Men in nursing

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A U.S. Navy nurse attends to a child.

Although staffed disproportionately by women,^[1] since the 1960s, nursing has gradually become more gender-inclusive. Males make up around 10% of the taskforce in the UK,^[1][2] 6.4% of nurses in Canada,^[3] and 23% of nurses in Iran.^{[citation needed]} In 2011 in the United States, there were approximately 3.5 million nurses, with approximately 330,000 (9%) of those being male.^[4]

History[]

While the current structure of the medical field, including nursing care, does not directly translate to historical provision of care, there is a history of male presence in caring for the sick and infirmed. The term nosocomial originates from the Greek Νοσος/Nosos (Sickness) and Κομεω (Komeo) that means to Care. Latinized the word nosocomi, was given to male caregivers, meaning that men were prominent in Ancient Rome.^[5] Years later, during the plagues that swept through Europe, male nurses were also the primary caregivers. In the 3rd century, men in the Parabolani created a hospital and provided nursing care.^[6] The Codex Theodosianus of 416 (xvi, 2, 42) restricted the enrollment on male nurses in Alexandria to 500.^[7]

In the 14th century, the Alexian brothers existed as a Christian religious congregation with strong emphasis on care for the infirmed.^[5] Later, John of God, following a conversion to Christianity, provided care for both the physically and mentally ill and notably challenged the stigmas associated with Mental Illness.^[8] Later, he founded the Brothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God which continues to work with the poor and infirmed to this day.

Reasons for low representation[]

There are several reasons suggested for a low rates of nursing by males: stereotypes of nursing, lack of male interest in the profession, low pay, nursing job titles such as Sister and Matron, and the perception that male nurses will have difficulty in the workplace carrying out their duties.^[9] It is argued by the Chief Executive of the Royal College of Nursing that the "continuing stereotyping" of male nurses is the main reason for low intake.^[2] Selected studies have showed that low representation of male’s nurses due to concerns that their touch when providing care would be misinterpreted and result in accusations of sexual inappropriateness.^[10] Another reason as to why there’s low rates of male nurses is due to lack of encouragement to pursue this occupation. One reason being that men aren’t being encouraged by another male nurse or nursing student because there are too few of them.^{[citation needed]} Men also report that there are no other men in nursing classes, and at times they’re discouraged from participating in all student activities.^{[citation needed]}

Efforts to increase representations[]

Unlike the campaigns and groups set up to increase and promote women's opportunities in medicine^[11][12] surgery,^[13] engineering ^[14] and computer science^[15] there have been no comparable campaigns to increase the number of males in nursing. One way to increase male nurses’ rate could be for nurse educators and nursing curriculum developers to enhance and promote a gender-neutral stance in nursing practice which reduces men in nursing being seen as unique.^{[citation needed]} Another strategy could be to consider a professional title that is mutually accepted by both women and men in nursing, which can lead to reducing men as a gendered minority.^{[citation needed]} Another way could be for schools to implement educational programs that increase cultural sensitivity, decrease stereotyping, develop skills for working in multicultural environments, and compare and contrast male and female communication styles.^{[citation needed]}

In Northern Ireland, a campaign ran by Queen's University has been aimed at getting more males interested in nursing, with varying levels of success.^[2][16]

Professional life[]

Whilst there are low numbers of male nurses, there is no indication that they suffer in their career. Pay disparity results in male nurses earning more than their female counterparts, mainly from taking on more shifts and working overtime. Anecdotal evidence suggests that male nurses are more likely to be fast-tracked into management positions.^[17] Furthermore, a report into the role of men in nursing found there to be more focus on human caring amongst male nurses.^[18] In a nationwide sample 4,126 women and 395 men, men earned an average of $79,688 a year compared to an average of $73,090 for female nurses.^{[citation needed]}This shows that there’s nearly a $6,000 difference in pay between male and female nurses.^{[citation needed]}

Timelines[]

United Kingdom[]

The ^[19] merged with the RCN (Royal College of Nursing) in 1941.

After the Second World War, large numbers of male nurses moved into the workforce as they were demobilised after the war and had gained medical experience. In 1951 the male nurses joined the main nursing register.

In 2004 the percentage of male nurses was 10.63% and has increased to 10.69% in 2008,^[20] then to 11.4% in 2016.^[2]

In 2015 there were 103 male midwives on the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) nursing register, compared to 31,189 women.^[21]

United States[]

In 2008, of the 3,063,163 licensed registered nurses in the United States only 6.6% were men.^[22] Men make up only 13% of all new nursing students.^[23]

Nursing schools for men were common in the United States until the early 1900s. More than half of those offering paid nursing services to the ill and injured were men. Yet by 1930, men constituted fewer than 1% of Registered Nurses (RNs) in the United States.^[24] As they found other, more lucrative occupations, they left nursing behind.^[25]

In 1955, the United States Congress revised the Army-Navy Nurses Act of 1947 to allow for the commissioning of men into military nursing corps.^[26]

The American Assembly for Men in Nursing was founded in 1971. The purpose of the AAMN is to provide a framework for nurses as a group to meet, discuss, and influence factors that affect men as nurses.^[27]

In Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718 (1982), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5–4 that Mississippi University for Women's single sex admissions policy for its nursing school violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote the landmark opinion.

In popular culture[]

Many nurses portrayed in U.S. television and film are female, and equality advocates complain about the frequency with which nurses are used for sexual interest, are invisible to the story, or when heroic male doctors are portrayed performing functions that would realistically be performed by a nurse.^[28] A 2012 study of 13 male nurse characters in films found most were portrayed as incompetent, corrupt, effeminate, or homosexual.^[28]

• Joey Henderson (Shortland Street)
• Jack McFarland (Will & Grace)
• Peter Petrelli (Heroes)
• Charlie Fairhead (Casualty)
• Paul Flowers (Scrubs)
• Gaylord "Greg" Focker (Meet the Parents, Meet the Fockers), criticized by many inclusion advocates as particularly unhelpful^[29][30]
• Sam, Mohammed de la Cruz, and Thor Lundgren (Nurse Jackie)
• Morgan Tookers (The Mindy Project)
• Rory Williams (Doctor Who)

Notable men in nursing[]

Walt Whitman and his male nurse Fritzenger (July 1890).

• : First Male Nurse
• Tom Ahrens: an American nurse, researcher and educator at Barnes-Jewish Hospital specializing in critical care nursing.
• Justus A. Akinsanya: nursing lecturer, academic and inventor of the "Akinsanya model of bionursing."^[31]
• Richard Angelo: infamous serial killer.
• Jonathan Asbridge: the first president of the Royal College of Nursing.
• Richard Carmona: nurse and subsequently Surgeon General.
• George Castledine
• Luther Christman
• Daniel Conahan
• Charles Cullen
• Keith Paora Curry
• James Derham
• Benjamin Geen
• Paul Genesse
• Edson Izidoro Guimarães
• Billy Halop
• Carl O. Helvie
• John of God
• Matt Keeslar
• Camillus de Lellis
• Jim Lendall
• Stephan Letter
• Ted Maher
• Orville Lynn Majors
• Ian Norman
• Daisuke Mori
• Abasse Ndione
• Colin Norris
• Phillipe Nover
• José Olallo
• William Pooley: volunteer nurse who helped in the Ebola crisis.^[32]
• Tom Quinn
• John D. Thompson
• Rodger Watson
• Will Wikle
• Tom Willmott
• Walt Whitman: the American poet, essayist and journalist volunteered as a nurse during the American Civil War.
• Jimmie Thomas

See also[]

• Gender role
• History of Medicine
• Men in early childhood education
• Nurse stereotypes
• Nurse-client relationship
• Transcultural nursing
• Women in medicine

References[]

Further reading[]

• McDowell, Joanne (2015). "Talk in feminised occupations: exploring male nurses' linguistic behaviour". Gender and Language. 9 (3): 365–390. doi:10.1558/genl.v9i3.17496. hdl:2299/19271.

External links[]

• aamn.org
• minoritynurse.com