Merchants of death

Merchants of death was an epithet used in the U.S. in the 1930s to attack industries and banks that had supplied and funded World War I (then called the Great War).

Origin[]

The term originated in 1932 as the title of an article about an arms dealer named Basil Zaharoff: "Zaharoff, Merchant of Death".^[1] It was then borrowed for the title of the book Merchants of Death (1934), an exposé by H. C. Engelbrecht and F. C. Hanighen.^[2]

United States[]

The term was popular in antiwar circles of both the left and the right, and was used extensively regarding the Senate hearings in 1936 by the Nye Committee. The Senate hearing examined how much influence the manufacturers of armaments had in the American decision to enter World War I. Ninety-three hearings were held, over 200 witnesses were called, and little hard evidence was found. The Nye Committee came to an end when Chairman Nye accused President Woodrow Wilson of withholding information from Congress when he chose to enter World War I. The failure of the committee to find a conspiracy did not change public prejudice against the manufactures of armaments, thus the popular name "merchants of death".^[3]^[4]

Great Britain[]

Similar allegations in Great Britain resulted in a major government inquiry in 1935–1936.^[5]

References[]

^ (May 1932). "Zaharoff, Merchant of Death". The Living Age. 342. Littell, Son and Company. pp. 204–213?.
^ Engelbrecht, H. C.; Hanighen, F. C. (15 June 1934). Merchants of Death (PDF). Dodd, Mead & Co. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ "'Merchants of Death': September 4, 1934". United States Senate. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
^ Safire, William (2008). Safire's Political Dictionary (Updated and expanded ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 424–425. ISBN 9780195343342.
^ David G. Anderson, “British Rearmament and the ‘Merchants of Death’: The 1935-36 Royal Commission on the Manufacture of and Trade in Armaments.” Journal of Contemporary History 29#1 (1994), pp. 5–37, online.

Further reading[]

Anderson, David G. “British Rearmament and the ‘Merchants of Death’: The 1935-36 Royal Commission on the Manufacture of and Trade in Armaments.” Journal of Contemporary History 29#1 (1994), pp. 5–37, online.
Brandes, Stuart D. (1997). Warhogs: A History of War Profits in America. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0813120201.
Cole, Wayne S. (1962). Senator Gerald P. Nye and American Foreign Relations. University of Minnesota Press.
Coulter, Matthew Ware. The Senate Munitions Inquiry of the 1930s: Beyond the Merchants of Death (Greenwood, 1997).
Engelbrecht, H. C., and F.C. Hanighen. Merchants of Death (Dodd, Mead, 1934) online

Tooley, T. Hunt. " Merchants Of Death Revisited: Armaments, Bankers, and the First World War." Journal of Libertarian Studies, 19#1 (2005) pp. 37–78. online
Vergne, Jean-Philippe. "Stigmatized categories and public disapproval of organizations: A mixed-methods study of the global arms industry, 1996–2007." Academy of Management Journal 55.5 (2012): 1027-1052. online
Wiltz, John E. In Search of Peace: the Senate munitions inquiry, 1934-36 (1963), detailed history of Nye Committee online

Wiltz, John Edward (Spring 1961). "The Nye Committee Revisited". Historian. 23 (2): 211–233. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1961.tb01684.x. ISSN 1540-6563.

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[1] (May 1932). "Zaharoff, Merchant of Death". The Living Age. 342. Littell, Son and Company. pp. 204–213?.

[2] Engelbrecht, H. C.; Hanighen, F. C. (15 June 1934). Merchants of Death (PDF). Dodd, Mead & Co. Retrieved 22 January 2018.

[3] "'Merchants of Death': September 4, 1934". United States Senate. Retrieved 4 July 2020.

[4] Safire, William (2008). Safire's Political Dictionary (Updated and expanded ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 424–425. ISBN 9780195343342.

[5] David G. Anderson, “British Rearmament and the ‘Merchants of Death’: The 1935-36 Royal Commission on the Manufacture of and Trade in Armaments.” Journal of Contemporary History 29#1 (1994), pp. 5–37, online.

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