Marbled crayfish

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Marbled crayfish
Procambarus fallax forma virginalis.jpg
Adult marmorkrebs
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Subphylum:
Crustacea
Class:
Malacostraca
Order:
Decapoda
Family:
Cambaridae
Genus:
Procambarus
Species:
P. virginalis
Binomial name
Procambarus virginalis
Lyko, 2017[1]
Marbled crayfish Marmorkrebs Procambarus fallax forma virginalis map countries Europe.png
Countries where the Marmorkrebs has been found in the wild. It has also been found in Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Madagascar, Taiwan, and China.[2][3]
Synonyms

Procambarus fallax forma virginalis[4]

The marbled crayfish or Marmorkrebs (Procambarus virginalis), is a parthenogenetic crayfish that was discovered in the pet trade in Germany in 1995.[5][6] Marbled crayfish are closely related to the "slough crayfish", Procambarus fallax,[4] which is widely distributed across Florida.[7] No natural populations of marbled crayfish are known. Information provided by one of the original pet traders as to where the marbled crayfish originated was deemed "totally confusing and unreliable".[8] The informal name Marmorkrebs is German for "marbled crayfish".

Model organism[]

Marbled crayfish are the only known decapod crustaceans to reproduce only by parthenogenesis.[5] All individuals are female, and the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.[6][9] Marbled crayfish are triploid animals[6][10] with 276 chromosomes,[11] which may be the main reason for their parthenogenetic reproduction. It is hypothesized that marbled crayfish originated from an error in meiosis resulting in a diploid gamete, which was then fertilized and created a viable triploid individual in a single generation.[6][12] Marbled crayfish are thus a model for the rapid generation of species.[6] Unlike other parthenogenetic organisms, the marbled crayfish is a relatively young species;[11] it was discovered in 1995.[6]

Because marbled crayfish are genetically identical, easy to care for,[13] and reproduce at high rates, they are a potential model organism, particularly for studying development.[14] A major drawback, however, is the long generation time (several months) compared to other research organisms.[15]

The marbled crayfish genome was sequenced in 2018, which provides an essential foundation for further research.[12]

Invasive species[]

Marbled crayfish have caused concern as a potential invasive species[5] because only a single individual is needed to establish a new population, and they can reproduce at high rates. Marbled crayfish are also a known carrier of a crayfish plague pathogen, Aphanomyces astaci.[16] Marbled crayfish inhabit freshwater environments, and have not successfully invaded ecosystems with higher salinity levels due to their reduced ability to reproduce and grow.[17] However, it has been proven that they can adjust to increasing saline environments, which may allow for their further expansion.[17]

They have since been introduced into natural ecosystems on four continents. They have been found in the wild in the following countries:

While initial reports of marbled crayfish in the wild in Europe consisted of only single individuals,[25] the number of European countries reporting populations of marbled crayfish is rising.[39]

In Europe, the marbled crayfish is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list).[40] This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.[41]

The Madagascar population has grown rapidly[31][12] and is estimated to be in the millions, with their geographical distribution having increased 100-fold from 2007 to 2017,[11] causing concern among local authorities.[42]

Regulation[]

Marbled crayfish are one of the most widely distributed species of crayfish in the international pet trade[43][44][45] and release from aquariums has likely been the main source of unwanted introductions. Concerns about the potential damage from their introduction have prompted several jurisdictions to regulate ownership of marbled crayfish.

The European Union instituted "a total ban on the possession, trade, transport, production and release of these species [including the marbled crayfish] in the wild" in 2016.[46][47][48][49]

Japan banned most North American crayfish species, including marbled crayfish, in 2020.[50]

Marbled crayfish are prohibited in the American states of Idaho,[51] Missouri,[52] Tennessee,[53][54] and Michigan,[55][56] Maryland,[57] and the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.[58]

References[]

  1. ^ Lyko, Frank (2017). "The marbled crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) represents an independent new species". Zootaxa. 4363 (4): 544–552. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4363.4.6. PMID 29245391.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Pârvulescu, Lucian; Togor, Andrei; Lele, Sandra-Florina; Scheu, Sebastian; Șinca, Daniel; Panteleit, Jörn (2017). "First established population of marbled crayfish Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870) f. virginalis (Decapoda, Cambaridae) in Romania" (PDF). BioInvasions Records. 6 (4): 357–362. doi:10.3391/bir.2017.6.4.09. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b D. M. Holdich & M. Pöckl (2007). "Invasive crustaceans in European inland waters". In Francesca Gherardi (ed.). Biological Invaders in Inland Waters: Profiles, Distribution, and Threats. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 29–75. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6029-8_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-6029-8.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Peer Martin; Nathan J. Dorn; Tadashi Kawai; Craig van der Heiden; Gerhard Scholtz (2010). "The enigmatic Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish) is the parthenogenetic form of Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870)". Contributions to Zoology. 79 (3): 107–118. doi:10.1163/18759866-07903003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c Gerhard Scholtz; Anke Braband; Laura Tolley; André Reimann; Beate Mittmann; Chris Lukhaup; Frank Steuerwald; Günter Vogt (2003). "Parthenogenesis in an outsider crayfish". Nature. 421 (6925): 806. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..806S. doi:10.1038/421806a. PMID 12594502. S2CID 84740187.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Vogt, Günter; Falckenhayn, Cassandra; Schrimpf, Anne; Schmid, Katharina; Hanna, Katharina; Panteleit, Jörn; Helm, Mark; Schulz, Ralf; Lyko, Frank (2015). "The marbled crayfish as a paradigm for saltational speciation by autopolyploidy and parthenogenesis in animals". Biology Open. 4 (11): 1583–1594. doi:10.1242/bio.014241. PMC 4728364. PMID 26519519.
  7. ^ Horton H. Hobbs Jr. (1942). "The crayfishes of Florida". University of Florida Publication: Biological Series. 3 (2): 1–179.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b Günter Vogt, Laura Tolley & Gerhard Scholtz (2004). "Life stages and reproductive components of the Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish), the first parthenogenetic decapod crustacean". Journal of Morphology. 261 (3): 286–311. doi:10.1002/jmor.10250. PMID 15281058. S2CID 24702276.
  9. ^ Peer Martin, Klaus Kohlmann & Gerhard Scholtz (2007). "The parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish) produces genetically uniform offspring". Naturwissenschaften. 94 (10): 843–846. Bibcode:2007NW.....94..843M. doi:10.1007/s00114-007-0260-0. PMID 17541537. S2CID 21568188.
  10. ^ Martin P, Thonagel S, Scholtz G (2015). "The parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Cambaridae) are triploid organisms". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 54: 13–21. doi:10.1111/jzs.12114.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c Gutekunst, Julian; Andriantsoa, Ranja; Falckenhayn, Cassandra; Hanna, Katharina; Stein, Wolfgang; Rasamy, Jeanne; Lyko, Frank (March 2018). "Clonal genome evolution and rapid invasive spread of the marbled crayfish". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (3): 567–573. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0467-9. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 29403072.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b c Gutekunst, Julian; Andriantsoa, Ranja; Falckenhayn, Cassandra; Hanna, Katharina; Stein, Wolfgang; Rasamy, Jeanne; Lyko, Frank (2018-02-05). "Clonal genome evolution and rapid invasive spread of the marbled crayfish". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (3): 567–573. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0467-9. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 29403072.
  13. ^ Stephanie A. Jimenez & Zen Faulkes (2010). "Establishment and care of a laboratory colony of parthenogenetic marbled crayfish, Marmorkrebs". Invertebrate Rearing. 1 (1): 10–18.
  14. ^ Frederike Alwes & Gerhard Scholtz (2006). "Stages and other aspects of the embryology of the parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (Decapoda, Reptantia, Astacida)". . 216 (4): 169–184. doi:10.1007/s00427-005-0041-8. PMID 16389558. S2CID 17494732.
  15. ^ Günter Vogt (2010). "Suitability of the clonal marbled crayfish for biogerontological research: A review and perspective, with remarks on some further crustaceans". Biogerontology. 11 (6): 643–669. doi:10.1007/s10522-010-9291-6. PMID 20582627. S2CID 22569013.
  16. ^ Lipták, Boris; Mrugała, Agata; Pekárik, Ladislav; Mutkovič, Anton; Gruľa, Daniel; Petrusek, Adam; Kouba, Antonín (2016-01-26). "Expansion of the marbled crayfish in Slovakia: beginning of an invasion in the Danube catchment?". Journal of Limnology. 75 (2). doi:10.4081/jlimnol.2016.1313. ISSN 1723-8633.
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b Veselý, Lukáš; Hrbek, Vladimír; Kozák, Pavel; Buřič, Miloš; Sousa, Ronaldo; Kouba, Antonín (2017). "Salinity tolerance of marbled crayfish Procambarus fallax f. virginalis". Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems (418): 21. doi:10.1051/kmae/2017014. ISSN 1961-9502.
  18. ^ Daniela Latzer; Reinhard Pekny (2018). "Erstnachweis des Marmorkrebses für Österreich in Salzburg". Salzburgs Fischerei. 49 (3): 24–30.
  19. ^ Alan Hope (2020-10-22). "Hundreds of self-cloning crayfish invade Antwerp cemetery". The Brussels Times.
  20. ^ Anonymous (11 February 2021). "Invasive marbled crayfish found on Big Taipa Hill: IAM". The Macau Post Daily. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  21. ^ Jiří Patoka; Miloš Buřič; Vojtěch Kolář; Martin Bláha; Miloslav Petrtýl; Pavel Franta; Robert Tropek; Lukáš Kalous; Adam Petrusek; Antonín Kouba (2016). "Predictions of marbled crayfish establishment in conurbations fulfilled: Evidences from the Czech Republic". Biologia. 71 (12): 1380–1385. doi:10.1515/biolog-2016-0164. S2CID 90321210.
  22. ^ Christian W (2019-02-16). "Self-fertilising invasive crayfish discovered in Denmark". The Copenhagen Post Online.
  23. ^ Ercoli, F.; Kaldre, K.; Paaver, T.; Gross, R. (2019). "First record of an established marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis (Lyko, 2017) population in Estonia". BioInvasions Records. 8 (3): 675–683. doi:10.3391/bir.2019.8.3.25.
  24. ^ Collas, Marc (2019). "The marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis) has just been discovered in France on the basin of the river Moselle. This is the first observation of this species in France". Retrieved 2019-08-31.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b Peer Martin; Hong Shen; Gert Füllner; Gerhard Scholtz (2010). "The first record of the parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (Decapoda, Astacida, Cambaridae) in the wild in Saxony (Germany) raises the question of its actual threat to European freshwater ecosystems". . 5 (4): 397–403. doi:10.3391/ai.2010.5.4.09.
  26. ^ Christoph Chucholl & Michael Pfeiffer (2010). "First evidence for an established Marmorkrebs (Decapoda, Astacida, Cambaridae) population in Southwestern Germany, in syntopic occurrence with Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817)". . 5 (4): 405–412. doi:10.3391/ai.2010.5.4.10.
  27. ^ Lőkkös A, Müller T, Kovács K, Várkonyi L, Specziár A, Martin P (2016). "The alien, parthenogenetic marbled crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) is entering Kis-Balaton (Hungary), one of Europe's most important wetland biotopes". Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems. 417 (417): 16. doi:10.1051/kmae/2016003.
  28. ^ Zen Faulkes (May 16, 2019). "Marmorkrebs in the Middle East". Marmorkrebs blog. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
  29. ^ Francesco Nonnis Marzano, Massimiliano Scalici, Stefania Chiesa, Francesca Gherardi, Armando Piccinini & Giancarlo Gibertini (2009). "The first record of the marbled crayfish adds further threats to fresh waters in Italy". . 4 (2): 401–404. doi:10.3391/ai.2009.4.2.19.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Tadashi Kawai; M. Takahata, eds. (2010). The Biology of Freshwater Crayfish. Sapporo: . ISBN 978-4-8329-8194-2.
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b Julia P. G. Jones; Jeanne R. Rasamy; Andrew Harvey; Alicia Toon; Birgit Oidtmann; Michele H. Randrianarison; Noromalala Raminosoa; Olga R. Ravoahangimalala (2008). "The perfect invader: a parthenogenic crayfish poses a new threat to Madagascar's freshwater biodiversity". . 11 (6): 1475–1482. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9334-y. S2CID 19583878.
  32. ^ Deidun, Alan; Sciberras, Arnold; Formosa, Justin; Zava, Bruno; Insacco, Gianni; Corsini-Foka, Maria; Crandall, Keith A. (2018). "Invasion by non-indigenous freshwater decapods of Malta and Sicily, central Mediterranean Sea". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 38 (6): 748–753. doi:10.1093/jcbiol/ruy076.
  33. ^ "Rak marmurkowy w okolicach Włodway" (in Polish). dziennikwschodni.pl. 2020-08-21.
  34. ^ "Rak marmurkowy w okolicach Ostrowa Lubelskiego" (in Polish). lublin112. 2020-08-19.
  35. ^ Boris Lipták; Agata Mrugała; Ladislav Pekárik; Anton Mutkovič; Daniel Gruľa; Adam Petrusek & Antonín Kouba (2016). "Expansion of the marbled crayfish in Slovakia: beginning of an invasion in the Danube catchment?". Journal of Limnology. doi:10.4081/jlimnol.2016.1313.
  36. ^ P. Bohman; L. Edsman; P. Martin; G. Scholtz (2013). "The first Marmorkrebs (Decapoda: Astacida: Cambaridae) in Scandinavia". . 2 (3): 227–232. doi:10.3391/bir.2013.2.3.09.
  37. ^ Phillipe Charlier (2020-11-06). "Mutant invasive crayfish found infesting ponds in Taipei City park". Taiwan English News.
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  39. ^ C. Chucholl; K. Morawetz; H. Groß H (2012). "The clones are coming – strong increase in Marmorkrebs [Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870) f. virginalis] records from Europe". . 7 (4): 511–519. doi:10.3391/ai.2012.7.4.008.
  40. ^ "List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern - Environment - European Commission". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  41. ^ "REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species".
  42. ^ Klaus Heimer (18 August 2010). "Invasion of self-cloning crayfish alarms Madagascar". Deutsche Presse-Agentur wire story.
  43. ^ Zen Faulkes (2010). "The spread of the parthenogenetic marbled crayfish, Marmorkrebs (Procambarus sp.), in the North American pet trade". . 5 (4): 447–450. doi:10.3391/ai.2010.5.4.16.
  44. ^ Zen Faulkes (2015). "Marmorkrebs (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis) are the most popular crayfish in the North American pet trade". Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems. 416 (416): 20. doi:10.1051/kmae/2015016.
  45. ^ Zen Faulkes (2015). "The global trade in crayfish as pets". . 44: 75–92. doi:10.18353/crustacea.44.0_75.
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  48. ^ "COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2017/1263 of 12 July 2017 updating the list of invasive alien species of Union concern established by Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1141 pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council". EUR-Lex. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
  49. ^ Zen Faulkes (February 17, 2016). "Has the European Union regulated Marmorkrebs?". Marmorkrebs blog. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  50. ^ "Raising, Selling of Nonnative Crayfish Banned in Japan". Jiji Press. 2020-11-02.
  51. ^ "Invertebrates — Invasive Species of Idaho". idaho.gov. Retrieved 2020-01-02.
  52. ^ Anonymous (17 May 2010). "Conservation Action Meeting of the March 2010 Conservation Commission". Missouri Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
  53. ^ "Rules of the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, Wildlife Resources, Chapter 1660-1-18, Rules and Regulations of Live Wildlife" (PDF). Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency. 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
  54. ^ Zen Faulkes (January 25, 2016). "Sell your Marmorkrebs, Tennesseans". Marmorkrebs blog. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  55. ^ "Invasive, self-cloning marbled crayfish now a prohibited species in Michigan". The Department of Natural Resources, Michigan. 2020-05-15. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  56. ^ Ken Haddad (2020). "Michigan adds invasive marbled crayfish to prohibited species list". Click On Detroit. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  57. ^ Sawyers, Michael (Aug 3, 2004). "Possessed crayfish could be illegal in Maryland". Cumberland Times-News.
  58. ^ "The Saskatchewan Gazette". 2020-04-03. p. 193. Retrieved 2020-05-27.

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