Magnetofection

Magnetofection is a transfection method that uses magnetic fields to concentrate particles containing nucleic acid and in-utero samples to the target cells of the body.^[1] This method attempts to unite the advantages of the biochemical (cationic lipids or polymer atoms) and physical (electroporation, gene gun) transfection methods in one system while excluding their inconveniences (low efficiency, toxicity).^{[citation needed]} In 1978, Marseille-based trademarked in the UK the word Magnetofection.^[2](magenti-infection)

Principle[]

The magnetofection principle is to associate nucleic acids with cationic magnetic nanoparticles: these molecular complexes are then concentrated and transported into cells supported by an appropriate magnetic field.^[3] In this way, the magnetic force allows a very rapid concentration of the entire applied vector dose onto cells, so that 100% of the cells get in contact with a significant vector dose.

Applications[]

Magnetofection has been adapted to all types of nucleic acids (DNA, siRNA, dsRNA, shRNA, mRNA, ODN), non viral transfection systems () and viruses. It has been successfully tested on a broad range of cell lines, hard-to-transfect and primary cells.^[1][4] Several optimized and efficient magnetic nanoparticle formulations have been specifically developed for several types applications such as DNA, siRNA, and primary as well as viral applications.^{[citation needed]}

Mechanism[]

The magnetic nanoparticles are made of iron oxide, which is fully biodegradable, coated with specific cationic proprietary molecules varying upon the applications. Their association with the gene vectors (DNA, siRNA, ODN, virus, etc.) is achieved by and electrostatic interaction. The magnetic particles are then concentrated on the target cells by the influence of an external magnetic field generated by magnets. The cellular uptake of the genetic material is accomplished by endocytosis and pinocytosis, two natural biological processes. Consequently, membrane architecture and structure stays intact, in contrast to other physical transfection methods that damage the cell membrane.

The nucleic acids are then released into the cytoplasm by different mechanisms depending upon the formulation used:

1. the proton sponge effect caused by cationic polymers coated on the nanoparticles that promote endosome osmotic swelling, disruption of the endosome membrane and intracellular release of DNA form,
2. the destabilization of endosome by cationic lipids coated on the particles that release the nucleic acid into cells by flip-flop of cell negative lipids and charge neutralization and
3. the usual viral infection mechanism when a virus is used.

Magnetofection works for and hard to transfect cells that are not dividing or slowly dividing, meaning that the genetic materials can go to the cell nucleus without cell division. Coupling magnetic nanoparticles to gene vectors of any kind results in a dramatic increase of the uptake of these vectors and consequently high transfection efficiency.^{[citation needed]}

Biodistribution of magnetic nanoparticles[]

The biodegradable cationic magnetic nanoparticles are not toxic at the recommended doses and even higher doses. Gene vectors / magnetic nanoparticles complexes are seen into cells after 10–15 minutes that is much faster than any other transfection method. After 24, 48 or 72 hours, most of the particles are localized in the cytoplasm, in vacuoles (membranes surrounded structure into cells) and occasionally in the cell nucleus.^{[citation needed]}

References[]

Further reading[]

• http://www.ozbiosciences.com/magnetofection.html
• Mair, Lamar; et al. (April 2009). "Size-Uniform 200 nm Particles: Fabrication and Application to Magnetofection". Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology. 5 (2): 182–191(10). doi:10.1166/jbn.2009.1024. PMC 2818021. PMID 20055096.

See also[]

• Magnet-assisted transfection