Manungal

Hymn to the goddess Nungal by a scribe accused of a capital offense

Manungal (or simply Nungal, also known as Magala and Manuna) is a goddess of the underworld, punishment and prisons^[1] worshipped by the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Akkadians. She is the consort of the god Birdu, daughter of Ereskigal and daughter-in-law of Enlil. Her title was the "Queen of the Ekur" where she held the "tablet of life" and carried out judgement on the wicked.^[2]^[3] She was later identified with Nin-tin-uga, a name of Gula.^[1]

References[]

^ ^a ^b Frayne, Stuckey, Douglas R., Johanna H. (2021). A Handbook of Gods and Goddesses of the Ancient Near East: Three Thousand Deities of Anatolia, Syria, Israel, Babylonia, Assyria and Elam. Eisenbrauns, Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 200. ISBN 9781575068374.
^ Sjöberg Ake., "Nungal in the Ekur," 24 (1973), pp. 19-46.
^ Frymer, Tikva Simone., "The Nungal Hymn and the Ekur-prison", 20 (1977), pp. 78-89.

Jordan, Michael. Encyclopedia of Gods. Kyle Cathie Limited, 2002.

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[Frayne2021-1] Frayne, Stuckey, Douglas R., Johanna H. (2021). A Handbook of Gods and Goddesses of the Ancient Near East: Three Thousand Deities of Anatolia, Syria, Israel, Babylonia, Assyria and Elam. Eisenbrauns, Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 200. ISBN 9781575068374.

[2] Sjöberg Ake., "Nungal in the Ekur," 24 (1973), pp. 19-46.

[3] Frymer, Tikva Simone., "The Nungal Hymn and the Ekur-prison", 20 (1977), pp. 78-89.

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