Micrathena
Micrathena | |
---|---|
Micrathena sagittata in Virginia, USA | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
Class: | Arachnida |
Order: | Araneae |
Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
Family: | Araneidae |
Genus: | Micrathena Sundevall, 1833[1] |
Type species | |
(C. L. Koch, 1836)
| |
Species | |
119, see text | |
Synonyms[1] | |
Micrathena, known as spiny orbweavers, is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by Carl Jakob Sundevall in 1833.[5][6] Micrathena contains more than a hundred species, most of them Neotropical woodland-dwelling species. The name is derived from the Greek "micro", meaning "small", and the goddess Athena.[7]
Species with extremely long spines evolved at least eight times in the genus Micrathena and likely function as anti-predator defenses.[8] Gasteracantha orb-weavers also have hardened abdomens with variously shaped spines, but they are not closely related to Micrathena within the orb-weaver family.[9]
These spiders are active during the daytime and build vertical orb webs. Unlike many other orb-weavers, members of Micrathena bite their prey before wrapping it. When laying eggs, females will place the egg sac on vegetation near the web.[5]
Species[]
As of April 2019 the genus Micrathena contains 119 species:[1]
- (Mello-Leitão, 1948) – Colombia to Brazil
- (Walckenaer, 1841) – Trinidad to Argentina
- (Taczanowski, 1879) – Costa Rica to Bolivia
- Levi, 1985 – Brazil
- Levi, 1985 – Colombia, Ecuador
- Reimoser, 1917 – Colombia, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina
- (C. L. Koch, 1837) – Brazil, Peru, Guyana
- Levi, 1985 – Colombia
- (C. L. Koch, 1836) – Colombia to Suriname, Paraguay
- Levi, 1985 – Ecuador
- Levi, 1985 – Brazil
- (Magalhaes & Santos, 2011) – Brazil, Argentina
- Levi, 1985 – Cuba
- Caporiacco, 1947 – Guyana, French Guiana, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru
- (Keyserling, 1864) – Colombia, Peru
- (Taczanowski, 1879) – Peru
- (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899) – Mexico to Panama
- Levi, 1985 – Colombia
- (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890) – Mexico to Panama
- (Keyserling, 1864) – Panama to Argentina
- (Levi, 1985) – Colombia, Venezuela
- (Walckenaer, 1805) – Panama to Peru
- Levi, 1985 – Colombia to Brazil
- (Taczanowski, 1873) – Colombia to Brazil
- Levi, 1985 – Bolivia
- (Keyserling, 1864) – Costa Rica to Argentina
- (C. L. Koch, 1836) – Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina
- (Banks, 1909) – Cuba
- (Levi, 1985) – Peru
- (Lucas, 1835) – Colombia to Brazil
- Chickering, 1960 – Colombia
- (C. L. Koch, 1839) – Brazil
- Chickering, 1961 – Costa Rica to Colombia
- (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890) – Guatemala to Colombia
- (Keyserling, 1864) – Colombia
- Levi, 1985 – Colombia, Brazil
- Chickering, 1960 – Panama, Trinidad to Brazil
- (C. L. Koch, 1836) – Panama to Brazil
- Levi, 1985 – Peru, Brazil
- (Banks, 1909) – Costa Rica to Argentina
- (C. L. Koch, 1836) – Brazil, French Guiana
- (Perty, 1839) – Costa Rica to Argentina
- (Thorell, 1859) – Mexico, Cuba, Hispaniola
- Franganillo, 1930 – Cuba
- M. funebris (Marx, 1898) – USA to Costa Rica
- (Hahn, 1822) – Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay
- (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890) – Guatemala to Brazil
- (Keyserling, 1892) – Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina
- Simon, 1897 – Ecuador, Colombia
- Levi, 1985 – Mexico
- M. gracilis (Walckenaer, 1805) – North, Central America
- Levi, 1985 – Ecuador
- (Keyserling, 1864) – Colombia
- Levi, 1985 – Brazil, Suriname
- Simon, 1897 – Ecuador to Brazil
- (Taczanowski, 1873) – Greater Antilles, Mexico to Argentina
- Franganillo, 1930 – Cuba
- Levi, 1985 – Colombia, Peru
- Levi, 1985 – Brazil
- (Perty, 1833) – Colombia to Brazil
- Levi, 1985 – Colombia
- Chickering, 1960 – Brazil, Argentina
- Levi, 1985 – Mexico
- Mello-Leitão, 1941 – Costa Rica to Colombia
- Mello-Leitão, 1940 – Brazil
- M. lucasi (Keyserling, 1864) – Mexico to Brazil
- Chickering, 1961 – Panama to Brazil
- Levi, 1985 – Mexico
- Levi, 1985 – Colombia
- Simon, 1895 – Brazil, Guyana, Peru
- (Fabricius, 1775) – Greater Antilles
- M. mitrata (Hentz, 1850) – USA to Brazil
- Chickering, 1961 – Nicaragua to Panama
- Chickering, 1960 – Colombia, Peru, Brazil
- Strand, 1908 – Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina
- (Levi, 1985) – Costa Rica
- (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890) – Costa Rica, Panama
- (C. L. Koch, 1839) – Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina
- (Holmberg, 1883) – Brazil, Argentina
- Magalhaes, Martins, Nogueira & Santos, 2017 – Brazil
- Levi, 1985 – Mexico
- Levi, 1985 – Ecuador
- (C. L. Koch, 1836) – Guyana to Paraguay
- Levi, 1985 – Ecuador
- (C. L. Koch, 1836) – Virgin Is. to Argentina
- (Walckenaer, 1841) – Colombia to Bolivia
- Simon, 1897 – Colombia, Ecuador
- F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 – Mexico to Venezuela
- (Taczanowski, 1879) – Peru, Ecuador
- Levi, 1985 – Brazil
- Mello-Leitão, 1935 – Brazil
- (Keyserling, 1864) – Colombia, Ecuador
- (Butler, 1873) – Jamaica
- (Mello-Leitão, 1945) – Brazil
- (C. L. Koch, 1836) – Honduras to Brazil
- M. sagittata (Walckenaer, 1841) – North, Central America
- Brignoli, 1983 – Brazil, Argentina
- Mello-Leitão, 1939 – Trinidad to Paraguay
- (Perty, 1833) – Nicaragua to Brazil
- (Hahn, 1822) – Mexico to Brazil
- Chickering, 1960 – Argentina
- Bryant, 1945 – Hispaniola
- Levi, 1985 – Brazil
- (Linnaeus, 1758) – Suriname, French Guyana, Brazil
- F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 – Mexico
- Mello-Leitão, 1932 – Brazil, Argentina
- F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 – Mexico, Guatemala
- (Karsch, 1887) – Colombia, Ecuador
- (Perty, 1833) – Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina
- Levi, 1985 – Brazil
- (C. L. Koch, 1836) – Trinidad to Brazil
- (De Geer, 1778) – Trinidad to Bolivia
- M. triserrata F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 – Mexico to Belize
- Levi, 1985 – Mexico
- Levi, 1985 – Peru, Brazil
- (Perty, 1833) – Colombia to Brazil
- (Levi, 1985) – Colombia, Peru
- Magalhaes & Santos, 2011 – French Guiana, Brazil, Peru
- Kraus, 1955 – Mexico to El Salvador
In North America[]
Although the genus includes over a hundred species, only four are found in the United States and Canada.[10] Among those four species, female spined micrathena (Micrathena gracilis) have five pairs of conical tubercles, female M. mitrata have two short posterior pairs, and female arrow-shaped micrathena (M. sagittata) have three pairs.[5] The only species recorded from Canada is M. sagittata, found in Ontario.[5]
References[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Gen. Micrathena Sundevall, 1833". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
- ^ Magalhaes, I. L. F.; Santos, A. J. (2012). "Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 166: 29.
- ^ Levi, H. W. (1985). "The spiny orb-weaver genera Micrathena and Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae)". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 150: 440.
- ^ Scharff, N. (1991). "On the synonymy of Thaumastobella mourei Mello-Leitão and Ildibaha albomaculata Keyserling (Araneae, Araneidae)". Journal of Arachnology. 19: 155.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Genus Micrathena". BugGuide. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
- ^ Sundevall, C. J. (1833). Conspectus Arachnidum.
- ^ Ubick, D.; Paquin, P.; Cushing, P.E.; Roth, V., eds. (2005). Spiders of North America: An Identification Manual. American Arachnological Society.
- ^ Magalhaes, Ivan L F; Santos, Adalberto J. (September 2012). "Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 166 (1): no. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00831.x. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
- ^ Scharff, Nikolaj; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Blackledge, Todd A.; Agnarsson, Ingi; Framenau, Volker W.; Szűts, Tamás; Hayashi, Cheryl Y.; Dimitrov, Dimitar (23 April 2019). "Phylogeny of the orb‐weaving spider family Araneidae (Araneae: Araneoidea)". Cladistics. 36: 1–21. doi:10.1111/cla.12382. hdl:1956/22200.
- ^ Hentz, N. M. (1850). "Descriptions and figures of the araneides of the United States". Boston J. Nat. Hist. 6: 18–35, 271–295.
- Araneidae
- Araneomorphae genera
- Spiders of North America
- Spiders of South America