Mohammed and Charlemagne

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Mohammed and Charlemagne
Henry.Pirenne.Portrait.gif
Pirenne, pictured c.1910
AuthorHenri Pirenne
Original titleMahomet et Charlemagne
TranslatorBernard Miall
CountryBelgium
LanguageFrench language
SubjectEarly Medieval Europe
Publisher
Publication date
1937
Published in English
1939 (G. Allen & Unwin)
Preceded byHistoire de Belgique 

Mohammed and Charlemagne (French: Mahomet et Charlemagne) is an academic book by the Belgian historian Henri Pirenne (1862–1935) which was first published posthumously in 1937. It set out an alternative argument about the end of Roman influence in Europe and the emergence of the Dark Ages which emphasised the importance of the Arab expansion in the Middle East and Levant which has become known as the Pirenne Thesis. Although successive historians have tended to reject the argument as an explanation of the period, it remains influential as a means of thinking about geography and periodisation in the Early Middle Ages and the debate it sparked is widely taught in university medieval history courses.

Argument and reception[]

According to Pirenne[1] the real break in Roman history occurred in the 8th century as a result of Arab expansion. Islamic conquest of the area of today's south-eastern Turkey, Syria, Palestine, North Africa, Spain and Portugal ruptured economic ties to western Europe, cutting the region off from trade and turning it into a stagnant backwater, with wealth flowing out in the form of raw resources and nothing coming back. This began a steady decline and impoverishment so that, by the time of Charlemagne, western Europe had become almost entirely agrarian at a subsistence level, with no long-distance trade.

7th-century gold dinar of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan. By the time of its production, the minting of gold coins had effectively stopped north of the Alps.

In a summary, Pirenne stated that "Without Islam, the Frankish Empire would probably never have existed, and Charlemagne, without Muhammad, would be inconceivable."[2] That is, he rejected the notion that the European Dark Ages were caused by the destruction of the Western Roman Empire by the barbarian invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries. Instead, the Muslim conquest of north Africa made the Mediterranean a barrier, cutting western Europe off from the east, enabling the Carolingians, especially Charlemagne, to create a new, distinctly western form of government. Pirenne used statistical data regarding money in support of his thesis. Much of his argument builds upon the disappearance from western Europe of items that had to come from outside. For example, the minting of gold coins north of the Alps stopped after the 7th century, indicating a loss of access to wealthier parts of the world. Papyrus, made only in Egypt, no longer appeared in northern Europe after the 7th century; writing reverted to using parchment, indicating its economic isolation.

Pirenne's thesis did not convince most of the historians at the time of its publication, but historians since that time generally agree it has stimulated debate on the Early Middle Ages, and has provided a provocative example of how periodization would work.[3][4] It continues to inform historical discussion in the 21st century, with more recent debate focusing on whether later archaeological discoveries refute the thesis or demonstrate its fundamental viability.[5][6]

References[]

  1. ^ Pirenne, Mohammed and Charlemagne; the thesis appears in chapters 1–2 of Medieval Cities (1925)
  2. ^ the quote appears in Medieval Cities p.27
  3. ^ Philip Daileader; Philip Whalen (2010). French Historians 1900–2000: New Historical Writing in Twentieth-Century France. John Wiley & Sons. p. 496. ISBN 9781444323665.
  4. ^ David Abulafia (2011). The Mediterranean in History. Getty Publications. p. 219. ISBN 9781606060575.
  5. ^ Freedman, Paul H. (2011). "The Early Middle Ages, 284–1000 — Lecture 17: The Crucial Seventh Century". Open Yale Courses.
  6. ^ Emmet Scott (2012). Mohammed & Charlemagne Revisited: The History of a Controversy. New England Review Press. ISBN 9780578094182.

Further reading[]

External links[]

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