Melqart stele
Melqart stele | |
---|---|
![]() The stele | |
Writing | Aramaic inscription |
Created | 9th century BCE |
Period/culture | Aramaean |
Discovered | 1939 |
Place | Burayj, 7km north of Aleppo, Syria[1] |
Present location | National Museum of Aleppo |
Identification | AO 8185 |
The Melqart stele, also known as the Ben-Hadad or Bir-Hadad stele is an Aramaic stele which was created during the 9th century BCE and was discovered in 1939 in Syria.[2] The Old Aramaic inscription is known as KAI 201; its five lines reads:
“The stele which Bir-Hadad, son of ‘Ezer, the Damascene, son of the king of Aram, erected to his Lord Melqart, to whom he made a vow and who heard his voice.”
According to William Foxwell Albright, the stele should be attributed to Ben-Hadad I, an Aramean king mentioned in the First Book of Kings.[3] However, Kenneth Kitchen disagrees and states that there is no actual evidence that connects the Melqart stele to Ben-Hadad I.[4]
Bibliography[]
- Maurice Dunand, Stèle araméenne dédiée à Melqart, Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth III (1939), p. 65–76
- Dunand, M., " A propos de la stèle de Melqart du Musée d'Alep ." BMB 6 (1942- 43): 41–45.
- William F. Albright. “A Votive Stele Erected by Ben-Hadad I of Damascus to the God Melcarth.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 87, 1942, pp. 23–29. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1355460. Accessed 4 Apr. 2020.
- Della Vida, G. Levi, and W. F. Albright. “Some Notes on the Stele of Ben-Hadad.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 90, 1943, pp. 30–34. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1354906. Accessed 4 Apr. 2020.
- Jepsen, Alfred. “Zur Melqart-Stele Barhadads.” Archiv Für Orientforschung, vol. 16, 1952, pp. 315–317. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41635800. Accessed 4 Apr. 2020.
- Frank Moore Cross. “The Stele Dedicated to Melcarth by Ben-Hadad of Damascus.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 205, 1972, pp. 36–42. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1356214. Accessed 4 Apr. 2020.
- Black, Matthew. "The Milqart Stele." In Documents from Old Testament Times. Edited by D. W. Thomas, 239-41. London: Thomas Nelson, 1958. Reprinted, Ancient Texts and Translations. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2005.
- Dearman, Andrew J., and J. Maxwell Miller. "The Melqart Stele and the Ben-Hadads of Damscus: Two Studies." Palestine Exploration Quarterly 115 (1983) 95-101.
- Reinhold, Gotthard G. G. "The Bir-Hadad Stele and the Biblical Kings of Aram." Andrews University Seminary Studies 24 (1986) 115-26.
See also[]
- List of artifacts significant to the Bible
Notes[]
- ^ [1]
- ^ Pitard, Wayne T. “The Identity of the Bir-Hadad of the Melqart Stela.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 272, 1988, pp. 3–21. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1356783. Accessed 4 Apr. 2020.
- ^ Albright, W. F. (1942-10-01). "A Votive Stele Erected by Ben-Hadad I of Damascus to the God Melcarth". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 87 (87): 23–29. doi:10.2307/1355460. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 1355460. S2CID 163203878.
- ^ Kitchen, K. A. (2006-06-09). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-8028-0396-2.
Categories:
- 9th-century BC steles
- 1939 archaeological discoveries
- Ancient Near East steles
- Aramaic inscriptions
- Archaeological discoveries in Syria
- KAI inscriptions