Lycopodioideae

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lycopodioideae
Lycopodium dendroideum.JPG
Dendrolycopodium dendroideum
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Lycophytes
Class: Lycopodiopsida
Order: Lycopodiales
Family: Lycopodiaceae
Subfamily: Lycopodioideae
W.H.Wagner & Beitel ex B.Øllg.[1]
Genera

See text.

Synonyms[2]
  • Lycopodium L. sensu Øllgaard (1987)

Lycopodioideae is a subfamily in the family Lycopodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).[1] It is equivalent to a broad circumscription of the genus Lycopodium in other classifications. Like all lycophytes, members of the Lycopodioideae reproduce by spores.

Description[]

The sporophytes of Lycopodioideae species are relatively short herbaceous plants. They have stems with pseudomonopodial branching in which unequal binary branching produces the appearance of a main stem with secondary side branches. The main stems are indeterminate and of various forms, including rhizomatous, creeping, trailing and climbing. They usually form roots at intervals along their length. The branches are usually determinate (i.e. of limited growth and extension). Sporangia are borne at the bases or in the axils of special spore-bearing leaves (sporophylls), which are notably different from the normal leaves, and are usually grouped into compact terminal structures (strobili). The strobili may be either upright or drooping.[2]

Taxonomy[]

The family Lycopodiaceae was first established in 1802.[3] Although other genera now placed within the family (in particular Huperzia, published in 1801[4]) had been described, until the mid-1900s, Lycopodium was often the only genus recognized. Work by Josef Holub and in the 1980s established three clear divisions within the family.[5] This has since been supported by molecular phylogenetic studies.[6] Several different ways of representing this situation taxonomically have been used,[5] and are still in use as of 2019, including three subfamilies with multiple genera, and three genera with multiple subgeneric divisions. Three subfamilies, including Lycopodioideae, were first suggested by Warren Wagner Jr. and Joseph Beitel in 1992, but were not validly published under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature as it was then. The names were validated by Benjamin Øllgaard in 2015.[2] The entire subfamily Lycopodioideae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) corresponds to the single genus Lycopodium in other classifications.[1][7][8]

Phylogeny[]

Within the family Lycopodiaceae, there is support for three subgroups. In 2016, Field et al. proposed that the primary division is between Lycopodielloideae plus Lycopodioideae (which comprised their Lycopodioideae) and Huperzioideae (subfamilies sensu PPG I).[6]

Lycopodiaceae
 
 

Lycopodielloideae (Lycopodiella s.l.) 

 
 

Lycopodioideae (Lycopodium s.l.) 

 
Lycopodioideae sensu Field et al. (2016)
 
 

Huperzioideae (Huperzia s.l.)

 
 

Field et al. (2016) included 22 species of Lycopodioideae in their analysis, which suggested the relationships among the genera shown in the following cladogram, where the number of species included in the study is shown in parentheses:[6]

Lycopodioideae
 
 
 

Lycopodiastrum (only sp.)

 
 
 

Pseudolycopodium (only sp.)

 
 
 

Pseudodiphasium (only sp.)

 
 

Austrolycopodium (2 spp.)

 
 
 
 
 
 

Dendrolycopodium (2 spp.)

 
 

Diphasium (3 spp.)

 
 
 
 
 

Diphasiastrum (6 spp.)

 
 
 

Spinulum (1 sp.)

 
 

Lycopodium (5 spp.)

 
 
 
 

Genera[]

In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) the Lycopodioideae has the following genera:[1]

All of these genera are submerged into a single genus Lycopodium sensu lato in other systems of classification.[8]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d PPG I (2016), "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns", Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 54 (6): 563–603, doi:10.1111/jse.12229
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c Øllgaard, B. (2015), "Six new species and some nomenclatural changes in neotropical Lycopodiaceae", Nordic Journal of Botany, 33: 186–196, doi:10.1111/njb.00652
  3. ^ "Lycopodiaceae P.Beauv. ex Mirb.", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2019-12-10
  4. ^ "Huperzia Bernh.", The International Plant Names Index, retrieved 2019-12-10
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Wagner Jr., Warren H. & Beitel, Joseph M. (1992), "Generic Classification of Modern North American Lycopodiaceae", Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 79 (3): 676–686, JSTOR 2399759
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c Field, Ashley R.; Testo, Weston; Bostock, Peter D.; Holtum, Joseph A.M. & Waycott, Michelle (January 2016), "Molecular Phylogenetics and the Morphology of the Lycopodiaceae Subfamily Huperzioideae Supports Three Genera: Huperzia, Phlegmariurus and Phylloglossum", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 94, Part B: 635–57, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.09.024
  7. ^ Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. & Chase, Mark W. (2014), "Trends and concepts in fern classification", Annals of Botany, 113 (9): 571–594, doi:10.1093/aob/mct299, PMC 3936591, PMID 24532607
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b "Lycopodium L.", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2019-12-10
Retrieved from ""