Mahé, India

Mahé Mayyazhi
District in Puducherry, India
Mahé Location of Mahe surrounded by Kerala Mahé Mahé (India) Show map of KeralaShow map of IndiaShow all
Coordinates: 11°42′4″N 75°32′12″E / 11.70111°N 75.53667°E / 11.70111; 75.53667Coordinates: 11°42′4″N 75°32′12″E / 11.70111°N 75.53667°E / 11.70111; 75.53667
Country	India
Union Territory	Puducherry
District	Mahé
Government
• Type	Municipality
• Body	Mahé Municipality (Mairie de Mahé)
Area
• Total	9 km2 (3 sq mi)
Population  (2011)
• Total	41,816 (approx)
• Density	4,646/km2 (12,030/sq mi)
Languages
• Official	Tamil, English
• Additional	Malayalam, French
Time zone	UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN	673 310
Telephone code	91 (0) 490
Vehicle registration	PY-03
Sex ratio	1,000 ♂/1,184♀
Literacy	97.87%
Vidhan Sabha constituency	1
Climate	Tropical monsoon climate (Köppen)
Website	mahe.gov.in

Mahé, also known as Mayyazhi, is a small town in the Mahé district of the Puducherry Union Territory. It is situated at the mouth of the Mahé River and is surrounded by the State of Kerala. The Kannur District surrounds Mahé on three sides and Kozhikode District from one side.

Formerly part of French India, Mahé now forms a municipality in Mahé district, one of the four districts of the Union Territory of Puducherry. Mahé has one representative in the Puducherry Legislative Assembly.

Etymology[]

The name Mahé derives from Mayyazhi, the name given to the local river and region in the Malayalam language.^{[citation needed]}The original spelling found on French documents^[which?] from the early 1720s is Mayé, with Mahé and Mahié also found on documents, maps and geographical dictionaries until the early 19th century when the spelling Mahé became the norm. Therefore, the belief that the name of the town was given in honour of Bertrand François Mahé de La Bourdonnais (1699–1753), whose later fame derived in good part from his association with India, including his capture of Mayé in 1741, is incorrect.^[1]

Another claim that the spelling Mahé was officially adopted by the leader of the expedition that retook the city in 1726 in recognition of La Bourdonnais' role at the time is also unlikely.^[2] It is probable that the resemblance of Mayé, not to mention Mahé, with La Bourdonnais' family name prompted later generations to assume that the famous Frenchman was somehow directly or indirectly associated with the name to the town or the spelling of the name.

History[]

Before the arrival of European trading companies to the Indian subcontinent, this area was part of Kolathu Nadu which comprised Thulunadu, Chirakkal and Kadathanadu. The French East India Company constructed a fort on the site of Mahé in 1724, in accordance with an accord concluded between André Mollandin and Raja Vazhunnavar of Vatakara three years earlier. In 1741, Mahé de La Bourdonnais retook the town after a short period of occupation by the Marathas.^{[citation needed]}

In 1761 the British captured Mahé, and the settlement was handed over to the Rajah of Kadathanadu. The British restored Mahé to the French as a part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris. In 1779, the Anglo-French war broke out, resulting in the French loss of Mahé. In 1783, the British agreed to restore to the French their settlements in India, and Mahé was handed over to the French in 1785.^[3]

Mahé in 1726. Map made after taking possession of the place and the war against the Indian king of the region supported by the British.

Map 1900.

On the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1793, a British force under James Hartley captured Mahé. In 1816 the British restored Mahé to the French as a part of the 1814 Treaty of Paris, after the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars. Mayyazhi remained under French jurisdiction as a small French colony, an enclave within British India, during the long span that began in 1816. After the independence of India the area continued to be French-ruled until 13 June 1954, when a long anti-colonial struggle culminated in its joining the Indian Union (see Causes for liberation of French colonies in India).

After the French left, Mahé became a district of Puducherry Union Territory. The area of Mahé begins from Mayyazhi puzha in the north to Azhiyoor at the south. Mahé consists of Mahé town and Naluthara, which includes four villages: Pandakkal, Pallur, Chalakara and Chembra. The ruler of Kingdom of Mysore from the 1760s, Hyder Ali (ca 1722–1782), gifted Naluthara to the French as a token of appreciation for the assistance they provided in the war.

Liberation of Mahé[]

Gandhians like I. K. Kumaran led the struggle for union with India in Mahé after Indian independence in 1947. The municipal office of the French administration was attacked^{[by whom?]} on 21 October 1948 at 9:00 PM. The French national flag was removed and the Indian national flag hoisted on the municipal building (Mairie in French). On 26 October, a French navy ship anchored in Mahé and the French regained control of Mahé. The ship left Mahé on 31 October. Communists tried to capture Cherukallayi enclave in April 1954. Two Indians were killed during the struggle^{[citation needed]}. The Indian flag was hoisted in the Naluthura enclave on 1 May. The freedom fighters conducted an embargo on Mahé from June that year. On 14 July 1954, the Mahajanasabha organized a march into Mahé, which was liberated on 16 July 1954.^[4][5]

Freedom fighters in Mahé, 1954

Demographics[]

As of 2011 India census,^[6] Mahé had a population of 41,816, predominantly Malayalis. Males constitute 46.5% of the population with Females constituting the remaining 54.5%. Mahé has an average literacy rate of 97.87%; male and female literacy were 98.63% and 97.25%, respectively. Both the Sex ratio (1184 females per 1000 male) and the literacy rates in Mahe are relatively higher compared to the rest of the nation. The national Sex ratio is 940 females per male and the literacy rate is at 74.04 per cent.

In Mahé, 10.89% of the population consists of children under six years of age. In 2011 census, Child sex ratio is 978 girls per 1000 boys compared to figure of 910 girls per 1000 boys of 2001 census data. In 2011, Children under 6 formed 10.89 percent of Mahe District compared to 11.34 percent of 2001. There was net decrease of 0.45 percent between 2011 and 2001.

The share of Hindus in population is 66.8% (27,940) and Muslims are 30.7% (12,856) as per 2011 Census of India. Christians account for 2.29% (958) of the population

Locationwise distribution[]

• Mahe 10630
• Chalakara 6855
• Pandakal 8944
• Palloor 14250
• Cherukallayi 1255

Culture[]

The culture and geography of this area are like almost all of those in the Malabar Coast of Kerala. There are only very few French language speakers in the town (less than 100). Only few influences of French is left in the area. These are mostly reflected in architecture and few old buildings.

The major festival of this region is Vishu, Onam and Eid. The major language is Malayalam. The population also includes Arabic speakers too. The major religion is Hinduism 66.8% of populace practice this.

The few places that upheld the rich French culture once prevalent in the area are,^[7]

- St. Teresa's Shrine, Mahé built in 1736

- Statue of Marianne situated in Tagore Park to commemorate French Revolution

- The Government House

- The river walk.

- The Light House

- Cherukallayi St. George Fort ruins.

Climate[]

Mahé has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am), typical for the Kerala and Karnataka coast. There is a dry season from December to March, but the location on the windward side of the Western Ghats means that during the westerly monsoon season the region receives exceedingly heavy rainfall, reaching up to 1,080 millimetres or 43 inches in July.

Transport[]

Mahé's nearest airport is the recently commenced Kannur International Airport, Mattannur, at a distance of 40 kilometres (25 miles). The next nearest airport is the Calicut International Airport, Karipur, at a distance of 85 kilometres (53 miles).

The nearest Railway Station is Mahe railway station, where a few local and express trains stop. The nearest major railway stations, where several long distance trains stop, are Thalassery, Kannur, Mangalore and Vatakara.

There are a few Puducherry Road Transport Corporation buses that operate in Mahe. Otherwise bulk of Public transport is managed by Kerala State Road Transport Corporation, private buses based in Malabar and Auto rickshaws.

Administration[]

Mahé Municipality is the seat of the local administration of Mahé. The Mahé municipal area comprises 9 square kilometres (3.5 square miles) with one Assembly Constituency, i.e. Mahé. Municipal Council was not in existence with effect from 1978. Thereafter, the Regional Administrator or Regional Executive Officer used to exercise the power of the chairman and Vice-Chairman in the capacity of Special Officer of Mahé Municipal Council. Civic elections were held during 2006 after nearly 30 years. Based on the elections, the chairman and 15 councillors of Mahé Municipality were sworn in.

Divisions[]

1. Mahé Town
2. Cherukallayi
3. Chalakkara
4. Chembra
5. Palloor
6. Pandakkal

Wards[]

Mahé Municipality consists of 15 wards.

Mahé Pocket

1. Mundock
2. Manjakkal
3. Choodikotta
4. Parakkal
5. Valavil

Naluthara Pocket

1. Pandakkal North
2. Pandakkal Central
3. Pandakkal South
4. Palloor North-East
5. Palloor North-West
6. Palloor South-West
7. Palloor South-East
8. Chalakkara North
9. Chalakkara South

Cherukallayi Pocket

1. Cherukallayi

Education[]

Mahatma Gandhi Government Arts College, Mahé, was established in the year 1970 by I K Kumaran. The Mahé Co-operative College of Teacher Education was established in 2005 and is part of the Mahé Co-operative Centre for Information Technology Ltd.^[9][10] Other institutions include Mahé Co-operative College of Higher Education & Technology, Mahé Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Rajiv Gandhi Government Ayurveda College, Indira Gandhi Polytechnic College, Mahe and Rajiv Gandhi Govt Industrial Training Institute, Mahé.

The Pondicherry University Community College has a regional centre in Mahe.^[11]

There is a Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya (JNV Mahe) at Pandakkal. There are four Govt. Higher Secondary Schools, Three High Schools, Two Middle School and Eight Lower Primary Schools, functioning in Mahe. The Higher Secondary Schools are affiliated to the Board of Higher Secondary Education, Govt. of Kerala and High Schools to the Board of Secondary Education, Government of Kerala. Out of the three High Schools one is a French Medium, the examinations of which are conducted by the Deputy Director of French Education, Govt. of Puducherry.

Banking Facilities[]

The following banks provide banking facilities in Mahe.

• Bank Of India, Mahe^[12]
• Canara Bank, Mahe II^[13]
• Canara Bank, Mahe^[14]
• ESAF Small Finance Bank Limited, Mahe^[15]
• Federal Bank, Mahe^[16]
• HDFC Bank, Mahe^[17]
• Indian Bank, Mahe^[18]
• North Malabar Gramin Bank, New Mahe^[19]
• South Indian Bank, Mahe^[20]
• State Bank Of India, Mahe^[21]
• Syndicate Bank, Mahe^[22]
• Uco Bank, Mahe^[23]
• Union Bank of India, Mahe Branch^[24]

Notable people[]

• I. K. Kumaran, leader of French Indian Liberation Movement and the first Administrator of free Mahé
• M. Mukundan, Malayalam novelist and fiction writer.
• V. N. Purushothaman, the last Mayor and the first chairman of the Mahé Municipality.
• , Founder and First President of Alliance française MAHE
• M. Night Shyamalan, American film director and screenwriter
• , freedom fighter, the First Mayor of Mahé Municipality and also an Member of the Legislative Assembly

In popular culture[]

• M Mukundan's novel Mayyazhippuzhayude Theerangalil (transl. On the Banks of the River Mayyazhi) describes the political and social background of Mahé
• 1992 Malayalam feature film Daivathinte Vikrithikal, directed by Lenin Rajendran is based on the novel of the same name by M Mukundan, is set in the ex-French colony of Mayyazhi (Mahé)

See also[]

• Mahe (Union Territory Assembly constituency)
• French India
• Indira Gandhi Polytechnic College
• French East India Company
• Mahatma Gandhi Government Arts College, Mahe
• Municipal Administration in French India
• Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais
• Malabar (Northern Kerala)
• Treaty establishing De Jure Cession of French Establishments in India
• French people in India
• Yanam
• Chandannagar

Image gallery[]

• 

  Morning in Mahe

• 

  Mahe Light House

• 

  Mahe Town Hall

• 

  Mahe in 1867

• 

  Mahe Church, 1940

• 

  Kallappally Mosque

• 

  Keezhur Monument

• 

  Statue of freedom fighter Kumaran

References[]

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mahé, India.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mahe (India).

• Mahe District Website - https://mahe.gov.in
• Mahatma Gandhi Government Arts College, Mahe - Official website
• "Mahé" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.