Sobibor trial.
Leon Cymiel[6] February 20, 1924 1997 73 Chełm, Poland Jewish Spring 1943 Leon Szymiel Stayed in Poland after war. Testimony available at ushmm.org
Shlomo Elster[5][better source needed] December 1, 1908 1992 83 Polish Jewish November 1942 Worked in tailors' shop
[9] January 10, 1916 July 4, 2003 87 Brudzew, Poland Jewish November 6, 1942 Killed SS-Oberscharführer Rudolf Beckmann during the revolt. Escaped with Selma Wijnberg-Engel and survived the rest of the war in hiding. The two later married and moved to Connecticut.
Selma Engel-Wijnberg[9] May 15, 1922 December 4, 2018 99 Zwolle, Netherlands Jewish April 9, 1943 Saartje Engel, Selma Engel, Saartje Wijnberg, Selma Wijnberg, Selma Wynberg Worked in the sorting barracks and Waldkommando. Escaped with Chaim Engel during the revolt. They survived the rest of the war in hiding together. The two later married.
Leon Feldhendler[10] 1910 April 6, 1945 34 or 35 Żółkiewka, Poland Jewish early 1943 First name sometimes Lejb or Lejba. Surname sometimes Felhendler. One of the co-organizers of the revolt. After fighting as a partisan, made his way back to Lublin, where he was murdered under disputed circumstances.
Dov Freiberg[10][11] May 15, 1927 2008 80 Warsaw, Poland Jewish May 15, 1942 First name also Berek. Deported to Sobibor from Krasnystaw, where he had been sent from the Warsaw Ghetto. After the revolt, hid with after the revolt. Gave testimony at the Eichmann trial. Author of memoir "To Survive Sobibor".
Catharina Gokkes[5][12][13][14][15] September 1, 1923 June 22, 1944 21 Netherlands Jewish April 9, 1943 First name also Kitty, Katty, Kathy. Was shot in the leg by Karl Frenzel during the escape. Joined Parczew partisans but was killed before liberation.
Mordechai Goldfarb[10] March 15, 1920 June 8, 1984 64 Piaski, Poland Jewish November 6, 1942 First name also Moshe. Worked as a sign painter in Sobibor. Joined the Parczew partisans after the revolt and later settled in Israel.
Josef Herszman[10][16] 1925 2005[citation needed] 80 Żółkiewka, Poland Jewish 1942 Worked in the sorting barracks. Later moved to Israel. Gave testimony at war crime trails.
Moshe Hochman[citation needed] March 15, 1935 June 8, 1993 58 Polish Jewish April 1942 Worked in sorting barracks and tailor shop. He hid Niemann's body after getting him to try on a new jacket.[17]
Zyndel Honigman[18] April 10, 1910 July 1989[citation needed] 79 Kiev, Ukraine Jewish November 1942 Escaped from the camp twice. Taken to Sobibor in November 1942 from Gorzków near Izbica, he escaped by crawling under a fence. Was captured and sent back in April 1943, where he worked in the kitchen and in the forest brigade. Escaped from the forest brigade and joined the Parczew partisans.
Abram Kohn[19] July 25, 1910 January 19, 1986 75 Łódź, Poland Jewish May 1942 Abraham Kohn Worked in the kitchens, the sorting barracks, and forest brigade. Later moved to Australia.
Josef Kopp[19] 1944 or 1945 Biłgoraj, Poland Jewish Allegedly escaped by killing a Ukrainian guard on July 27, 1943 while on duties outside of the camp in the nearby village of Zlobek; did not survive World War II.
Chaim Korenfeld[19] May 15, 1923 August 13, 2002 79 Izbica, Poland Jewish April 28, 1943 Worked in the forest brigade. Unclear whether he escaped with the forest brigade or in the ultimate revolt. Later moved to Italy, then Brazil.
Chaim Powroznik[20] unknown Polish Jewish Testimony available.[21][a]
Chaim Leist[19][23] Unknown Żółkiewka, Poland Jewish April 23, 1943 Lajst Little is known about him except that he worked in Sobibor as a gardener and that he settled in Israel after the war.
Samuel Lerer[24][25] October 1, 1922 March 3, 2016 93 Żółkiewka, Poland Jewish May 1942 Szmuel Worked in the stables and later in the Erbhof, taking care of chickens and ducks. During the revolt, he escaped with Ester Raab and hid with a friend of her family. In 1949, he and Raab encountered Sobibor "gasmeister" Hermann Erich Bauer in Berlin, leading to his arrest. Moved to New York City and became a cab driver.
[5][26][better source needed] July 22, 1926 2007 81 years Polish Jewish September 1943 Jehuda Lerner He and Red Army P.O.W. Arkady Wajspapir killed two guards, SS-Oberscharführer Siegfried Graetschus and Volksdeutscher Ivan Klatt, with axe blows during the revolt. Joined the Parczew partisans and later settled in Israel.
January 1, 1915 1993 78 Polish Jewish June 1943 Eda Fisher, Eda Lichtman Joined the Parczew partisans. Gave testimony at the Eichmann trial.[5]
Jitschak Lichtman December 10, 1908 1992 83 or 84 Polish Jewish May 15, 1942 Itzhak Lichtman Joined the Parczew partisans. Married Ada Lichtman (Fischer).[5]
Yefim Litwinowski Soviet Jewish September 22, 1943 Red Army soldier.[5][better source needed]
Abraham Margulies January 25, 1921 1984 62 or 63 Polish Jewish late May 1942 Joined the Parczew partisans.[5][better source needed]
Chaskiel Menche January 7, 1910 1984 73 or 74 Polish Jewish June 1942 Worked in sorting barracks then as a shoe shiner and hat maker.[5][better source needed]
Mojzesz Merenstein January 15, 1899 December 1985 86 Polish Jewish Worked with Felhendler to plan revolt.
Zelda Metz May 1, 1925 1980 54 or 55 Polish Jewish December 20, 1942 Zelda Kelbermann Knit pullovers and socks for the SS. In 1943 help build barracks in Camp IV. Wrote a report on the camp. Married Mr. Kelbermann and move to USA in 1946.
Alexander Pechersky[5][better source needed] February 22, 1909 January 19, 1990 80 Ukrainian Jewish September 22, 1943 Sasha Pechersky Chief organizer and leader of the revolt. Red Army soldier who joined the Parczew partisans.
Nachum Platnitzky 1913 unknown Belorussian Jewish Surname also listed as Plotnikow; Lived in Pinsk, Belarus after the war.
Shlomo Podchlebnik[5] February 15, 1907 February 1973 66 Polish Jewish April 28, 1943 He and escaped by killing a Ukrainian guard on July 27, 1943 while on duties outside of the camp in the nearby village of Zlobek.
June 29, 1914 Nov 1943 29 German Jewish Luka, Loeka Identified by Jules Schelvis as likely identity of "Luka". Presumed dead following mass escape.[27][28]
[5][29] June 11, 1922 April 13, 2015 92 Polish Jewish December 20, 1942 Née Terner, she became known as Esther Raab after her 1946 marriage to Irving Raab. She identified gas chamber executioner Erich Bauer after the war in Berlin, leading to his arrest.
Simjon Rosenfeld[30][better source needed] October 10, 1922 June 3, 2019 96 Soviet Jewish September 22, 1943 Semion Rosenfeld, Semyon Rosenfeld, Semion Rozenfeld. Red Army soldier under Pechersky's command. Was separated from the other Russians and survived in hiding. Rejoined the Red Army and fought in the Battle of Berlin, where he carved the name "Sobibor" into the wall of the Reich Chancellery. Returned to the Soviet Union, but eventually emigrated to Israel.[5]
Ajzik Rotenberg[5][better source needed] 1925 1994 69 Polish Jewish May 12, 1943 Joined the Parczew partisans. Murdered in 1994 in Israel by two Palestinian terrorists.
Joseph Serchuk 1919 November 6, 1993 74 Polish Jewish Surname also spelled Serczuk. Joseph and his brother David escaped the day after arriving when on forest duty.
David Serchuk 1948 Polish Jewish Surname also spelled Serczuk. David and his brother Joseph escaped the day after arriving when on forest duty.
Alexander Shubayev 1945 Belorussian Jewish Often referred to in accounts by the nickname "Kali Mali". Red Army soldier. Killed deputy commandant Johann Niemann with an axe to his head. Joined the Parczew partisans after escaping the camp, but was killed.[5][31]
Ursula Stern[5][better source needed] August 28, 1926 1985 58 or 59 German Jewish April 9, 1943 Changed her name to Ilana Safran after the war. Joined the Parczew partisans. Witness at Hagen trial.
Stanisław Szmajzner March 13, 1927 March 3, 1989 61 Polish Jewish May 12, 1942 Shlomo Smajzner, Szlomo Smajzner Goldsmith and machinist in Sobibor. Made the knives used in the revolt, and also stole rifles. Shot a guard in one of the guard towers. After escaping, joined the Parczew partisans[5] and eventually emigrated to Brazil where he worked as an executive in a paper factory. Testified against Franz Stangl, and identified Gustav Wagner at a police station in Goiana.
Boris Tabarinsky 1917 Unknown Belorussian Jewish September 22, 1943 Job was to cut the barbed wire fence as a backup exit.[5]
[5] April 11, 1914 June 8, 2009 95 Czech Jewish November 6, 1942 Kurt Thomas Worked as a nurse in Sobibor. After the war, he brought charges against SS officers and .
Israel Trager March 5, 1906 August 1, 1969 63 Polish Jewish Mar 1943 Shrulke Camp bricklayer and Bahnhofkommando train station worker. After the war moved to Israel.[5][better source needed]
Aleksej Waizen May 30, 1922 January 14, 2015 92 Ukrainian Jewish autumn 1943 Worked in sorting room.[32][5]
Arkady Wajspapir[5][26][31][33][better source needed] 1921 January 11, 2018 96 Russian Jewish September 22, 1943 He and killed two guards with axe blows, SS-Oberscharführer Siegfried Graetschus and Volksdeutscher Ivan Klatt, during the revolt. A Red Army soldier, he joined the Parczew partisans.[citation needed]
Abraham Wang[5][better source needed] January 2, 1921 1978 57 Polish Jewish Apr 23, 1943 Escaped on Jul 27, 1943, along with four other prisoners.
Hella Weiss November 25, 1925 December 1988 63 Polish Jewish December 20, 1942 Joined the Parczew partisans; later joined the Red Army.[5][better source needed]
June 25, 1906 Unknown Polish Jewish November 1942 Joined partisans after the revolt.[5][better source needed]
September 2, 1924 September 2014 Polish Jewish December 20, 1942 Née Feldman Worked as a knitter in Sobibor. After the war, married a Polish Catholic army officer and settled in Australia. Her son wrote a book "Conversations with Regina" which recounts her experiences as well as his own later-in-life discovery of his Jewish origins and his mother's status as a Holocaust survivor.
Meier Ziss November 15, 1927 2003 Polish Jewish May 1942 He was a hairdresser and worked in the sorting barracks. Later moved to Israel worked as a merchant in electronic equipment.[5][better source needed]

Survivors among those selected at Sobibor for forced labour in other camps[]

Selections sometimes took place at the point of departure, often well before people were forced to board the trains, but there are also reports of selections from trains already en route to the camps. In his June 20, 1942 report, Revier-Leutnant der Schutzpolizei Josef Frischmann, in charge of the guard unit on the train, wrote that "51 Jews capable of work" were removed from the transport at Lublin station. The train had departed Vienna on June 14, 1942, ostensibly for Izbica, but the remaining 949 people on board were delivered to their final destination in Sobibor.[34][b]

The precise number of those spared upon arrival in the Sobibor extermination camp is unknown, but there were occasional selections there, for forced labour in other camps and factories, amounting to a total of several thousand people. Many of those selected subsequently perished due to harsh conditions in the slave-labour details. A number of them were murdered after internal selections following transfers to Majdanek and Auschwitz, where people were also routinely murdered by hanging or shooting for arbitrary offences. Thousands of Jews initially selected for slave-labour were among those killed in the Lublin district during Aktion Erntefest and many were shot or succumbed on the death marches in the closing stages of the Nazi regime. However, some of the people selected at Sobibor ultimately survived beyond the total defeat and unconditional surrender of the Nazis in May 1945.[34]

On August 17, 1943, a survivor from Sabinov in Slovakia, who has remained anonymous, wrote a report in which he described his selection in Sobibor, together with approximately 100 men and 50 women, upon arrival. For slave-labour in the drainage works in the vicinity of Sobibor they were taken to Krychów. He had arrived following the violent clearance, of deported Slovakian Jews and the few remaining Polish Jews, from the Rejowiec ghetto on August 9, 1942. He described that a few additional skilled workers, technicians, blacksmiths and watchmakers were separated upon arrival in Sobibor, as well. He further wrote that fire was visible in the night sky in the vicinity of Sobibor, and that the stench of burning hair permeated the air.[34][c]

Approximately 1,000 people were selected from the 34,313 named deportees who had been deported from the Netherlands via Westerbork to Sobibor between March 2 and July 20, 1943. Only 16 of them, 13 women and three men, survived.[d] From the group of approximately 30 women selected from the train which left Westerbork with 1,015 people on March 10, 1943, 13 survived the various camps.[e] Although they were split up after arrival in Lublin and returned to the Netherlands via different camps and routes, this was the largest single group of survivors from any one of the 19 trains which departed the Netherlands. Upon arrival they were separated from the other deportees and shortly afterwards taken by train to Lublin, where they spent the next months in various work details divided over Majdanek and the Alter Flugplatz camp, on the site of an airfield. Eventually Eleven of the women were transferred to Milejów where they worked for a brief period in a Wehrmacht operated provisions factory, but were soon taken to Trawniki, with a larger group of men and women of mixed nationality, in the immediate aftermath of Aktion Erntefest in November 1943. Here their first assignment was assisting in body disposal and sorting the looted possessions of those murdered at the Trawniki camp. After body disposal had nearly been completed the remaining men were murdered, as well. Elias Isak Alex Cohen was the only survivor of the March 17, 1943 transport. He was taken to Majdanek with a group of approximately 35 people selected based on profession. His experiences include a period operating machinery in the ammunition factory in Skarżysko-Kamienna where the poisonous materials and lack of protections decimated the forced-labourers. Jozef Wins was the only one to return to the Netherlands from the May 11 transport. He was among a group of 80 men taken to Dorohucza. Jules Schelvis was the sole survivor of the 3,006 people on the deportation train of June 1, 1943, He too was taken to Dorohucza, with a group of 80 other men. From the remaining 14 trains people were also selected but no one survived the Holocaust.[55][34][37][56][57][58][59][60][61][62]

Aftermath[]

With few exceptions the survivors lost immediate family and relatives who were murdered in the camp. They returned to their native towns and countries to find little comfort.[63][64][65] Several of the survivors almost immediately gave statements about their experiences. They have written about their personal experiences and published researched monographs on the history of the camp. These statements and publications continue to be used in historical research and were used in court cases against perpetrators. The survivors themselves also testified at trials such as the Sobibor Trial in Hagen, and participated in the prosecution in the capacity of a Nebenkläger, a co-claimant, under the German criminal law system. This was a right of which descendants of people murdered in Sobibor also availed themselves in the 2009 trial of Trawniki guard Ivan Demjanjuk.[66]

Victims of Sobibor[]

Main article: List of victims of Sobibor

In contrast to these short lists of survivors, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum states that at least 167,000 people were murdered in the Sobibor extermination camp. The Dutch Sobibor Foundation lists a calculated total of 170,165 people, and cites the Höfle Telegram among its sources, while noting that other estimates range up to 300,000. For practical reasons it is not possible to list all the thousands of people murdered at the camp. The operatives of the Nazi regime not only robbed Jews of their earthly possessions and their lives, but attempted to eradicate all traces of their existence as they engaged in the genocidal policies of the Final Solution.[67][55]

Notes[]

  1. ^ The statement in French is available in PDF in NIOD Toegang 804, Inventaris 18, page 56ff.[22]
  2. ^ A facsimile of Frischmann's Erfahrungsbericht can be found in NIOD Toegang 804, Inventaris 54, page 175.[35] A description of this transport, including a list of names of the deportees, can be found at Yad Vashem.[36]
  3. ^ A German and English transcript of the statement is available in PDF in NIOD Toegang 804, Inventaris 54, page 148ff.[35]
  4. ^ Including Selma Wijnberg and Ursula Stern, who remained in the camp until their successful escape during the revolt, there are 18 known survivors from the transports out of Westerbork to Sobibor who were alive after May 8, 1945: Elias Isak Alex Cohen, Judith Eliasar, Bertha Ensel, Celina Ensel, Sophia Huisman, Mirjam Penha née Blits, Cato Polak, Surry Polak, Suzanne Polak, Bertha van Praag, Debora van Praag, Jules Schelvis, Sophia Verduin, Jetje Veterman, Sientje Veterman and Jozef Wins. In early reports Jeannette de Vries née Blitz is included among the survivors, bringing the preliminary total to 19, a number repeated in some later publications. Jeannette de Vries-Blitz was not deported to Sobibor, however. She was deported to Auschwitz on May 19, 1944. From there her path through various camps paralleled that of Mirjam Penha-Blits and Judith Eliasar. They were liberated in the Neuengamme sub camp in Salzwedel.[34][37][38][39]
  5. ^ Among those who were selected at Sobibor from the March 30, 1943 transport, but perished before May 8, 1945 are: Henderiene den Arend-van der Reis,[40] Auguste Berliner,[41] Flora Blok,[42] Hilde Beate Blumendal,[43] Marga Cohen,[44] Sophia Cohen,[45] Hester Fresco,[46] Klaartje Gompertz,[47] Fanny Landesmann,[48] Naatje Roodveldt-Moffie,[49] Lotje Stad,[50] Judith Swaab,[51] Annie Troostwijk-Hijmans,[52] Lena Verduin,[53] and Charlotte Zeehandelaar-Andriesse.[54]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Schelvis, Jules (2007). Sobibor: A History of a Nazi Death Camp. Oxford: Berg. p. 231. ISBN 978-1-84520-419-8.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Cüppers, Martin; Gerhardt, Annett; Graf, Karin; Hänschen, Steffen; Kahrs, Andreas; Lepper, Anne; Ross, Florian (2020). Fotos aus Sobibor (in German). Metropol Verlag. p. 341. ISBN 978-3-86331-506-1.
  3. ^ "Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej".
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Schelvis, Jules (2007). Sobibor: A History of a Nazi Death Camp. Oxford: Berg. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-84520-419-8.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Sobibor Interviews: Survivors of the revolt
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Cüppers, Martin; Gerhardt, Annett; Graf, Karin; Hänschen, Steffen; Kahrs, Andreas; Lepper, Anne; Ross, Florian (2020). Fotos aus Sobibor (in German). Metropol Verlag. p. 342. ISBN 978-3-86331-506-1.
  7. ^ "Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej".
  8. ^ Schelvis, Jules (2007). Sobibor: A History of a Nazi Death Camp. Oxford: Berg. pp. 232–233. ISBN 978-1-84520-419-8.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Schelvis, Jules (2007). Sobibor: A History of a Nazi Death Camp. Oxford: Berg. p. 233. ISBN 978-1-84520-419-8.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Schelvis, Jules (2007). Sobibor: A History of a Nazi Death Camp. Oxford: Berg. p. 234. ISBN 978-1-84520-419-8.
  11. ^ Cüppers, Martin; Gerhardt, Annett; Graf, Karin; Hänschen, Steffen; Kahrs, Andreas; Lepper, Anne; Ross, Florian (2020). Fotos aus Sobibor (in German). Metropol Verlag. p. 343. ISBN 978-3-86331-506-1.
  12. ^ Catharina Gokkes in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  13. ^ Schelvis, Jules (2007). Sobibor: A History of a Nazi Death Camp. Oxford: Berg. pp. 172, 182, 188. ISBN 978-1-84520-419-8.
  14. ^ Miriam Novitch, Sobibor: Martyrdom and Revolt (Paperback 1980), pages 86, 88
  15. ^ Loe de Jong, The Kingdom of the Netherlands During World War II, Part 8b, page 883
  16. ^ Bem, Marek (2015). Sobibor Extermination Camp: 1942-1943 (PDF). Stichting Sobibor. pp. 298, 383, 413, 421, 438. ISBN 978-83-937927-2-6.
  17. ^ jewishgen.org Moshe Hochman, Eyewitness Testimony of Moshe Hochman
  18. ^ Schelvis, Jules (2007). Sobibor: A History of a Nazi Death Camp. Oxford: Berg. pp. 234–235. ISBN 978-1-84520-419-8.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Schelvis, Jules (2007). Sobibor: A History of a Nazi Death Camp. Oxford: Berg. p. 235. ISBN 978-1-84520-419-8.
  20. ^ Bem, Marek (2015). Sobibor Extermination Camp: 1942-1943 (PDF). Stichting Sobibor. p. 331. ISBN 978-83-937927-2-6.
  21. ^ From Chelm to Sobibor . . . statement by Chaim Powroznik, in Chelm on January 10, 1944, referenced by USHMM
  22. ^ NIOD Toegang 804, Inventaris 18
  23. ^ Bem, Marek (2015). Sobibor Extermination Camp: 1942-1943 (PDF). Stichting Sobibor. pp. 70, 298. ISBN 978-83-937927-2-6.
  24. ^ Schelvis, Jules (2007). Sobibor: A History of a Nazi Death Camp. Oxford: Berg. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-84520-419-8.
  25. ^ Cüppers, Martin; Gerhardt, Annett; Graf, Karin; Hänschen, Steffen; Kahrs, Andreas; Lepper, Anne; Ross, Florian (2020). Fotos aus Sobibor (in German). Metropol Verlag. p. 344. ISBN 978-3-86331-506-1.
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b BBC History of World War II. Auschwitz; Inside the Nazi State. Part 4, Corruption.
  27. ^ Gertrud Poppert, née Schönborn in the German Federal Archives Memorial Book
  28. ^ Toivi Blatt interviews Sasha Pechersky about "Luka" in 1980; retrieved on 8 May 2009.
  29. ^ Naedele, Walther F. (April 15, 2015). "Esther Raab, 92, Holocaust survivor". Philly.com. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
  30. ^ Last survivor of Sobibor death camp dies aged 96; retrieved on 3 June 2019.
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b Arad, Yitzhak. Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Indiana University Press. 1987.
  32. ^ Arthur Solomonov (2008-09-01). "Aleksej Waizen: I knew it every second that I could be killed (Алексей Вайцен: Каждую секунду я знал, что меня могут убить)". The New Times (Russia).
  33. ^ "Arkady Wajspapir, key figure in Sobibor Uprising, dies at 96". JTA. January 12, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
  34. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jules Schelvis, Vernietigingskamp Sobibor (5th Ed. 2004), pages 76, 237, 257, 260, 342
  35. ^ Jump up to: a b NIOD Toegang 804, Inventaris 54
  36. ^ Vienna to Sobibor train, June 14, 1942
  37. ^ Jump up to: a b Afwikkelingsbureau Concentratiekampen Sobibor (1946)
  38. ^ Sobibor Interviews: Dutch Survivors.
  39. ^ Memorial Center Camp Westerbork
  40. ^ Henderiene den Arend-van der Reis in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  41. ^ Auguste Berliner in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  42. ^ Flora Blok in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  43. ^ Hilde Beate Blumendal in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  44. ^ Marga Cohen in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  45. ^ Sophia Cohen in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  46. ^ Hester Fresco in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  47. ^ Klaartje Gompertz in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  48. ^ Fanny Landesmann in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  49. ^ Naatje Roodveldt-Moffie in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  50. ^ Lotje Stad in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  51. ^ Judith Swaab in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  52. ^ Annie Troostwijk-Hijmans in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  53. ^ Lena Verduin in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  54. ^ Charlotte Zeehandelaar-Andriesse in Digital Monument to the Jewish Community in the Netherlands
  55. ^ Jump up to: a b History Sobibor, Dutch Sobibor Foundation.
  56. ^ Elia Aron Cohen, De Negentien Treinen naar Sobibor
  57. ^ Thomas Blatt, The Forgotten Revolt
  58. ^ Jules Schelvis, De Transportlijsten
  59. ^ Jules Schelvis, Binnen de Poorten
  60. ^ Mirjam Blits, Auschwitz 13917
  61. ^ Dutch Red Cross Sobibor (1947) (PDF)
  62. ^ Onderzoek - Vernietigingskamp Sobibor NIOD Toegang 804
  63. ^ Elie Aron Cohen,Human Behaviour in the Concentration Camp
  64. ^ Martin Bossenbroek, De Meelstreep (2001)
  65. ^ The Long Shadow of Sobibor
  66. ^ Nebenklage Sobibor
  67. ^ Sobibor: Chronology, USHMM
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