Mehdi Ben Barka
![]() | show This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (January 2021) Click [show] for important translation instructions. |
Mehdi Ben Barka | |
---|---|
المَهْدِي بِن بَرْكَة | |
![]() Mehdi Ben Barka | |
Born | January 1920 |
Disappeared | October 29, 1965 (aged 45) Paris, France |
Status | Missing for 55 years, 10 months and 4 days |
Nationality | Moroccan |
Education | Lycée Lyautey |
Occupation | politician, writer |
Political party | Istiqlal Party 1944 - 1959 National Union of Popular Forces 1959 - |
Mehdi Ben Barka (Arabic: المهدي بن بركة; 1920 – disappeared 29 October 1965) was a Moroccan politician, head of the left-wing National Union of Popular Forces (UNPF) and secretary of the Tricontinental Conference. An opponent of French Imperialism and King Hassan II, he was "disappeared" in Paris in 1965. Many theories attempting to explain what happened to him were put forward over the years; but it was not until 2018 that details of his disappearance were established by Israeli journalist and author Ronen Bergman in his book Rise And Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations. Based on research and interviews with Israeli intelligence operatives involved in planning the kidnapping of Barka, Bergman concluded that he was murdered by Moroccan agents and French police, who ended up disposing of his body.[1]
Background[]
Youth and the fight for Moroccan independence[]
Mehdi Ben Barka was born January 1920 into a middle class family in Rabat;[2] his father Ahmed Ben M'hammed Ben Barka was at the beginning of his career, serving as personal secretary of the Pasha of Tangier, before becoming a businessman in Rabat, and his mother Lalla Fatouma Bouanane, was a stay-at-home mother.[3]
He was one of the very few Moroccan children not from the bourgeoisie to have access to a good education.[2] He studied at Collège Moulay Youssef in Rabat, among the children of the colons and the city's nobility, where he joined the drama club and excelled in his studies.[2] Meanwhile, in addition to his studies, he worked as a simple accountant at the wholesale market to help his family.[2] He earned his first diploma in 1938[2] with high honors at a time when Morocco only produced about 20 or so graduates of baccalauréat secondary school programs per year.
In response to the Berber Dahir of May 16, 1930, which placed Amazigh populations under the jurisdiction of the French authorities, 14-year-old Mehdi Ben Barka joined the Comité d'action marocaine, the first political movement born under the protectorate.
His outstanding academic performance attracted the attention of the French Résident Général Charles Noguès, who sent him along with other distinguished students on a trip to Paris.[2] He studied at Lycée Lyautey in Casablanca from 1938 to 1939,[4] and received his baccalauréat diploma in mathematics in 1939.[2]
As a 17-year-old, he became one of the youngest members of Allal al-Fassi's National Party for the Realization of Reforms (الحركة الوطنية لتحقيق الإصلاحات), which would become the Istiqlal Party a few years later.
Though he wanted to complete his studies in France, the outbreak of World War II forced him to continue his studies in mathematics at the University of Algiers, also under French control in 1940, instead.[2] He earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics and became the first Moroccan to do so at an official French school.[2] The Algerian People's Party influenced him to broaden the scale of his nationalism to incorporate all of North Africa. He could not disassociate the fate of Morocco from the fate of the entire Maghreb.[5]
He returned to Morocco in 1942. At 23 years old, as the first Moroccan Muslim graduate in mathematics of an official French school, he became a professor at the Royal Academy (Arabic: المدرسة المولوية, French: Collège Royal), where the future king of Morocco Hassan II was one of his students.[6][7][8] He participated in the creation of the Istiqlal Party, which would play a major role in Morocco's independence. He was the youngest signatory of the Proclamation of Independence of Morocco of January 11, 1944.[8] His signature got him arrested along with other party leaders, and he spent more than a year in prison. cites Ben Barka as having participated—along with Ahmed Balafrej, , , and —in the creation of the newspaper Al-Alam in 1946.[9] According to Mohammed Lahbabi of the USFP, Mehdi Ben Barka prepared the Tangier Speech delivered by Sultan Muhammad V April 10, 1947.[10]
He also remained an activist in the nationalist movement, to the extent that the French General Alphonse Juin described him as the "enemy #1 of France in Morocco.” Mehdi Ben Barka was put on house arrest February 1951. In 1955, he participated in the negotiations that led to the return of Muhammad V, who French authorities had ousted and exiled, and to the end of the French protectorate.[11]
Primary opponent of Hassan II[]
He left the Istiqlal Party in 1959 after clashes with conservative opponents to found the left-wing National Union of Popular Forces (UNFP).
In 1962 he was accused of plotting against King Hassan II. He was exiled from Morocco in 1963, after calling upon Moroccan soldiers to refuse to fight Algeria in the 1963 Sand War.[12]
Exile and global political significance[]
When he was exiled in 1963, Ben Barka became a "traveling salesman of the revolution" according to the historian Jean Lacouture. He left initially for Algiers, where he met Che Guevara, Amílcar Cabral and Malcolm X. From there, he went to Cairo, Rome, Geneva and Havana, trying to unite the revolutionary movements of the Third World for the Tricontinental Conference meeting that was to be held in January 1966 in Havana. In a press conference, he claimed "the two currents of the world revolution will be represented there: the current [that] emerged with the October Revolution and that of the national liberation revolution".
As the leader of the Tricontinental Conference, Ben Barka was a major figure in the Third World movement and supported revolutionary anti-colonial action in various states; this provoked the anger of the United States and France. Just before his disappearance, he was preparing the first meeting of the Tricontinental, scheduled to take place in Havana. The OSPAAAL (Spanish for "Organization for Solidarity with the People of Africa, Asia and Latin America") was founded on that occasion.
Chairing the preparatory commission, he defined the objectives; assistance with the movements of liberation, support for Cuba during its subjection to the United States embargo, the liquidation of foreign military bases and apartheid in South Africa. For the historian René Galissot, "The underlying reason for the removal and assassination of Ben Barka is to be found in this revolutionary impetus of Tricontinentale."
Disappearance[]
On 29 October 1965, Mehdi Ben Barka was abducted ("disappeared") in Paris by French policemen and never seen again. On 29 December 1975, Time magazine published an article titled "The Murder of Mehdi Ben Barka",[13] stating that three Moroccan agents were responsible for the death of Ben Barka, one of them former Interior Minister Mohamed Oufkir. Speculation[14] persists as to CIA involvement. French intelligence agents and the Israeli Mossad were also involved, according to the article. According to Tad Szulc, Israeli involvement was in the wake of the successful Moroccan-Israeli collaboration in the 1961–64 Operation Yachin; he claims that Meir Amit located Ben Barka, whereupon Mossad agents persuaded him to come to Paris where he was to be arrested by the French police.[15]
Theories on the disappearance of Ben Barka[]
French trial[]
In the 1960s Ben Barka's disappearance was enough of a scandale public that President De Gaulle formally declared his government had not been responsible. After trial in 1967, two French officers were sent to prison for their role in the kidnapping. However, the judge ruled that the main guilty party was Moroccan Interior Minister Mohamed Oufkir.[16] Georges Figon, a freelance barbouze (secret agent)[17] who had testified earlier that Oufkir stabbed Ben Barka to death, was later found dead, officially a suicide.
Prefect of Police Maurice Papon (1910–2007), later convicted of crimes against humanity for his role under the Vichy regime, was forced to resign following Ben Barka's kidnapping.
Ahmed Boukhari[]
A former member of the Moroccan secret service, Ahmed Boukhari claimed in 2001 that Ben Barka had died during interrogation in a villa south of Paris. He said Ben Barka's body was then taken back to Morocco and destroyed in a vat of acid. Furthermore, he declared that this vat of acid, whose plans were reproduced by the newspapers, had been constructed under instructions from the CIA agent "Colonel Martin", who had learnt this technique to make corpses disappear during his appointment in the Shah's Iran in the 1950s.
Ali Bourequat[]
Moroccan-French dissident and former Tazmamart prisoner of conscience Ali Bourequat claims in his book In the Moroccan King's Secret Garden to have met a former Moroccan secret agent in a prison near Rabat in 1973–74. The man, Dubail, recounted how he and some colleagues, led by Colonel Oufkir and Ahmed Dlimi, had murdered Ben Barka in Paris.
The body was then encapsulated in cement and buried outside Paris, but his head was brought by Oufkir to Morocco in a suitcase. Thereafter, it was buried in the same prison grounds where Dubail and Bourequat were held.
CIA documents[]
Owing to requests made through the Freedom of Information Act, the United States government acknowledged in 1976 that the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) possessed 1,800 documents involving Ben Barka; however, the documents were not released.
French documents[]
Some secret French documents on the affair were made public in 2001, causing political uproar. Defence minister Michèle Alliot-Marie had agreed in 2004 to follow the recommendations of a national defence committee and released the 73 additional classified documents on the case. However, the son of Mehdi Ben Barka was outraged at what he called a "pseudo-release of files", insisting that information had been withheld which could have implicated the French secret services (SDECE), and possibly the CIA and the Mossad, as well as the ultimate responsibility of King Hassan II of Morocco–who conveniently was able to put the blame on Oufkir after his failed coup in 1972.[18]
Driss Basri[]
Driss Basri, Interior Minister of Hassan II and his right-hand man from the early 1980s to the late 1990s, was heard by the judge Patrick Ramaël in May 2006, as a witness, concerning Ben Barka's kidnapping. Basri declared to the magistrate that he had not been linked to the Ben Barka affair. He added that "it is possible that the King knew. It is legitimate to think that de Gaulle possessed some information..."[19]
Ronen Bergman[]
Ronen Bergman, author and "senior correspondent for military and intelligence affairs" for Israel's Yedioth Ahronoth newspaper, in his book Rise And Kill First (2018) writes that Israel's Mossad intelligence service had established a reciprocal intelligence-sharing relationship with the government of Morocco's King Hassan II. In September, 1965 the King had allowed the Mossad to install electronic eavesdropping devices in "all the meeting rooms and private suites of the leaders of the Arab states and their military commanders during an Arab summit in Casablanca", giving Israel "an unprecedented glimpse" of the military and intelligence secrets of its greatest enemies, and of the mindsets of those countries' leaders. Information transferred to Israel from the Casablanca summit about the shaky state of the Arab armies was "one of the foundations for the confidence felt by IDF chiefs" when they recommended their government to wage war two years later (the 1967 Six-Day War).[20] But just one day after the Mossad had received the transcripts from this Arab summit, a top Moroccan intelligence service chief, Ahmed Dlimi requested - on behalf of King Hassan II - that the Israelis immediately repay the favor by assassinating Ben Barka. According to Bergman's sources, the Mossad did not actually carry out the killing but played a key role in locating Barka and giving that information to Moroccan authorities so they could place him under surveillance; the Mossad created the plan for the kidnapping - which was to be carried out by the Moroccans themselves. "The Mossad supplied the Moroccans with safe houses in Paris, vehicles, fake passports, and two different kinds of poison with which to kill [Barka], as well as shovels and 'something to disguise the traces'". After the Moroccans, "with the help of corrupt French police officers" tortured and murdered Barka in a Mossad safe house, a team of Mossad operatives took care of the disposal of the body, burying it in the Saint-Germain forest outside Paris, carefully scattering a chemical powder over the grave which would dissolve the body. "[A]ccording to some of the Israelis involved" what was left of Barka's body was then moved again and buried either under the road leading to or under the headquarters of the Louis Vuitton Foundation.[21]
Cooperation with Czechoslovak intelligence[]
Czech historian revealed in his article “A prominent spy: Mehdi Ben Barka, Czechoslovak intelligence, and Eastern bloc espionage in the Third World”[22] published in Intelligence and National Security journal that Ben Barka had collaborated with Czechoslovak secret service (StB) from 1961 until his abduction in 1965. Ben Barka made regular trips to Czechoslovakia and his cooperation with the StB revolved around the exchange of intelligence and the fulfilment of specific intelligence operations for which he was financially rewarded. The Czechoslovak secret service provided Ben Barka (codenamed “Sheikh”) with intelligence training in 1965. Barka also asked the StB to train a small group of UNFP members based in Algeria with the intention of overthrowing the King Hassan II. Although the StB refused his request and was willing to train Moroccans only on conspiracy methods, surveillance, and anti-surveillance measures, Ben Barka’s cooperation with the StB and his visits of Czechoslovakia were no secret to General Mohamed Oukfir and Moroccan intelligence service. According to Koura, Ben Barka’s kidnapping may have been related to his alleged plan to stage a coup in Morocco with the help of the Czechoslovak secret service. During his last visit in Prague in early October 1965, Mehdi Ben Barka complained that the King Hassan II was taking various measures against him and asked the secret service for a small handgun to protect himself as he feared of assassination.[23]
Legacy[]
Victoria Brittain, writing in The Guardian, called Ben Barka a "revolutionary theoretician as significant as Frantz Fanon and Che Guevara", whose "influence reverberated far beyond their own continent".[24] His writings have been collected and translated in French by his son Bachir Ben Barka and published in 1999 under the title Écrits politiques (1957–1965).[25]
See also[]
- France-Morocco relations
- List of solved missing persons cases
- Maxim Ghilan
- Service d'Action Civique
Filmography[]
- I Saw Ben Barka Get Killed (2005) by
- Ben Barka – The Moroccan Equation (2002) by Simone Bitton[26]
- Plot (1972) by Yves Boisset
References[]
- ^ France accused 44 years on over Moroccan's vanishing by Lizzy Davies, The Guardian, October 29, 2009
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "المهدي بن بركة معارض مغربي ليس له قبر". www.aljazeera.net. Retrieved 2020-03-30.
- ^ Abderrahim Ouardighi (1982). "L'itinéraire d'un nationaliste, Mehdi Ben Barka, 1920-1965 : une biographie". Editions Moncho. p. 17. Missing or empty
|url=
(help) - ^ Muratet, Roger (1967). On a tué Ben Barka (in French). Plon.
- ^ "Figures de la révolution africaine". La Découverte. 2014. pp. 237–252. Missing or empty
|url=
(help) - ^ American Universities Field Staff
Reports Service
North Africa Series, Vol. V No. 5 (Morocco)
icwa
.org /wp-content /uploads /2015 /09 /CFG-32 .pdf - ^ "قضية المهدي بن بركة تعود للواجهة بقوة في المغرب بعد مرور نصف قرن على اختطافه". CNN Arabic (in Arabic). 2015-10-30. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "MOROCCO: The Challenger". Time. 1959-09-21. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
- ^ Bitton, Simone, (1955- ...)., Réalisateur / Metteur en scène / Directeur ([DL 2010]), Ben Barka l'équation marocaine, L'Harmattan vidéo [éd., distrib.], ISBN 2-296-10925-X, OCLC 690860373, retrieved 2021-07-06 Check date values in:
|date=
(help) - ^ "الحبابي: بنبركة هو الذي كتب خطاب محمد الخامس بطنجة وكان يدخل القصر مع عبد الرحيم بوعبيد مختبئين". فبراير.كوم | موقع مغربي إخباري شامل يتجدد على مدار الساعة. 2012-10-19. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
- ^ "Figures de la révolution africaine". La Découverte. 2014. pp. 237–252. Missing or empty
|url=
(help) - ^ Karen Farsoun and Jim Paul, "War in the Sahara: 1963," MERIP Reports, No. 45 (March 1976).
- ^ "The Murder of Mehdi Ben Barka". Time. December 29, 1975.
- ^ "Officer reveals grim details of Ben Barka's murder". irishtimes.com.
- ^ Szulc 1991, p. 275: "By mid-1963, Operation Yakhin had become virtually routine. Colonel Oufkir, the new Interior Minister in Morocco, and Meir Amit, the new chief of the Mossad, concluded a secret pact that year providing for the training of Moroccan security services by the Israelis and limited covert military assistance in exchange for a flow of intelligence on Arab affairs and continued free departures of Jews. In 1965, the Mossad rendered Oufkir the shocking and sinister service of tracking down Mehdi Ben-Barka, the leader of the leftist opposition in Morocco, whom both the king and his Interior Minister wished dead. Amit agreed to locate Ben-Barka, and Mossad agents persuaded him to come to Paris from Geneva under false pretenses. Near a restaurant, French plainclothesmen arrested Ben-Barka and handed him over to Oufkir’s agents. They then took him to the countryside, killed him and buried him in a garden. Investigations by the French government uncovered the truth, and the Ben-Barka affair became a political scandal in France, Morocco and Israel.”
- ^ Clea Caulcutt (28 October 2010). "Spies, Nazis, gangsters and cops - the mysterious disappearance of Mehdi Ben Barka". RFI English.
- ^ "France: L'Affaire Ben Barka". Time. 28 January 1966. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012.
- ^ Affaire Ben Barka : Driss Basri chez le juge, Le Figaro, 23 May 2006 (in French)
- ^ French: «Je n'ai été mêlé ni de près, ni de loin, ni à l'époque, ni à aucun moment, à l'affaire qui s'est déroulée sur le sol français» explique-t-il au Figaro. «Seul un petit groupe, qui a gardé un silence total, savait. Il est possible que le roi savait. Il est légitime de penser que de Gaulle était en possession d'informations... Le problème est qu'aujourd'hui les protagonistes sont tous morts» in Affaire Ben Barka : Driss Basri chez le juge, Le Figaro, 23 May 2006 (in French)
- ^ "The ghosts of Saint-Germain forest". Ynetnews. 2015-03-23. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
- ^ (2018). Rise And Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations. Random House. pp. 86–94. ISBN 978-1-4000-6971-2.
- ^ Koura, Jan (2020-11-06). "A prominent spy: Mehdi Ben Barka, Czechoslovak intelligence, and Eastern Bloc Espionage in the Third World during the Cold War". Intelligence and National Security. 36 (3): 318–339. doi:10.1080/02684527.2020.1844363. ISSN 0268-4527. S2CID 228837772.
- ^ Koura, Jan (2020-11-06). "A prominent spy: Mehdi Ben Barka, Czechoslovak intelligence, and Eastern Bloc Espionage in the Third World during the Cold War". Intelligence and National Security. 36 (3): 318–339. doi:10.1080/02684527.2020.1844363. ISSN 0268-4527. S2CID 228837772.
- ^ Africa: A Continent Drenched in the Blood of Revolutionary Heroes by Victoria Brittain, The Guardian, January 17, 2011
- ^ Mehdi Ben Barka, Écrits politiques (1957–1965), Syllepse, 1999, ISBN 2907993933
- ^ "Web Page Under Construction". www.frif.com.
Further reading[]
- Jan Koura (2020) "A prominent spy: Mehdi Ben Barka, Czechoslovak intelligence, and Eastern Bloc Espionage in the Third World during the Cold War. " Intelligence and National Security https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2020.1844363
Bibliography[]
- Ben Barka, Mehdi (1957–1965). Écrits politiques (in French). Syllepse. ISBN 2-907993-93-3.
- Ali Bourequat (1998), In the Moroccan King's Secret Gardens, Maurice Publishers
- L'indic et le commissaire Lucien Aimé-Blanc and Jean-Michel Caradec'h. Plon .
- Mehdi Ben Barka. Recueil de textes introduit par Bachir Ben Barka, Collection "Pensées d'hier pour demain", éditions du CETIM, 96 pages, 2013, Genève, ISBN 978-2-88053094-5, www.cetim.ch
- Szulc, Tad (1991). The Secret Alliance: The Extraordinary Story of the Rescue of the Jews Since World War II. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-24946-5.
External links[]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mehdi Ben Barka. |
- Morocco's Dirty War by The Nation
- Various English articles – including interview with son of Ben Barka and review of Ahmed Boukari's revelations from L'Humanité on the occasion of the anniversary of Ben Barka's disappearance
- Photo
- Exile is his country By Yossi Klein, 31 July 2003, in Haaretz
- French Secret Services Accused of Link to Murder of Ben Barka by The Daily Telegraph
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