Maurice Bavaud

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Maurice Bavaud
Maurice Bavaud.jpg
Picture of Maurice Bavaud circa 1937
Born
Maurice Bavaud

(1916-01-15)January 15, 1916
Neuchâtel, Switzerland
DiedMay 14, 1941(1941-05-14) (aged 25)
Berlin-Plötzensee, Berlin, Nazi Germany
Cause of deathExecution by Guillotine
NationalitySwiss
Parent(s)Alfred Bavaud
Hélène Steiner

Maurice Bavaud (January 15, 1916 – May 14, 1941) was a Swiss theology student who in 1938 attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler.

Background[]

Maurice Bavaud was born in Neuchâtel, the son of Alfred Bavaud, a postal worker, and Helène Steiner.[1] Bavaud, a catholic theology student, attended the Saint Ilan Seminary, Saint-Brieuc, Brittany, and was a member of an anti-communist student group in France called Compagnie du Mystère. The group's leader, Marcel Gerbohay, had great influence over Bavaud. Gerbohay claimed that he was a member of the Romanov Dynasty, and convinced Bavaud that when communism was destroyed, the Romanovs would once again rule Russia, in the person of Gerbohay. Bavaud believed what Gerbohay had told him, became obsessed with the idea that killing Hitler would help the plans to materialise, and finally decided to carry out the assassination himself.[2]

Attempts[]

On October 9, 1938, Bavaud travelled from Brittany to Baden-Baden, then on to Basel, where he bought a Schmeisser 6.35 mm (.25 ACP) semi-automatic pistol. In Berlin, a policeman, Karl Deckert, overheard Bavaud saying that he wanted to meet Hitler personally. Deckert advised Bavaud that a private audience could be arranged if Bavaud could obtain a letter of introduction from a suitable foreign VIP. Deckert told him to travel to Munich for the anniversary of the 1923 "Beer Hall Putsch", which Hitler attended every year. Bavaud followed those instructions by buying a ticket for a seat on the reviewing stand by posing as a Swiss reporter, intending to shoot Hitler as he passed during the parade. Bavaud abandoned this attempt when, on November 9, Hitler turned out to be marching in the company of other Nazi leaders whom Bavaud did not want to injure.

Bavaud next purchased expensive stationery and forged a letter of introduction in the name of the French nationalist leader Pierre Taittinger, which claimed that Bavaud had a second letter for Hitler's eyes only. He travelled to Berchtesgaden in the belief that Hitler had returned there, only to find that Hitler was still in Munich. When Bavaud returned to Munich, he discovered that Hitler was just leaving for Berchtesgaden.

Arrest and trial[]

Having exhausted his money, Bavaud stowed away on a train to Paris, where he was discovered by a conductor who turned him over to the police. He was interrogated by the Gestapo and admitted his plans to assassinate Hitler.

Bavaud was tried by the Volksgerichtshof on December 18, 1939, naming as his motives that he considered Hitler a danger to humanity in general, to Swiss independence, and to Catholicism in Germany. Swiss diplomacy made no effort to save Bavaud. Hans Frölicher, the Swiss ambassador to Germany, even publicly condemned Bavaud's assassination attempt. An offer from the Germans to exchange Bavaud for a German spy was turned down, and Bavaud was sentenced to death. He was executed by guillotine in the Berlin-Plötzensee prison on the morning of May 14, 1941.

Aftermath[]

Bavaud's father Alfred attempted to rehabilitate his son's name and reputation, resulting in a court decision on December 12, 1955 reverting the death sentence but posthumously condemning Bavaud to a five-year sentence, arguing that Hitler's life was protected by law just as any other life. A second verdict of 1956 reverted the prison sentence and Germany paid Bavaud's family the sum of CHF 40,000 in reparation.

In 1976, Rolf Hochhuth idealized Bavaud as a "new William Tell", while in 1980 Klaus Urner relativized Hochhuth's heroic picture, analyzing psychological aspects of Bavaud's motivation. In 1989 and again in 1998, the Swiss Federal Council admitted that the Swiss authorities did not make a sufficient effort to save Bavaud. Finally, in 2008, the Swiss government honored the life and effort of Bavaud.[3] In 2011, a small monument was erected in Hauterive near Neuchâtel.

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Weisel, Luc. "Maurice Bavaud". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (in French).
  2. ^ Thomsett, Michael C. (1997). The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, the Underground, and Assassination Plots, 1938-1945. McFarland. pp. 96–97. ISBN 0-7864-0372-1.
  3. ^ 'Swiss honor a student who tried to kill Hitler,' Herald Tribune (November 7, 2008). [1]

References[]

  • Peter Hoffmann, "Maurice Bavaud’s Attempt to Assassinate Hitler in 1938," Police Forces in History ed. George L. Mosse. SAGE Readers in 20th Century History Vol. 2. London/Beverly Hills 1975, p. 173–204.
  • Roger Moorhouse, "Killing Hitler," Jonathan Cape, 2006. ISBN 0-224-07121-1
  • Rolf Hochhut's TELL 38 is an account of Maurice Bavaud's life and includes

Further reading[]

  • Dokumente über die Kollaboration von Behörden der Schweiz mit der nationalsozialistischen Diktatur Deutschland. Einsehbar auf der Homepage des Eidgenössischen Diplomatischen Dienstes Dodis. Der missglückte Attentäter.
  • Der Stimme des Gewissens verpflichtet - bis zum Letzten: Maurice Bavaud: Theologiestudent und Hitler-Attentäter; Requiem wider das Vergessen vom 19. November 2009 (= Romero-Haus-Protokolle, Band 121), RomeroHaus, Luzern 2010,
  • Hersche, Otmar, Spinatsch,Peter (Redaktion): Maurice Bavaud: ein 22jähriger Schweizer versucht 1938 Hitler aufzuhalten, Dokumentation zum 60. Todestag, übersetzt von Bertrand Schütz, Comité Maurice Bavaud, Bern 2001,
  • Hochhuth, Rolf: Tell gegen Hitler. Historische Studien. Mit einer Rede von Karl Pestalozzi. Insel, Frankfurt am Main 1992, ISBN 3-458-19119-4.
  • Steinacher, Martin: Maurice Bavaud - verhinderter Hitler-Attentäter im Zeichen des katholischen Glaubens? (= Anpassung, Selbstbehauptung, Widerstand, Band 38). Lit, Münster/Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-643-12932-1.

External links[]

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