Mohammed VI of Morocco

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For the Sultan of Granada, see Muhammed VI, Sultan of Granada. For the Ottoman monarch, see Mehmed VI. For other uses, see Muhammad VI (disambiguation).

Mohammed VI
محمد السادس
Amir al-Mu'minin
King Mohammed VI of Morocco, Africa Forum Summit 2015 (cropped).jpg
King of Morocco
Reign23 July 1999 – present
PredecessorHassan II
Heir apparentMoulay Hassan
Prime Ministers
See list
Born (1963-08-21) 21 August 1963 (age 58)
Rabat, Morocco
Spouse
Salma Bennani
​
(m. 2001)​
Issue
Detail
Names
Sidi Mohammed bin Hassan al Alaoui سيدي محمد بن الحسن العلوي
Arabicالملك محمد السادس
DynastyAlaouite
FatherHassan II of Morocco
MotherLalla Latifa Hammou
ReligionSunni Islam

Mohammed VI (Arabic: محمد السادس‎; born 21 August 1963)[1] is the King of Morocco. He belongs to the Alaouite dynasty and ascended to the throne on 23 July 1999 upon the death of his father, King Hassan II.[2]

The king initially introduced reforms to grant women more power.[3] Leaked diplomatic cables from WikiLeaks have alleged extensive corruption in the court of King Mohammed VI, implicating the king and his closest advisors.[4] Widespread disturbances in 2011, a Moroccan element of the Arab Spring, protested against corruption and urged the need for political reform. In response, King Mohammed VI promulgated a program of reform and introduced a new constitution. These reforms were passed by a public referendum on 1 July 2011.[5]

The king's net worth has been estimated at between US$2.1 billion[6] and over US$5 billion,[7][8] and, according to the American business magazine Forbes, he was the richest king in Africa in 2014, and the 5th richest king in the world.[9]

Early life and education[]

Mohammed VI was the second child and oldest son of Hassan II and his secondary wife, Lalla Latifa Hammou.[10] On the day of his birth, Mohammed was appointed Heir Apparent and Crown Prince.[citation needed] His father was keen on giving him a religious and political education from an early age; at the age of four, he started attending the Quranic school at the Royal Palace.[1]

Mohammed VI completed his first primary and secondary studies at Collège Royal and attained his Baccalaureate in 1981, before gaining a bachelor's degree in law at the Mohammed V University at Agdal in 1985.[11] His research paper dealt with "the Arab-African Union and the Strategy of the Kingdom of Morocco in matters of International Relations".[1] He has also frequented the Imperial College and University of Rabat.[citation needed] He was furthermore appointed president of the Pan Arab Games, and was commissioned a Colonel Major of the Royal Moroccan Army on 26 November 1985. He served as the Coordinator of the Offices and Services of the Royal Armed Forces until 1994.[citation needed]

In 1987, Mohammed VI obtained his first Certificat d'Études Supérieures (CES) in political sciences, and in July 1988 he obtained a Diplôme d'Études Approfondies (DEA) in public law.[1] In November 1988, he trained in Brussels with Jacques Delors, then-President of the European Commission.[1]

Mohammed VI obtained his PhD in law with distinction on 29 October 1993 from the French University of Nice Sophia Antipolis for his thesis on "EEC-Maghreb Relations".[1] On 12 July 1994, he was promoted to the military rank of Major General, and that same year he became president of the High Council of Culture and Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Moroccan Army.

The New York Times reported that prior to ascending to the throne, Mohammed VI "gained a reputation as a playboy during the years he spent waiting in the wings, showing a fondness for fast cars and nightclubs."[12]

King of Morocco[]

Royal family of Morocco
Coat of arms of Morocco.svg

Princess Lalla Latifa

  • Princess Lalla Meryem
  • Princess Lalla Asma
  • Princess Lalla Hasna
  • Prince Moulay Rachid
    Princess Lalla Oum Kalthum
    • Prince Moulay Ahmed

Princess Lalla Lamia

  • Prince Moulay Hicham
  • Princess Lalla Zineb
  • Prince Moulay Ismail

Princess Lalla Malika

  • Princess Lalla Joumala Alaoui
  • Sharif Moulay Abdallah Alaoui
  • Sharif Moulay Youssef Alaoui
  • v
  • t

On 23 July 1999, Mohammed VI succeeded his father as king and was enthroned in Rabat on 30 July.[citation needed]

Criticism of the king's spending[]

Morocco ranks 121st in the United Nations’ human development index. Ten per cent of the population live in absolute poverty. In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, Mohammed VI was reported to have purchased an €80 million mansion in Paris, close to the Eiffel Tower, from the Saudi Royal family.[13]

Allegations of corruption[]

Royal involvement in business is a major topic in Morocco, but public discussion of it is sensitive. The US embassy in Rabat reported to Washington in a leaked cable that "corruption is prevalent at all levels of Moroccan society".[4] Corruption allegedly reaches the highest levels in Morocco, where the business interests of Mohammed VI and some of his advisors influence "every large housing project," according to WikiLeaks documents published in December 2010 and quoted in The Guardian newspaper.[14] The documents released by the whistleblower website also quote the case of a businessman working for a US consortium, whose plans in Morocco were paralysed for months after he refused to join forces with a company linked with the royal palace. Decisions on big investments in the kingdom were taken by only three people, the documents quote a company executive linked to the royal family as saying. The three are the king, his secretary Mounir Majidi, and the monarch's close friend, adviser and former classmate Fouad Ali Himma, the executive said at a meeting with potential investors in a Gulf country. This corruption especially affects the housing sector, the WikiLeaks documents show.[15]

In April 2016, Mounir Majidi, the personal secretary of Mohammed VI, was named in the Panama Papers.[16][17]

Social reforms and liberalization[]

Mohammed VI (right) talking to US President George W. Bush in Washington on 23 April 2002
Mohammed VI with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry in 2014
Mohammed VI (left) with Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in 2004
Mohammed VI (left) with Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2016
Joint U.S.-Israeli delegation met with Mohammed VI during visit to Rabat on 22 December 2020

Shortly after he ascended to the throne, Mohammed VI addressed his nation via television, promising to take on poverty and corruption, while creating jobs and improving Morocco's human rights record. His reformist rhetoric was opposed by Islamist conservatives, and some of his reforms angered fundamentalists. In February 2004, he enacted a new family code, or Mudawana, which granted women more power.[3]

In December 2020, Mohammed VI agreed to normalize relations with Israel on the condition that the United States will recognize Western Sahara as under Moroccan sovereignty. The deal will include direct flights between the two nations.

Mohammed VI also created the so-called Instance Equité et Réconciliation (IER), which was tasked with researching human rights violations under Hassan II. This move was welcomed by many as promoting democracy, but was also criticized because reports of human rights violations could not name the perpetrators. According to human rights organisations, widespread abuses still exist in Morocco.[18][19][20] The 2011 Moroccan protests were motivated by corruption and general political discontentment, as well as by the hardships of the global economic crisis.

In a speech delivered on 9 March 2011, he said that parliament would receive "new powers that enable it to discharge its representative, legislative, and regulatory mission". In addition, the powers of the judiciary were granted greater independence from the king, who announced that he was impaneling a committee of legal scholars to produce a draft constitution by June 2011.[21] On 1 July, voters approved a set of political reforms proposed by Mohammed VI.

The reforms consisted of the following:[5]

  • The Berber language[22] is an official national language, along with standard Arabic.[23]
  • The state preserves and protects the Hassānīya language and all the linguistic components of the Moroccan culture as a heritage of the nation.[23]
  • Mohammed VI now has the obligation to appoint the prime minister from the party that wins the most seats in the parliamentary elections, but it can be any member of the winning party and not necessarily the party's leader. Previously, the king could nominate anybody he wanted for this position regardless of the election results. That was usually the case when no party had a big advantage over the other parties, in terms of the number of seats in the parliament.[5][24][25]
  • The king is no longer "sacred or holy" but the "integrity of his person" is "inviolable".[26]
  • High administrative and diplomatic posts (including ambassadors, CEOs of state-owned companies, provincial and regional governors), are now appointed by the prime minister and the ministerial council which is presided by the king; previously the latter exclusively held this power.[27][28]
  • The prime minister is the head of government and president of the council of government, he has the power to dissolve the parliament.[29]
  • The prime minister will preside over the Council of Government, which prepares the general policy of the state. Previously the king held this position.[29]
  • The parliament has the power of granting amnesty. Previously this was exclusively held by the king.[30]
  • The judiciary system is independent from the legislative and executive branches, the king guarantees this independence.[29][31]
  • Women are guaranteed "civic and social" equality with men. Previously, only "political equality" was guaranteed, though the 1996 constitution grants all citizens equality in terms of rights before the law.[25]
  • The king retains complete control over the armed forces and the judiciary as well as matters pertaining to religion and foreign policy; the king also retains the authority to appoint and dismiss prime ministers.[32]
  • All citizens have the freedom of thought, ideas, artistic expression and creation. Previously only free speech and the freedom of circulation and association were guaranteed.[25][33] However, criticizing or directly opposing the king is still punishable with prison.

In January 2017, Morocco banned the manufacturing, marketing and sale of the burqa.[34]

20 February Movement[]

Main article: 2011–2012 Moroccan protests

The 20 February movement called for and resulted in partial reforms.

Royal pardon scandals[]

See also: Daniel Galván scandal

Protests broke out in Rabat, the capital of Morocco, on 2 August 2013, after Mohammed pardoned 48 jailed Spaniards, including a pedophile who had been serving a 30-year sentence for raping 11 children aged between 4 and 15.[35]

It was also revealed that amongst the pardoned was a drug trafficking suspect, who was released before standing trial.[36] The detainee, Antonio Garcia, a recidivist drug trafficker, had been arrested in possession of 9 tons of Hashish in Tangier and was sentenced to 10 years.[37] He had resisted arrest using a firearm.[36] Some media claimed that his release embarrassed Spain.[37]

Foreign policy[]

Mohammed congratulated Naftali Bennett on his election as Israeli prime minister.[38] Israel and Morocco restored diplomatic relations on December 10, 2020, as part of the Israel–Morocco normalization agreement involving the United States, which at the same time recognized Morocco's sovereignty over Western Sahara.[39]

Business and wealth[]

Main articles: Société Nationale d'Investissement, Attijariwafa Bank, and ONA Group
Graphic detailing ownership of the palace-controlled holding[40] the Société National d'investissement as of June 2013

Mohammed is Morocco's leading businessman and banker.[40] In 2015, he was estimated by Forbes magazine to be worth US$5.7bn[7] although in 2019 Business Insider quoted a figure of just US$2.1 billion.[6] The Moroccan Royal Family, meanwhile, has one of the largest fortunes in the world.[41] Together, they hold the majority stakes in the Société Nationale d'Investissement (SNI), which was originally state-owned but was merged in 2013 with Omnium Nord Africain (ONA Group), to form a single holding company that was taken off the Casablanca Stock Exchange—resulting in the scrapping of an equivalent of 50 billion Dirhams Marketcap (~US$6 billion).[42] SNI has a diverse portfolio consisting of many important businesses in Morocco and operating in various sectors such as; Attijariwafa Bank (banking), Managem (mining), Onapar, SOMED (tourism/real-estate and exclusive distributor of Maserati), Wafa Assurance (insurance), Marjane (hypermarket chain), Wana-Inwi (telecommunications), SONASID (Siderurgy), Lafarge Maroc (cSopriam (exclusive distributor of Peugeot-Citroën in Morocco), Renault Maroc (exclusive distributor of Renault in Morocco) and Nareva (energy).[43][44] SNI also owns many food-processing companies and is currently in the process of disengaging from this sector.[43] Between mid-2012 and 2013 SNI sold; Lessieur, Centrale Laitière, Bimo and Cosumar to foreign groups for a total amount of ~$1.37 billion (11.4 billion Dirhams including 9.7 billion in 2013 and 1.7 in 2012).[43]

SNI and ONA both owned stakes in Brasseries du Maroc, the largest alcoholic beverages manufacturer and distributor of brands such as Heineken in the country.[45]

Mohammed is also a leading agricultural producer and land owner in Morocco, where agriculture is exempted from taxes.[43] His holding company "Siger" has shares in the large agricultural group "Les domaines agricoles" (originally called "Les domaines royaux", now commonly known as "Les domaines"), which was founded by Hassan II.[43] In 2008, Telquel estimated that "Les domaines" had a revenue of $157 million (1.5 billion Dirhams), with 170,000 tons of citrus exported in that year.[43] According to the same magazine, the company officially owns 12,000 hectares of agricultural lands.[43] "Chergui", a manufacturer of dairy products, is the most recognizable brand of the group.[43] Between 1994 and 2004, the group has been managed by Mohammed VI's brother-in-law Khalid Benharbit, the husband of Princess Lalla Hasna.[43] "Les domaines" also owns the "Royal Golf de Marrakech", which originally belonged to Thami El Glaoui.[43]

His palace's daily operating budget is reported by Forbes to be $960,000—which is paid by the Moroccan state as part of a 2.576 billion Dirhams/year budget as of 2014[46]—with much of it accounted for by the expense of personnel, clothes, and car repairs.[41]

Family[]

Mohammed has one brother, Prince Moulay Rachid, and three sisters: Princess Lalla Meryem, Princess Lalla Asma, and Princess Lalla Hasna. The New York Times noted "conflicting reports about whether the new monarch had been married on Friday night, within hours of his father's death [in 1999]... to heed a Moroccan tradition that a King be married before he ascends the throne." A palace official subsequently denied that a marriage had taken place.[12]

On 21 March 2002, Mohammed married Salma Bennani (now H.R.H. Princess Lalla Salma) in Rabat.[citation needed] Bennani was granted the personal title of Princess with the title of Her Royal Highness on her marriage. They have two children: Crown Prince Moulay Hassan, who was born on 8 May 2003, and Princess Lalla Khadija, who was born on 28 February 2007.[3]

Mohammed's birthday on 21 August is a public holiday,[47] although festivities were cancelled upon the death of his aunt in 2014.[48]

Children[]

Name Date of birth Place of birth Age
Crown Prince Moulay Hassan (2003-05-08)8 May 2003 Royal Palace, Rabat, Morocco 18
Princess Lalla Khadija (2007-02-28)28 February 2007 Royal Palace, Rabat, Morocco 14

Honours[]

Royal styles of
King Mohammed VI of Morocco
Coat of arms of Morocco.svg
Reference styleHis Majesty
Spoken styleYour Majesty

National orders:

  • Decoration without ribbon - en.svg Grand Master of the Order of Muhammad, (23 July 1999)
  • MAR Order of the Throne - Special Class BAR.png Grand Master of the Order of the Throne, (23 July 1999)
  • Ordre de l'Ouissam Alaouite GC ribbon (Maroc).svg Grand Master of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite, (23 July 1999)
  • Order of the Independence Combat (1963).gif Grand Master of the , (23 July 1999)
  • Order of Fidelity (Kingdom of Morocco).gif Grand Master of the , (23 July 1999)
  • MAR Order of the Military - Special Class BAR.png Grand Master of the Order of Military Merit, (23 July 1999)

Mohammed has received numerous honours and decorations from various countries, some of which are listed below.

Foreign orders:

  • GAB Order of the Equatorial Star - Grand Officer BAR.png Grand Officer of the Order of the Equatorial Star of Gabon (7 July 1977)[citation needed]
  • Order of Civil Merit (Spain) GC.svg Collar of the Order of Civil Merit of Spain (2 June 1979)[49]
  • Royal Victorian Order Honorary Ribbon.png Honorary Knight of the Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (27 October 1980)[50]
  • ESP Charles III Order GC.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III of Spain (23 June 1986)[51]
  • Order of the Republic (Tunisia) - ribbon bar.gif Grand Cordon of the Order of the Republic of Tunisia (August 1987)[52]
  • Cordone di gran Croce OMRI BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic of Italy (18 March 1997)[53]
  • PRT Military Order of Aviz - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Cross of the Order of Aviz of Portugal (13 August 1998)[54]
  • Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France (19 March 2000)[citation needed]
  • JOR Al-Hussein ibn Ali Order BAR.svg Collar of the Order of al-Hussein bin Ali of Jordan (1 March 2000)[52]
  • Cordone di gran Croce di Gran Cordone OMRI BAR.svg Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic of Italy (11 April 2000)[55]
  • Order of National Merit (Mauritania) - ribbon bar.gif Grand Cordon of the National Order of Merit of Mauritania (26 April 2000)[52]
  • Order of 7th November 1987.gif Grand Collar of the of Tunisia (31 May 2014, previously Grand Cross on 24 May 2000)[citation needed]
  • MLI National Order - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Cordon of the National Order of Mali of Mali with Collar (14 June 2000)[52]
  • ESP Isabella Catholic Order GC.svg Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic of Spain (16 September 2000)[56]
  • Order Of Ummayad (Syria) - ribbon bar.gif Wissam of the Order of the Umayyads of Syria (9 April 2001)[52]
  • Lebanese Order of Merit Extraordinary Grade.gif Wissam of the Order of Merit of Lebanon Special Class (13 June 2001)[52]
  • Decoration without ribbon - en.svg First Class Medal of the of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (29 June 2001)[52]
  • Wisam al-Khalifa 1st class.gif Grand Collar of the of Bahrain (28 July 2001)[52]
  • Silver Star BAR.svg Silver Star of United States (21 January 2002)
  • Order of Mubarak the Great (Kuwait) - ribbon bar.gif Collar of the Order of Mubarak the Great of Kuwait (22 October 2002)[52]
  • Order of Independence (Qatar) - ribbon bar.gif Cordon of the of Qatar (25 October 2002)[52]
  • EGY Order of the Nile - Grand Cordon BAR.png Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile of Egypt (28 October 2002)[52]
  • Ord.Nishan-i-Pakistan.ribbon.gif Grand Cross of the Order of Pakistan First Class (Nishan-e-Pakistan) of Pakistan (19 July 2003)[citation needed]
  • Ordre de la Valeur (Cameroun) GC 2nd type ribbon.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Valour of Cameroon (17 June 2004)[52]
  • GAB Order of the Equatorial Star - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Cross of the Order of the Equatorial Star of Gabon (21 June 2004)[52]
  • National Order - Grand Cross (Niger) - ribbon bar.png Grand Cross of the of the Niger (24 June 2004)[52]
  • Grand Crest Ordre de Leopold.png Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold of Belgium (5 October 2004)[citation needed]
  • BRA Order of the Southern Cross - Grand Cross BAR.png Collar of the Order of the Southern Cross of Brazil (26 November 2004)[52]
  • Medalla de Honor del Congreso (Peru) - ribbon bar.png (1 December 2004)[52]
  • CHL Order of Bernardo O'Higgins - Grand Cross BAR.png Collar of the Order of Bernardo O'Higgins of Chile (3 December 2004)[52]
  • ARG Order of the Liberator San Martin - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Collar of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin of Argentina (7 December 2004)[citation needed]
  • Order of Charles III - Sash of Collar.svg Collar of the Order of Charles III of Spain (14 January 2005)[57]
  • MEX Order of the Aztec Eagle 1Class BAR.png Grand Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle of Mexico (11 February 2005)[52]
  • Burkina Faso Ordre du merite burkinabe GC ribbon.svg Grand Cross of the of Burkina Faso (1 March 2005)[52]
  • JPN Daikun'i kikkasho BAR.svg Supreme Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum of Japan (28 November 2005)[52]
  • Ord.Gambia-ribbon.gif Grand Commander of the of the Gambia (20 February 2006)[52]
  • Ord.Merit.Congo.png Grand Cross of the of the Republic of Congo (22 February 2006)[52]
  • Order of National Hero (Congo).gif Grand Cross of the of Congo-Kinshasa (28 February 2006)[52]
  • LVA Order of the Three Stars - Grand Cross BAR.png Commander Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of the Three Stars of Latvia (14 May 2007)[52]
  • Spange des König-Abdulaziz-Ordens.png Collar of the Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia (18 May 2007)[52]
  • National Order of Equatorial Guinea - ribbon bar.gif Grand Collar of the of Equatorial Guinea (17 April 2009)[52]
  • Order of the Republic (Tunisia) - ribbon bar.gif Collar of the Order of the Republic of Tunisia (31 May 2014)
  • Cote d'Ivoire Ordre du merite ivoirien GC ribbon.svg Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast (2015)
  • Order Zayed rib.png Collar of the Order of Zayed (4 May 2015)[58]
  • MDG National Order - Grand Cordon BAR.png Grand Cross of the National Order of Madagascar (2016)
  • PRT Order of Saint James of the Sword - Grand Collar BAR.png Grand Collar of the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword of Portugal (28 June 2016)[54]
  • Ribbon bar of the Order of the Star of Ghana.gif Companion of the Order of the Star of Ghana (17 February 2017)
  • Ordre de la Pléiade (Francophonie).gif Grand Cross of the Order of La Pléiade (24 May 2017)[59]
  • US Legion of Merit Chief Commander ribbon.png Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit of the United States (16 January 2021)[60]

On 22 June 2000, Mohammed received an honorary doctorate from George Washington University.[61]

Ancestry[]

See also[]

References[]

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  22. ^ A standardized version of the 3 native Berber dialects of Morocco: Tashelhit, Central Atlas Tamazight and Tarifit.
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b Article 5 of the 2011 Moroccan constitution
  24. ^ Article 47 of the 2011 Moroccan constitution
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b c 1996 Moroccan constitution
  26. ^ Article 46 of the 2011 Moroccan constitution
  27. ^ Article 91 of the 2011 Moroccan constitution
  28. ^ Article 49 of the 2011 Moroccan constitution
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  30. ^ Article 71 of the 2011 Moroccan constitution
  31. ^ Article 107 of the 2011 Moroccan constitution.
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External links[]

Mohammed VI
Born: 21 August 1963
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Hassan II 		King of Morocco
1999–present 		Incumbent
Heir apparent:
Moulay Hassan
Retrieved from ""