List of troglobites

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Not to be confused with troglodyte or trilobite.

A troglobite (or, formally, troglobiont) is an animal species, or population of a species, strictly bound to underground habitats, such as caves. These are separate from species that mainly live in above-ground habitats but are also able to live underground (eutroglophiles), and species that are only cave visitors (subtroglophiles and trogloxenes).[1] Land-dwelling troglobites may be referred to as troglofauna, while aquatic species may be called stygofauna, although for these animals the term stygobite is preferable.

Troglobites typically have evolutionary adaptations to cave life. Examples of such adaptations include slow metabolism, reduced energy consumption, better food usage efficiency, decrease or loss of eyesight (anophthalmia), and depigmentation (absence of pigment in the integument). Conversely, as opposed to lost or reduced functions, many species have evolved elongated antenna and locomotory appendages, in order to better move around and respond to environmental stimuli. These structures are also full of chemical, tactile and humidity receptors. Troglobites commonly do not survive well outside caves and therefore cannot travel between separate cave systems. As a result, many troglobiotic species are endemic to a single cave or system of caves.[2][3][4][5]

Not all cave dwelling species are considered to be troglobites. An animal found in an underground environment may be a troglophile (a species living both in subterranean and in epigean habitats, e.g. bats and cave swallows) or a trogloxene (a species only occurring sporadically in a hypogean habitat and unable to establish a subterranean population).[1]

Flatworms[]

Mollusca[]

Velvet worms[]

  • White cave velvet worm (Peripatopsis alba)

Arthropoda[]

Arachnida[]

  • Kauaʻi cave wolf spider (Adelocosa anops)[6]
  • Nelson cave spider (Spelungula cavernicola)
  • Texella reddelli
  • Trogloraptor marchingtoni
  • – Mystery Cave pseudoscorpion
  • – Stone County cave pseudoscorpion
  • – guano pseudoscorpion
  • – cavernicolous pseudoscorpion
  • Phanetta subterranea – cave spider
  • – cavernicolous Porrhomma spider
  • – A blind cave Spider (very rare)[7]
  • Sinopoda scurion – eyeless huntsman spider
  • – Xe Bang Fai cave scorpion
  • – Nam Lot cave scorpion
  • – Yosemite cave pseudoscorpion
  • Titanobochica magna – cave pseudoscorpion
  • Cicurina madla – Madla Cave meshweaver
  • – cave harvestman
  • Stalita taenaria
  • Chthonius
  • Titanobochica
  • Neobisium maritimum
  • - Movile Cave spider

Myriapoda[]

Millipedes
Sinocallipus deharvengi
Centipedes

Crustacea[]

  • Alabama cave shrimp (Palaemonias alabamae)[8]
  • Procambarus delicatus[9]
  • Cambarus aculabrum – Benton County cave crayfish
  • [10] – Prickly cave crayfish
  • Cambarus hubrichti – Salem cave crayfish
  • [11] – Alabama cave crayfish
  • [12] – Lacon Exit cave crayfish
  • Cambarus pecki[13] – Phantom cave crayfish
  • – Bristly cave crayfish
  • [14] – Sweet Home Alabama cave crayfish
  • Cambarus tartarus[15] - Oklahoma Cave Crayfish
  • [16] – White Spring cave crayfish
  • Cambarus zophonastes – Hell Creek cave crayfish
  • – Caney Mountain cave crayfish
  • Orconectes australis [17] - Southern cave crayfish
  • [18] - Cumberland Plateau cave crayfish
  • Orconectes incomptus [19] - Tennessee cave crayfish
  • [20] - Appalachian cave crayfish
  • [21] - Shelta cave crayfish
  • Typhlocaris[22]
  • Macromaxillocaris[23]
  • Spelaeorchestia koloana[6]
  • Gammarus acherondytes – Illinois cave amphipod
  • – Guthikonda cave isopod
  • – Belum cave isopod
  • Allocrangonyx hubrichti – Hubricht's long-tailed amphipod
  • – short-tailed groundwater amphipod
  • – sword-tail cave amphipod
  • – false sword-tailed cave amphipod
  • – cave isopod
  • – Missouri cave isopod
  • – Fustis cave isopod
  • – Salem cave isopod
  • – serrated cave isopod
  • – slender-fingered cave isopod
  • – stygian cave isopod
  • – Yeatman's groundwater copepod
  • Stygobromus barri – Barr's groundwater amphipod
  • Stygobromus clantoni – Clanton's groundwater amphipod
  • Stygobromus heteropodus – Pickle Springs amphipod
  • Stygobromus onondagaensis – Onondaga cave amphipod
  • Stygobromus ozarkensis – Ozark cave amphipod
  • – Wisconsin groundwater amphipod
  • Stygobromus subtilis – subtle groundwater amphipod
  • Cancrocaeca
  • Androniscus dentiger – rosy woodlouse
  • Niphargus species

Insecta[]

See Cave insects

Fish[]

Main article: Cavefish
  • List of cave fish

Amphibians[]

Mammals[]

There are no known mammals that live exclusively in caves. Most bats sleep in caves during the day and hunt at night, but they are considered troglophiles or trogloxenes. However some fossorials which spend their whole lives underground might be considered subterranean fauna, although they are not true troglofauna as they do not live in caves.

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b Sket, Boris (2008-06-01). "Can we agree on an ecological classification of subterranean animals?". Journal of Natural History. 42 (21–22): 1549–1563. doi:10.1080/00222930801995762. ISSN 0022-2933. S2CID 84499383.
  2. ^ Vandel, Albert (1965). Biospeleology: the biology of cavernicolous animals. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 9781483185132. OCLC 893738507.
  3. ^ Stoch, Fabio (2001). Caves and karstic phenomena. Life in subterranean world (PDF). Italian Habitats. Udine, Italy: Italian Ministry of the Environment and Territory Protection and Friuli Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-04. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
  4. ^ Culver, D.C.; Pipan, Tanja (2009). The biology of caves and other subterranean habitats. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199219933. OCLC 248538645.
  5. ^ Culver, D.C.; White, W.B. (2012). Encyclopedia of caves (2nd ed.). Waltham, MA: Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 9780123838322. OCLC 776633368.
  6. ^ a b United States Fish and Wildlife Service (April 9, 2003). "50 CFR Part 17. RIN 1018–AH01. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for the Kauai Cave Wolf Spider and Kauai Cave Amphipod" (PDF). Federal Register. 68 (68): 17430–17470.
  7. ^ "Summary for Porrhomma rosenhaueri (Araneae)".
  8. ^ Powell, Jeff (August 29, 2006). "Alabama Cave Shrimp (Palaemonias alabamae). 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation" (PDF). United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved October 10, 2010.
  9. ^ Crandall, K.A. & Cordeiro, J. (2010). "Procambarus delicatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T18196A7774195. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T18196A7774195.en.
  10. ^ Buhay, J.E.; Moni, G.; Mann, N. & Crandall, K.A. (2007). "Molecular taxonomy in the dark: Evolutionary history, phylogeography, and diversity of cave crayfish in the sugenus Aviticambarus, genus Cambarus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 42 (2): 435–448. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.07.014. PMID 16971141.
  11. ^ Buhay, J.E. & Crandall, K.A. (2009). "Taxonomic revision of cave crayfish in the genus Cambarus, subgenus Aviticambarus (Decapoda: Cambaridae) with descriptions of two new species". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 29 (1): 121–134. doi:10.1651/08-3089.1. S2CID 83813422.
  12. ^ Buhay, J.E. & Crandall, K.A. (2009). "Taxonomic revision of cave crayfish in the genus Cambarus, subgenus Aviticambarus (Decapoda: Cambaridae) with descriptions of two new species". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 29 (1): 121–134. doi:10.1651/08-3089.1. S2CID 83813422.
  13. ^ Crandall, K.A. (2010). "Cambarus pecki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T18212A7806310. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T18212A7806310.en.
  14. ^ Buhay, J.E. & Crandall, K.A. (2009). "Taxonomic revision of cave crayfish in the genus Cambarus, subgenus Aviticambarus (Decapoda: Cambaridae) with descriptions of two new species". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 29 (1): 121–134. doi:10.1651/08-3089.1. S2CID 83813422.
  15. ^ Bergey, E.; Cordeiro, J. & Thoma, R.F. (2010). "Cambarus tartarus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T3683A10020038. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T3683A10020038.en.
  16. ^ Buhay, J.E.; Moni, G.; Mann, N. & Crandall, K.A. (2007). "Molecular taxonomy in the dark: Evolutionary history, phylogeography, and diversity of cave crayfish in the sugenus Aviticambarus, genus Cambarus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 42 (2): 435–448. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.07.014. PMID 16971141.
  17. ^ Buhay, J.E. & Crandall, K.A. (2008). "Taxonomic revision of cave crayfishes in the genus "Orconectes", subgenus "Orconectes" (Decapoda: Cambaridae) along the Cumberland Plateau, including a description of a new species, "Orconectes barri"". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 28 (1): 57–67. doi:10.1651/07-2827R.1. S2CID 10326776.
  18. ^ Buhay, J.E. & Crandall, K.A. (2008). "Taxonomic revision of cave crayfishes in the genus "Orconectes", subgenus "Orconectes" (Decapoda: Cambaridae) along the Cumberland Plateau, including a description of a new species, "Orconectes barri"". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 28 (1): 57–67. doi:10.1651/07-2827R.1. S2CID 10326776.
  19. ^ Buhay, J.E. & Crandall, K.A. (2008). "Taxonomic revision of cave crayfishes in the genus "Orconectes", subgenus "Orconectes" (Decapoda: Cambaridae) along the Cumberland Plateau, including a description of a new species, "Orconectes barri"". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 28 (1): 57–67. doi:10.1651/07-2827R.1. S2CID 10326776.
  20. ^ Buhay, J.E. & Crandall, K.A. (2008). "Taxonomic revision of cave crayfishes in the genus "Orconectes", subgenus "Orconectes" (Decapoda: Cambaridae) along the Cumberland Plateau, including a description of a new species, "Orconectes barri"". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 28 (1): 57–67. doi:10.1651/07-2827R.1. S2CID 10326776.
  21. ^ Buhay, J.E. & Crandall, K.A. (2008). "Taxonomic revision of cave crayfishes in the genus "Orconectes", subgenus "Orconectes" (Decapoda: Cambaridae) along the Cumberland Plateau, including a description of a new species, "Orconectes barri"". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 28 (1): 57–67. doi:10.1651/07-2827R.1. S2CID 10326776.
  22. ^ Tsurnamal, M. (2008). "A new species of the stygobiotic blind prawn Typhlocaris Calman, 1909 (Decapoda, Palaemonidae, Typhlocaridinae) from Israel". Crustaceana. 81 (4): 487–501. doi:10.1163/156854008783797534.
  23. ^ Alvarez, Fernando; Iliffe, Thomas M. & Villalobos, José Luis (2006). "Macromaxillocarididae, a new family of stenopodidean shrimp from an anchialine cave in the Bahamas, with the description of Macromaxillocaris bahamaensis, n. gen., n. sp" (PDF). Journal of Crustacean Biology. 26 (3): 366–378. doi:10.1651/C-2658.1. S2CID 26634586. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
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