Macedonian Renaissance

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Virgin with child mosaic, Hagia Sophia
Interior of Hosios Loukas

Macedonian Renaissance (Greek: Μακεδονική Δυναστεια) is a historiographical term used for the blossoming of Byzantine culture in the 9th–11th centuries, under the eponymous Macedonian dynasty (867–1056), following the upheavals and transformations of the 7th–8th centuries, also known as the "Byzantine Dark Ages". The period is also known as the era of Byzantine encyclopedism, because of the attempts to systematically organize and codify knowledge, exemplified by the works of the scholar-emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos.

Concept[]

Because of problems with the term, scholars have employed alternative names to describe this period, including "renaissance" (with a small "r"), "renascence",[1] Middle Byzantine Renaissance or First Byzantine Renaissance (the Palaeologan Renaissance from the 13th century on being the second). Macedonian art refers to the art of this period.

Because the word Renaissance (rinascita) was created in the 15th and 16th centuries by Italian humanists to describe their own time, its use outside of that context is problematic; however, the period in question certainly did produce ideas and works of art that reflected a reassessment of classical ideals.[2]

The term Macedonian Renaissance was first used by Kurt Weitzmann in his The Joshua Roll: A Work of the Macedonian Renaissance.[3] It describes the architecture of Macedonia. At the same time, the manuscripts of "Paris Psalter" (cod. gr. 139, Paris, Bib. Nat. de France) were indicated as the best examples of Macedonian Renaissance by scholars.[4]

Era[]

The term “Byzantine” arose from Byzantium, a city founded in the eighth century BC on the site that would become Constantinople and is now Istanbul. Being on the easternmost territory of the Roman Empire allowed the groundwork for the Macedonian Renaissance to come about. Latin was the initial official language, while from the 7th century onwards Medieval Greek was the only language of administration, government and art in the Byzantine Empire and the religion was Orthodox Christianity.[5]

While the West Roman Empire had collapsed at the outset of the Middle Ages, its Eastern half, the Eastern Roman Empire, was able to survive and flourish. This was due mainly to its strategic location for commerce but also to the way it was able to hold back its enemies. Basil I (867-886), the founder of the Macedonian Dynasty of Byzantine rulers, was born in Thrace to a peasant family said to be of Armenian descent. He was employed in the influential circles of Constantinople and was rapidly promoted by the emperor Michael III eventually becoming co-emperor.[6]

By means of political maneuvering he was able to secure his future as emperor and then began military and diplomatic campaigns to secure the empire. He was able to regain control over Crete and Cyprus at the same time he was able to hold back First Bulgarian Empire's advances into his territory. His dynasty was thus able to maintain a period of peace under which economics, , art, and greek culture could thrive.

This period produced a shift from the ban on the painting of religious figures to icons being painted in a more classical and naturalistic manner. One example of these new artistic vision is the Mosaic of the Virgin and Child in Hagia Sophia, which can still be seen today.

The period also saw a proliferation of literature, such as De Ceremoniis ("The Book of Ceremonies"), which focused on governance, diplomatic interactions with neighboring nations, and other customs of the time. Education had also become a priority once again and the University of Constantinople boasted scholars such as Michael Psellus, who wrote the Chronographia, a history of fourteen Byzantine rulers.[7][8] Meanwhile, reforms in law sought to limit the power and growth of large land owners by the formation of trade guilds that allowed the state to control growth as described in the Book of the Eparch.

The building Magnaura in Constantinople had already become a school in 849 and was headed by the philosopher Leo the Mathematician (c. 790 – after 869).[9] Most of his works are lost.

Encyclopaedism[]

Paul Lemerle introduced the term "encyclopaedism" for this period, to reflect the systematic attempts at ordering and organizing knowledge in all spheres of cultural and administrative activity.[10] This activity resulted in the compilation of manuals on court hierarchy and administration (Taktika), military affairs, taxation, agriculture (Geoponika), reference works such as the Suda encyclopaedia and the Bibliotheca, as well as new codifications of Roman law (the Basilika) and regulations in the Book of the Eparch.[10] The spirit of the age was exemplified by Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, who produced three encyclopaedic manuals: the De Administrando Imperio, De Thematibus, and De Ceremoniis.[10] Other notable figures were the polymaths Leo the Mathematician, Patriarch Photios, and Arethas of Caesarea.[10] However, as Alexander Kazhdan notes, their "emphasis was not on creativity, but on copying and collecting".[10]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Cormack, Robin (2000). Byzantine Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 131. ISBN 0-19-284211-0.
  2. ^ For a discussion on the topic, see Cormack, Byzantine Art, pp. 130-142.
  3. ^ Weitzmann, Kurt. The Joshua Roll: A Work of the Macedonian Renaissance. Studies in Manuscript Illumination III, Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1948.
  4. ^ "Paris Psalterionu (Cod. gr. 139, Paris-Ulusal Kütüphane) ve Makedonyan Rönesansı (full paper text)". www.academia.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
  5. ^ . The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies edited by Elizabeth Jeffreys with John Haldon and Robin Cormack. Published 2008 by Oxford University Press.
  6. ^ "Basil I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 13 May. 2012 <https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/55030/Basil-I>.
  7. ^ John H. Rosser, Historical Dictionary of Byzantium, Scarecrow Press, 2001, p. xxx.
  8. ^ Aleksandr Petrovich Kazhdan, Annabel Jane Wharton, Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries, University of California Press, 1985, p. 122.
  9. ^ macedonian-heritage.gr: Leon the Mathematician
  10. ^ a b c d e ODB, "Encyclopedism" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 696–697.

Sources[]

  • Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
  • Treadgold, Warren (1984). "The Macedonian Renaissance". In Warren Treadgold (ed.). Renaissances before the Renaissance. Cultural Revivals of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1198-4.


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