Maya calendar

The Maya calendar is a system of calendars used in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and in many modern communities in the Guatemalan highlands,^[1] Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico.^[2]

The essentials of the Maya calendar are based upon a system which had been in common use throughout the region, dating back to at least the 5th century BC. It shares many aspects with calendars employed by other earlier Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Zapotec and Olmec and contemporary or later ones such as the Mixtec and Aztec calendars.^[3]

By the Maya mythological tradition, as documented in Colonial Yucatec accounts and reconstructed from Late Classic and Postclassic inscriptions, the deity Itzamna is frequently credited with bringing the knowledge of the calendrical system to the ancestral Maya, along with writing in general and other foundational aspects of Mayan culture.^[4]

Overview[]

The Maya calendar consists of several cycles or counts of different lengths. The 260-day count is known to scholars as the Tzolkin, or Tzolkʼin.^[5] The Tzolkin was combined with a 365-day vague solar year known as the Haabʼ to form a synchronized cycle lasting for 52 Haabʼ, called the Calendar Round. The Calendar Round is still in use by many groups in the Guatemalan highlands.^[6]

A different calendar was used to track longer periods of time and for the inscription of calendar dates (i.e., identifying when one event occurred in relation to others). This is the Long Count. It is a count of days since a mythological starting-point.^[7] According to the correlation between the Long Count and Western calendars accepted by the great majority of Maya researchers (known as the Goodman-Martinez-Thompson, or GMT, correlation), this starting-point is equivalent to August 11, 3114 BC in the proleptic Gregorian calendar or September 6, in the Julian calendar (−3113 astronomical). The GMT correlation was chosen by John Eric Sydney Thompson in 1935 on the basis of earlier correlations by Joseph Goodman in 1905 (August 11), Juan Martínez Hernández in 1926 (August 12) and Thompson himself in 1927 (August 13).^[8] By its linear nature, the Long Count was capable of being extended to refer to any date far into the past or future. This calendar involved the use of a positional notation system, in which each position signified an increasing multiple of the number of days. The Maya numeral system was essentially vigesimal (i.e., base-20) and each unit of a given position represented 20 times the unit of the position which preceded it. An important exception was made for the second-order place value, which instead represented 18 × 20, or 360 days, more closely approximating the solar year than would 20 × 20 = 400 days. The cycles of the Long Count are independent of the solar year.

Many Maya Long Count inscriptions contain a supplementary series, which provides information on the lunar phase, number of the current lunation in a series of six and which of the nine Lords of the Night rules.

Less-prevalent or poorly understood cycles, combinations and calendar progressions were also tracked. An 819-day Count is attested in a few inscriptions. Repeating sets of 9 days (see below "Nine lords of the night")^[9] associated with different groups of deities, animals and other significant concepts are also known.

Tzolkʼin[]

The tzolkʼin (in modern Maya orthography; also commonly written tzolkin) is the name commonly employed by Mayanist researchers for the Maya Sacred Round or 260-day calendar. The word tzolkʼin is a neologism coined in Yucatec Maya, to mean "count of days" (Coe 1992). The various names of this calendar as used by precolumbian Maya people are still debated by scholars. The Aztec calendar equivalent was called Tōnalpōhualli, in the Nahuatl language.

The tzolkʼin calendar combines twenty day names with the thirteen day numbers to produce 260 unique days. It is used to determine the time of religious and ceremonial events and for divination. Each successive day is numbered from 1 up to 13 and then starting again at 1. Separately from this, every day is given a name in sequence from a list of 20 day names:

Tzolkʼin calendar: named days and associated glyphs
Seq. Num. ¹	Day Name ²	Glyph example ³	16th-c. Yucatec ⁴	Reconstructed Classic Maya ⁵	Seq. Num. ¹	Day Name ²	Glyph example ³	16th-c. Yucatec ⁴	Reconstructed Classic Maya ⁵
01	Imix		Imix	Imix (?) / Haʼ (?)	11	Chuwen		Chuen	(unknown)
02	Ikʼ		Ik	Ikʼ	12	Ebʼ		Eb	(unknown)
03	Akʼbʼal		Akbal	Akʼbʼal (?)	13	Bʼen		Ben	C'klab^{[clarification needed]}
04	Kʼan		Kan	Kʼan (?)	14	Ix		Ix	Hix (?)
05	Chikchan		Chicchan	(unknown)	15	Men		Men	(unknown)
06	Kimi		Cimi	Cham (?)	16	Kʼibʼ		Cib	(unknown)
07	Manikʼ		Manik	Manichʼ (?)	17	Kabʼan		Caban	Chabʼ (?)
08	Lamat		Lamat	Ekʼ (?)	18	Etzʼnabʼ		Etznab	(unknown)
09	Muluk		Muluc	(unknown)	19	Kawak		Cauac	(unknown)
10	Ok		Oc	(unknown)	20	Ajaw		Ahau	Ajaw
NOTES: The sequence number of the named day in the Tzolkʼin calendar Day name, in the standardized and revised orthography of the Guatemalan Academia de Lenguas Mayas^[5] An example glyph (logogram) for the named day. Note that for most of these several different forms are recorded; the ones shown here are typical of carved monumental inscriptions (these are "cartouche" versions) Day name, as recorded from 16th-century Yukatek Maya accounts, principally Diego de Landa; this orthography has (until recently) been widely used In most cases, the actual day name as spoken in the time of the Classic Period (c. 200–900) when most inscriptions were made is not known. The versions given here (in Classic Maya, the main language of the inscriptions) are reconstructed on the basis of phonological evidence, if available; a '?' symbol indicates the reconstruction is tentative.^[10]

Some systems started the count with 1 Imix, followed by 2 Ikʼ, 3 Akʼbʼal, etc. up to 13 Bʼen. The day numbers then start again at 1 while the named-day sequence continues onwards, so the next days in the sequence are 1 Ix, 2 Men, 3 Kʼibʼ, 4 Kabʼan, 5 Etzʼnabʼ, 6 Kawak and 7 Ajaw. With all twenty named days used, these now began to repeat the cycle while the number sequence continues, so the next day after 7 Ajaw is 8 Imix. The repetition of these interlocking 13- and 20-day cycles therefore takes 260 days to complete (that is, for every possible combination of number/named day to occur once).

The earliest known inscription with a Tzolkʼin is an Olmec earspool with 2 Ahau 3 Ceh - 6.3.10.9.0, September 2, -678 (Julian astronomical).^[11]

Haabʼ[]

**Haabʼ months**: names and glyphs^[12] in sequence
Seq. Num.	Yucatec name	Hieroglyph	Classic Period glyph sign	Meaning of glyph ^[13]	Reconstructed Classic Maya		Seq. Num.	Yucatec name	Hieroglyph	Classic Period glyph sign	Meaning of glyph	Reconstructed Classic Maya
1	Pop	WIKI

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